The Chernobyl disaster on 26 April 1986 resulted in the release of substantial amounts of radioactive materials, including iodine, cesium, plutonium, and strontium radioisotopes. Although iodine-131 has a short half-life (8 days), people can rapidly receive internal exposure after breathing contaminated air or consuming contaminated milk and leafy vegetables. After entry into the body, iodine becomes concentrated in the thyroid gland. Radiation doses are usually higher in children than in adults owing to a higher intake of milk and dairy products by infants and children, the smaller size of their thyroid glands, and their higher metabolic rate [
Reports have linked the Chernobyl disaster to an increased incidence of thyroid cancer in children. During 1992–2000 in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, about 4,000 cases of thyroid cancer were diagnosed in children and adolescents aged 0–18 years, with about 3,000 of these occurring in children aged 0–14 years. The survival rate has been 98.8% for the 1152 cases of thyroid cancer diagnosed among Chernobyl children in Belarus during 1986–2002. Eight children died due to thyroid cancer progression, and six patients died from other causes. One patient in Russia died from thyroid cancer [
Thyroid radioactivity levels were measured in each person within 2 months of the accident. Each person was screened four times for thyroid cancer, beginning as early as 12 years after the disaster and continuing for 10 years [
As radioactive materials might have reached the Black Sea shores of Turkey, which is a region considerably distant from Chernobyl (approximately 1500 km), it is speculated that the cancer incidence in the region may remain high for a long time after the disaster. Here, we report on a multidisciplinary study conducted 22 years after the Chernobyl disaster that examined the thyroid cancer incidence in Rize, a province of Turkey located on the shore of the middle Black Sea.
We conducted this study on approximately 100,000 people in Rize province, located on the Black Sea shore of Turkey, where iodine deficiency-related goiter is common. An extensive screening was performed, and approximately 1,000 patients with goiter underwent detailed examinations. Patients with a goiter received laboratory and imaging analyses, and a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) along with a cytological examination was performed in 89 patients. As a result, differential thyroid cancer was diagnosed in five patients, who then underwent a total thyroidectomy, and the findings in three patients were considered suspicious.
The histopathological examination and FNAB results as well as the ages and genders of the patients are shown in Table
Ages, genders, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and histopathological findings of eight patients.
Patient no. | Age (years) | Gender | FNAB result | Histopathological finding |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 23 | F | Papillary cancer | Papillary cancer |
2 | 33 | F | Papillary cancer | Papillary cancer |
3 | 35 | F | Papillary cancer | Papillary cancer |
4 | 39 | F | Papillary cancer | Papillary cancer |
5 | 42 | F | Papillary cancer | Papillary cancer |
6 | 43 | M | Suspicious findings | Follicular cancer |
7 | 32 | F | Suspicious findings | Hashimoto thyroiditis |
8 | 52 | M | Suspicious findings | Nodular colloidal goiter |
F: female; M: male.
The histopathological findings in all patients in which papillary thyroid cancer was diagnosed agreed with the FNAB results. The histopathological examination of three suspicious cases revealed follicular cancer in one case, Hashimoto thyroiditis in one case, and nodular colloidal goiter in one case (Table
Of the patients with differential thyroid cancer, five were female and one was male, and the average age was 36 years. No postoperative complications were observed in any of the patients.
The most significant contamination from the Chernobyl disaster affected the Republics of Belarus and Ukraine, as well as the western region of the Russian Federation [
External exposure to ionizing radiation produces DNA damage and increases the rates of cancers such as thyroid, lung, and breast cancers and leukemia [
Radiation-induced PTC is associated with RET/PTC rearrangements. Hamatani et al. compared adult-onset PTC with RET/PTC rearrangements and with BRAF mutations in patients throughout Japan. More than 70% of adult-onset PTC in patients not exposed to radiation was associated with mutations in the BRAF gene [
Separate studies have shown that the risk for cancer in people who have survived an atomic bombing begins to decline after 30 years, but still remains high after 40 years compared with the risk in the general population [
An accurate assessment of the future health effects from the Chernobyl accident is not possible because of uncertainties with respect to dose exposures, current debates over the actions of radiation, and issues regarding the delayed consequences of atomic bomb exposure [
The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased markedly over a relatively short period of observation in all areas of the Republic of Belarus and among all age categories [
The relative increase among males (+1020%) and females (+3286%) in “high-exposure” areas exceeded the increases among males (+571%) and females (+250%) in “lower-exposure” areas of Belarus [
Differential susceptibility to radiation-induced cancer could explain why only a minority of the population most heavily exposed to radiation following the Chernobyl disaster developed cancer. The possibility of using gene expression data to measure this susceptibility has a number of implications for research, medicine, and radioprotection [
According to the Turkish Cancer Research Association, the frequency of thyroid cancer in Turkey is 8 in 100,000. In the present study, approximately 100,000 people in Rize were screened and six cases of histopathologically diagnosed cancer were found. This rate is not significantly different from the rate of thyroid cancer in the general population of Turkey.
Thus, the Chernobyl disaster has had no effect on the thyroid cancer incidence in the Black Sea region of Turkey.