ISRN Condensed Matter PhysicsVolume 2011 (2011), Article ID 929713, 3 pagesdoi:10.5402/2011/929713

Research Article

Paramagnetic Resonance as a Probe of the Spin Gap in Normal State of Superconductor

Frank J. Owens

Department of Physics, Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA

Received 30 August 2011; Accepted 26 September 2011

Academic Editors: S. Balamurugan and J. Bok

Copyright © 2011 Frank J. Owens. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

It is shown that electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) can be used to observe the spin gap in copper oxide superconductors. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the Cu²⁺ ion in underdoped show a pronounced decrease in intensity in the normal state as the temperature is lowered to 133 K, the superconducting transition temperature of the material. The decrease is attributed to a pairing of the Cu²⁺   spins to form a spin gap. A spin gap of 0.0533 eV is estimated from the data which is in order of magnitude agreement with values obtained from NMR measurements.

1. Introduction

It is well established that a spin gap, that is, a noncoherent pairing of the copper spins to form a singlet, exists above in the underdoped YBa₂Cu₃O6.7 superconductor. The spin gap is manifested as a change in the slope of the temperature dependence of the resistance and susceptibility above [1, 2]. More definitive evidence comes from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy which shows a shift of the spectral intensity away from the Fermi level above in the underdoped material [3].

The question of the existence of the spin gap in other underdoped copper oxide superconductors has received less attention. The phase of the superconductor having a of 133 K is a candidate for the existence of a spin gap above . Measurements of the pressure dependence show an increase in with pressure which is generally accepted to imply that the phase is underdoped [4]. Here the existence of a spin gap above in (Hg,Pb1223) is suggested by a change in slope of the temperature dependence of the resistivity and surface resistance above . However, the main focus of this work is to show that the temperature dependence of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of the Cu²⁺ ion in provides evidence for the existence of a spin gap in the material and allows an estimate of its magnitude. It has previously been shown in Co-doped YBa₂Cu₃O6.7 that electron paramagnetic resonance can detect the spin gap, because of the formation of Co–Cu singlet state causing a reduction in the intensity of the Co EPR signal strength with decreasing temperature in the normal state [5]. However, a more accurate measurement of the spin gap would be obtained from measuring the decrease in the Cu²⁺ resonance. In , the EPR signal of Cu²⁺ is not observed in the optimally doped material but is detected in the underdoped material [6–8]. Thus we should expect in , which has a of 133 K and is underdoped, an EPR of the Cu²⁺ intrinsic to the superconducting phase.

2. Experimental

An E-9 Varian electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer operating at 9.2 GHz was used to study the derivative of the resonance absorption as a function of dc magnetic field. The samples were contained in and cooled using a double-walled quartz finger Dewar which is inserted through holes on the top and bottom of the cavity and through which cold N₂ or He gas flows. This system enables control of the temperature, monitored by a gold-chromel thermocouple in contact with the sample, to within ±1 K. Surface resistance measurements at 9.2 GHz were made using a microwave bridge system previously described which is essentially the bridge of the electron spin resonance spectrometer with the modulation turned off [9]. The samples were synthesized by a two-step process previously described [10]. X-ray diffraction of the samples indicated that the material was 100%   phase, and temperature-dependent resistance and susceptibility data indicated a of 133 K [10].

3. Results and Discussion

An examination of previously published temperature-dependent resistance data in the normal state shows an increased negative slope and a deviation from linearity in the vicinity of 180 K which has been argued to be evidence for the existence of a spin gap in the material. The effect can also be seen in the temperature dependence of the surface resistance in the normal state shown in Figure 1. There is a clear deviation from linearity at 170 K well above which suggests the existence of a spin gap.

Figure 1: A measurement of the temperature dependence of the surface resistance in the normal state showing a deviation from linearity at 170 K suggestive of the possibility of the existence of a spin gap.

Figure 2 shows the EPR spectrum in pellets of Hg, Pb1223 at room temperature and below at 118 K. Two powder spectra are observed, a sharp spectrum having an axially symmetric g tensor and at lower magnetic field a larger broad line having a g value of 2.432 at room temperature which is appropriate to Cu²⁺. This latter spectrum is attributed to the Cu²⁺ ions in the superconducting grains. The large width of the line is likely a result of dipolar broadening due to magnetic interactions between neighboring Cu²⁺ ions. The narrow spectrum is attributed to an impurity in the material and is not associated with the superconducting phase. The marked decrease in the intensity of the broad line in the superconducting phase, in contrast to the increase in intensity of the narrow line, is evidence that the broad line arises from superconducting grains. This occurs because of the reduction of the penetration depth of the dc magnetic field into the sample in the superconducting state. In effect, the dc magnetic field only probes paramagnetic entities in the surface of the sample within the penetration depth. Note also there is a significant shift of the resonance to lower magnetic field value (increased value). This shift occurs gradually as a function of temperature in the normal state. Such shifts have been observed in low-dimensional antiferromagnetic materials and shown to be due to antiferromagnetic spin ordering fluctuations [11, 12]. Figure 3 shows a measurement of the intensity of the broad line, corrected for the intensity increase due to the Boltzman population factor with decreasing temperature in the normal state. This decrease in the intensity of the EPR signal with lowering temperature cannot be accounted for by the decrease in the surface resistance which is much smaller per degree than the decrease in the EPR signal strength. This decrease in intensity with lowering temperature in the normal state is attributed to the formation of nonparamagnetic singlet pairs between adjacent Cu²⁺ ions in effect a spin gap. For a one-dimensional chain or ladder, the intensity of the EPR signal has been shown to depend on temperature in the presence of a spin gap, , as [13, 14] where for a chain and for a ladder. No analytical expression has been developed for a two-dimensional array. It has been shown that the cuprate superconductors contain stripes which are one-dimensional rows of antiferromagnetic order of Cu²⁺ spins separated by rows of holes [15]. Thus, in effect, there is a one-dimensional antiferromagnetic ordering of Cu²⁺ spin so that equation (1) having may be applicable. Figure 4 is a plot of the versus which is fit to a straight line allowing an estimate of the spin gap which is obtained to be 0.0533 eV in order of magnitude agreement with the NMR measurement [16]. The EPR measurement of the spin gap is somewhat smaller than the NMR measurement which may be due to the fact that the EPR measurement was on Pb-doped material, whereas the NMR measurement was not. The fact that a straight line results suggests that the Cu²⁺ pairing is one dimensional consistent with the existence of stripes.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: EPR spectra at room temperature (a) in and at 118 K, (b) in the superconducting state showing the markedly reduced intensity of the lower field resonance.

Figure 3: Plot of the temperature dependence of the intensity of the broad line normalized to the Boltzman-temperature-dependent increase that occurs when the temperature is lowered.

Figure 4: Plot of versus where is the normalized intensity of the EPR signal.

In conclusion, an EPR spectrum of Cu²⁺ from the superconducting grains of Hg, Pb1223 shows a marked decrease in intensity in the normal state as the temperature is lowered to which is attributed to the opening of a spin gap in the underdoped material. The spin gap is estimated from the data.

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