ISRN Agronomy

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 485810, 7 pages

doi:10.5402/2012/485810

Research Article

Yield Performance of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) and Maize (Zea mays L.) as Affected by Time of Planting Maize in Makurdi, Nigeria

M. O. Ijoyah and D. M. Dzer

Department of Crop Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria

Received 3 April 2012; Accepted 13 May 2012

Academic Editors: G. M. Dal Bello and H. Zhang

Copyright © 2012 M. O. Ijoyah and D. M. Dzer. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Field experiments were conducted from June to October during 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons at the Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria, to evaluate the yield performance of okra-maize mixture as affected by time of planting maize. The experiment consisted of three maize planting dates (maize planted at the same time as okra in mid-June, maize planted 2 and 4 weeks later, respectively, in late June and early July) to okra plots. Monocropped okra and maize constituted the control plots. The five treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The results obtained showed that the greatest intercrop yield of okra was obtained when maize was planted 4 weeks later (in early July), while the greatest intercrop yield of maize was produced when planted at the same time as okra in mid-June. Planting okra and maize at the same time in mid-June not only recorded the lowest competitive pressure, but also gave the highest land equivalent ratio (LER) values of 1.78 and 1.75, respectively, in years 2010 and 2011, indicating that greater productivity per unit area was achieved by growing the two crops together than by growing them separately. With these LER values, 43.8% and 42.9% of land were saved, respectively, in 2010 and 2011. Both crops were found most suitable in mixture when planting was done at the same time in mid-June. This should be recommended for Makurdi location, Nigeria.

1. Introduction

In Nigeria, based on the area cropped and quantity produced, maize was the country’s third most important cereal crop following sorghum and millet [1, 2]. It is used mainly for human food and livestock feed. In the industry, it is also very important in the production of starch, oil, and alcohol [3].

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) was domesticated in West and Central Africa, but is now widely cultivated throughout the tropics primarily for local consumption [4, 5]. In Nigeria, it ranks third in terms of consumption and production area following tomato and pepper [6]. The immature pods are used as boiled vegetable while in dried form it is used as soup thickener [7]. The green pods are rich sources of vitamins, calcium, potassium, and other minerals [8]. The intercropping of crops by smallholder and peasant farmers has been a common practice throughout the years [9]. This practice may allow complementary interactions in crops that have greater system resilience [10], reduce insect pest incidence [11] and deliver environmental benefits such as greater soil and water conservation potential [12]. Over 75% of maize and 60% of okra grown in Nigeria are produced under intercropping system [13, 14].

The response of sole maize and sole okra to varying sowing dates has been studied [15, 16]. Previous studies in the zone have also addressed various factors that influence the performance of maize and okra in mixture, such as the response of the crops under intercropping to varying population densities and spatial arrangements [17–20]. However, there is a dearth of information on the yield performance of intercropped maize and okra as affected by time of planting maize, as well as assessing the advantages of the intercropping system. This study was designed to augment the currently available information.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Site Description

The experiments were conducted from June to October, 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons at the Research Farm of the University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria, to evaluate the yield performance of okra-maize mixture as affected by time of planting maize. The study location (7°44′N, 8°35′E) and at an altitude of 228 m above sea level falls within the Southern Guinea savanna agroecological zone of Nigeria. The meteorological information of the area over the trial period is provided in Table 1. The average monthly temperature over the years ranged from 21.0°C to 32.4°C, while the average relative humidity ranged from 75.2% to 79.6%. Mean daily radiation was low throughout the growth period. The month of June recorded the highest amount of rainfall and highest number of rainy days.

Table 1: Meteorological information for Makurdi (June–October) 2010, 2011.

Year/month

Average monthly temperature (°C)

Average monthly rainfall (mm)
Max.
Min.
Mean daily radiation (MJ m⁻²d⁻¹)
Average relative humidity (%)

2010

    June
237.0 (21)⁺
30.6
22.3
7.29
76.2

    July
235.2 (20)
30.7
22.7
7.11
76.8

    August
225.0 (15)
30.5
23.1
7.32
77.4

    September
210.0 (12)
31.4
21.2
6.78
77.8

    October
110.3 (7)
32.4
23.3
6.96
75.2

2011

    June
230.0 (18)⁺
31.2
21.0
7.11
76.4

    July
228.4 (16)
30.7
21.3
7.25
75.8

    August
215.0 (14)
30.3
23.0
6.99
79.6

    September
198.2 (11)
30.0
22.3
6.86
78.0

    October
96.0 (7)
30.5
21.0
6.90
75.2

+Values in parenthesis indicate number of rainy days. Source: Air Force Base, Makurdi Meteorological Station.

2.2. Variety, Planting, Treatments, and Experimental Design

The variety of okra used was “Lady Finger” while that of maize was “Oba 98” (an open pollinated variety). Both are popular varieties grown by farmers and show good adaptation to the local environment.

The experimental area (229.5 m²) which consisted of sandy-loam soil was ploughed, harrowed, ridged, and divided into 20 plots. Each plot had an area of 9 m². The plots consisted of 3 ridges in which 10 okra plants per ridge were planted at a spacing of 100 cm × 30 cm, giving a total plant population of 30 okra plants per plot (33,333 okra plants per hectare equivalent). Okra seeds were planted about 2-3 cm deep in a single row on top of the ridges. Maize was planted at the same time as okra in mid-June (OM), two weeks later in late June (), and four weeks later in early July (). Sole maize and sole okra planted in mid-June constituted the control treatments. Maize was spaced 30 cm apart in single row on top of the ridges and in between okra plants to give a plant population of 30 maize stands per plot (33,333 maize plants per hectare equivalent). Three maize seeds were planted per position, which were later thinned to one plant per position at six days after planting. The three maize planting dates to okra and the planting of okra and maize as sole crops constituted the treatments. The five treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications.

2.3. Cultural Practices

The recommended rate of compound fertilizer NPK (15 : 15 : 15) for sole maize: 100 kg N ha⁻¹, 40 kg P ha⁻¹, and 60 kg K ha⁻¹; for sole okra: mixed fertilizer NPK (15 : 15 : 15) at the rate of 100 kg ha⁻¹ and for okra-maize mixture: 100 kg N ha⁻¹, 100 kg P ha⁻¹ and 100 kg K ha⁻¹ was applied [21]. The row method of fertilizer application was employed. The fertilizer was applied twice to each plot at 3 and 6 weeks after planting (WAP) for the sole crops and the intercrops. Weeding was done using the native hoe as the need arose. The use of native hoe is a typical practice by farmers in the area.

Okra was harvested when the tip of pod was observed to break easily when pressed with the finger tip [22]. Maize was harvested at 12 WAP (weeks after planting), when the leaves turned yellowish and fallen off which were signs of senescence and cob maturity. Entire plots were harvested for yield measurements.

2.4. Data Collection

Data taken for okra include days to 50% flowering, okra plant height at 50% flowering (measured as the distance in cm from the soil surface to the tip of the topmost leaf), number of branches per plant, leaf area at 50% flowering, pod length (cm), pod diameter (cm), number of pods per plant, pod weight (g), and yield (t ha⁻¹).

Data taken for maize include days to 50% flowering, maize plant height at 50% flowering (measured as the distance in cm from the soil surface to the collar of the top most leaf), number of leaves per plant, number of cobs per plant, cob length (cm), cob diameter (the diameters at the head, centre, and tail ends of the cob were measured in cm and averaged). The cobs were weighed using an electronic weighing balance to obtain cob weight (g). The cobs were later shelled manually and the total grains for each plot weighed to obtain the yield (t ha⁻¹).

2.5. Statistical Analysis

All data were statistically treated using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for randomized complete block design and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used for mean separation () following the procedure of Steel and Torrie [23]. The land equivalent ratio (LER) was determined as described by Willey [24] using the formula:

The competitive ratio (CR) as described by Willey and Rao [25] was determined using the formula: , where Lo is partial LER for okra Lm is partial LER for maize; Zo and Zm are the sown proportion of okra and maize, respectively.

The percentage (%) land was saved as described by Willey [24] using the formula:

These calculations were used to determine the productivity of the intercropping system and to assess the compatibility and suitability of the crops for intercropping.

3. Results and Discussion

The yield parameters of okra as affected by time of planting maize in an okra-maize mixture in years 2010 and 2011 are given in Table 2. Flowering in okra occurred earliest when sown at the same time as maize, and flowering was delayed by planting maize later. The greater number of days taken to achieve 50% flowering might have been a result of the inability of okra plants intercropped with maize planted 2 and 4 weeks later to accumulate enough thermal units required to induce early flowering. Maize sown at 2 and 4 WAP okra ( and ) might have exerted maximum demand on growth resources, thus prolonging days to attain 50% flowering for okra. This view agreed with Hugar and Palled [26] who reported that maize has high potential for carbohydrate accumulation per unit area per day. The height of okra planted as a sole crop and that sown in intercrop with maize at different times showed no significant difference.

Table 2: Yield parameters of okra as affected by time of planting maize in an okra-maize mixture in Makurdi, Nigeria in 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons.

Treatments
Days to 50% flowering (cm)
Okra plant height (cm) at 50% flowering
Number of branches per plant
Leaf area (cm²)
Pod length (cm)
Pod diameter (cm)
Number of pods per plant
Pod weight (g)
Yield (t ha⁻¹)

2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011

SO
61.2
62.0
69.6
71.1
6.2
6.1
480.0
499.8
9.0
9.3
8.4
8.0
4.7
5.0
39.0
37.9
6.0
5.7

OM (same time)
61.0
60.8
64.2
62.6
4.0
3.2
364.3
395.8
8.4
8.6
7.8
7.6
3.0
2.8
33.2
31.5
5.3
4.8

OM +2
63.0
63.2
66.1
64.0
4.5
4.1
390.0
447.5
8.2
8.0
7.6
7.7
2.9
2.7
31.1
31.9
5.2
4.4

OM + 4
63.9
64.3
68.0
68.7
7.0
6.9
495.2
515.0
8.9
9.1
8.0
8.3
4.6
4.0
36.0
34.8
5.8
5.5

Means
62.3
62.2
67.0
66.6
5.4
5.1
432.4
464.5
8.6
8.8
8.0
7.9
3.8
3.7
34.8
34.0
5.6
5.1

LSD ()
2.5
3.5
15.2
10.7
2.7
3.4
22.4
20.7
1.3
1.6
0.9
0.7
1.4
1.1
5.0
5.3
0.4
0.6

Cv (%)
5.64
3.48
18.2
10.0
8.4
4.1
12.5
19.8
10.2
11.3
7.3
5.4
16.2
18.7
12.0
9.7
10.0
13.1

SO: sole okra planted in mid June. OM (same time): okra planted at the same time with maize in mid June.

OM + 2: maize planted 2 weeks later in late June into okra plots. OM + 4: maize planted 4 weeks later in early July into okra plots.

The largest leaf area and the greatest number of branches per plant for intercropped okra were produced when maize was planted 4 weeks later into the mixture. This might be attributed to greater light interception by okra during the longer days in June before there was competition with the maize crop. This result agreed with the findings of Hossain et al. [27] who found out that number of branches increased as time of sowing okra progressed. This view also agreed with Jiao et al. [28] who reported that when two morphologically dissimilar crops with different periods of maturity are intercropped, light is the vital factor that determines the leaf area.

Although pod length and pod diameter were not significantly () different, the number of pod was greater for sole okra, compared to that obtained from okra plant intercropped with maize sown at different times. Under intercropping, more pods per plant were formed in than (Table 2). However, there was no difference in pod number between monocropped okra and . Greater competition for available nutrients and light could have been responsible for the decreased production of pods. Seran and Jeyakumaran [29] reported that the number of pods per capsicum plant was lower in capsicum-vegetable cowpea intercropping compared to monocropping due to competition for light and nutrients.

The greatest pod weight and yield were obtained from sole okra, whereas under intercropping, greatest okra pod weight and yield were obtained with (Table 2). The larger okra leaf area produced under could have contributed to the greatest pod weight and yield. This agreed with the findings of Ogindo and Walker [30]. Okra yields in OM were greater than (8.6% and 12.7% in 2010 and 2011, resp.), and greater than (10.3% and 20.0% in 2010 and 2011, resp.). Yields obtained in sole okra and showed no significant difference.

The least number of days to attain 50% flowering was obtained from monocropped maize. Days to 50% flowering for maize increased as time of planting maize into okra plots advanced (Table 3).

Table 3: Yield parameters of maize as affected by time of planting maize in an okra-maize mixture in Makurdi, Nigeria in 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons.

Treatments
Days to 50% flowering
Maize plant height (cm) at 50% flowering
Number of leaves per plant
Number of cobs per plant
Cob length (cm)
Cob diameter (cm)
Cob weight (g)
Yield (t ha⁻¹)

2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011

SM
45.8
48.6
186.0
182.7
14.0
12.5
1.6
1.3
18.0
17.2
15.8
14.7
380.9
375.3
4. 9
4.5

OM (Same time)
46.0
48.8
153.3
142.7
12.8
11.9
1.5
1.2
17.3
16.2
14.7
14.1
378.2
359.3
4.4
4.1

OM + 2
49.2
51.5
142.0
130.2
12.6
11.8
1.1
1.1
14.0
13.6
13.2
13.1
205.1
193.3
3.2
3.2

OM + 4
51.3
53.8
138.1
128.6
10.0
9.7
1.1
1.0
13.8
13.0
13.0
12.4
183.0
125.8
2.2
2.0

Means
48.1
50.7
154.9
146.0
12.4
11.5
1.3
1.1
15.8
15.0
14.2
13.5
286.8
258.4
3.7
3.5

LSD ()
1.3
1.8
20.3
26.0
1.5
1.2
0.4
0.2
1.2
1.5
1.3
0.9
10.5
19.0
0.8
0.5

Cv (%)
5.6
2.3
15.2
11.0
10.5
6.9
15.0
13.7
10.0
6.5
8.3
4.3
15.3
11.1
7.2
10.3

SM: sole maize planted in mid June. OM (same time): okra planted at the same time with maize in mid June.

OM + 2: maize planted 2 weeks later in late June into okra plots. OM + 4: maize planted 4 weeks later in early July into okra plots.

The tallest maize height was produced from sole maize, but, under intercropping, maize height decreased as time of planting maize into okra plots advanced (Table 3). This view agreed with the findings of Fakorede [31] but contradicted that of Kalu et al. [16] were maize height increased as the year progressed. The conflict in results could be due to different environmental conditions at the study locations and the genetic potential of the maize varieties used. Although not measured here, plant height indicates the yield of stover, which is also important to farmers for a variety of uses.

In both years, the number of leaves per plant, number of cobs per plant, cob length, cob diameter, cob weight were significantly () reduced with later planting of maize into okra (Table 3).

Compared with sole maize, yields in were decreased by 55% (in 2010 and 2011) in , and by 35% and 29% (in 2010 and 2011, resp.) in (Table 3). This does not agree with Makinde et al. [32] who reported greater yields of sorghum in combination with okra as season advanced. There were no significant differences in yield between sole maize and OM. The greatest intercropped yield of maize was obtained with OM, and yields of were greater than . This result agreed with Unamma [33] who reported that best intercropped maize yield was obtained when planting was done at the same time as cassava in a cassava-maize mixture.

Intercropping okra and maize at the same time in mid-June not only recorded the lowest competitive pressure but also gave the highest land equivalent ratio (LER) values of 1.78 and 1.75, respectively, in years 2010 and 2011, indicating that higher productivity per unit area was achieved by growing the two crops together than by growing them separately (Table 4). With these LER values, 43.8% and 42.9% of land were saved, respectively, in 2010 and 2011, which could be used for other agricultural purposes. Both crops were found to be complementary and most suitable in mixture when planting was done at the same time in mid-June.

Table 4: Land equivalent ratio (LER), competitive ratio (CR), and Percentage (%) of land saved from intercropping okra and maize planted at different times in 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons.

Treatments
Sole crop yield (t ha⁻¹)
Intercrop yield (t ha⁻¹)
Okra-maize mixture

Sole okra
Sole maize
okra
maize
LER
Lo
Lm
CR
% Land saved

2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011

Soles
6.0
5.7
4.9
4.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

OM (same time)
—
—
—
—
5.3
4.8
4.4
4.1
1.78
1.75
0.88
0.84
0.90
0.91
0.98
0.92
43.8
42.9

OM + 2
—
—
—
—
5.2
4.4
3.2
3.2
1.52
1.48
0.87
0.77
0.65
0.71
1.34
1.08
34.2
32.4

OM + 4
—
—
—
—
5.8
5.5
2.2
2.0
1.42
1.40
0.97
0.96
0.45
0.44
2.16
2.18
29.6
28.6

Soles: sole crops of okra and maize planted in mid June. OM (Same time): okra planted at the same time with maize in mid June.

OM + 2: maize planted 2 weeks later in late June into okra plots. OM + 4: maize planted 4 weeks later in early July into okra plots.

LER = (Intercrop yield of crop A/Sole crop yield of Crop A) + (Intercrop yield of crop B/Sole crop yield of Crop B).

Lo, Lm = Partial LER of component crops.

CR = (Division of the partial land equivalent ratios of the component crops).

% land saved = 100 −1/LER × 100.

4. Conclusion

From the results obtained, it can be concluded that it is advantageous to intercrop okra with maize. This is associated with a higher land equivalent ratio values greater than 1.0, indicating greater productivity per unit area, in addition to greater percentage of land saved. While the greatest intercrop yield of okra was obtained when maize was planted four weeks later in early July into the mixture, greatest intercrop yield of maize was produced when okra was planted at the same time in mid-June. It is however recommended that further investigation will be done to evaluate a wider range of okra and maize varieties and across different locations within the Guinea savanna ecological zone of Nigeria.

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to the research technicians of the University of Agriculture Research Farm in Makurdi, for their assistance in the field operations.

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