Smart Materials ResearchVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 786190, 8 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/786190

Research Article

Exact Solution for an Anti-Plane Interface Crack between Two Dissimilar Magneto-Electro-Elastic Half-Spaces

Bogdan Rogowski

Department of Mechanics of Materials, Technical University of Lodz, Al. Politechniki 6, 93-590 Lodz, Poland

Received 27 October 2011; Accepted 10 February 2012

Academic Editor: Ma Jan

Copyright © 2012 Bogdan Rogowski. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper investigated the fracture behaviour of a piezo-electro-magneto-elastic medium subjected to electro-magneto-mechanical loads. The bimaterial medium contains a crack which lies at interface and is parallel to their poling direction. Fourier transform technique is used to reduce the problem to three pairs of dual integral equations. These equations are solved exactly. The semipermeable crack-face magneto-electric boundary conditions are utilized. Field intensity factors of stress, electric displacement, magnetic induction, cracks displacement, electric and magnetic potentials, and the energy release rate are determined. The electric displacement and magnetic induction of crack interior are discussed. Obtained results indicate that the stress field and electric and magnetic fields near the crack tips exhibit square-root singularity.

1. Introduction

Mechanics of magneto-electro-elastic solid has gained considerable interest in the recent decades with increasable wide application of piezoelectric/piezomagnetic composite materials in engineering, particularly in aerospace and automotive industries. Recently, much attention has been paid to dislocation crack and inclusion problems in magneto-electro-elastic solids, which simultaneously possess piezoelectric, piezomagnetic, and magnetoelectric effects. Therefore, it is of vital importance to investigate the magneto-electro-elastic fields as a result of existence of defects, such as cracks, in these solids.

The mode III interface crack solution for two dissimilar half-planes has been analyzed by Li and Kardomateas [1] while for two dissimilar layers by Wang and Mai [2] and by Li and Wang [3]. Li and Kardomateas [1] solved corresponding plane problem by means of Stroh’s formalism and complex variable methods. Li and Wang [3] investigated the problems involving an antiplane shear crack perpendicular to and terminating at the interface of a bimaterial piezo-electro-elastic ceramics. Wang and Mai [2] investigated the mode III-crack problem for a crack at the interface between two dissimilar magneto-electro-elastic layers. Extension of those investigation problems interested in fracture theory, on dielectric and magnetostrictive crack behaviour, is very important, and results and conclusions could have applications in the failure of PEMO-elastic devices and in smart intelligent structures [4].

However, to the authors’ best knowledge, no researches dealing with the interface-dielectric crack in PEMO-elastic two-phase composite have been reported in literature. When subjected to mechanical, electrical, and magnetic loads in service, these magneto-electro-elastic composites can fail prematurely due to some defects, namely, cracks, holes and others, arising during their manufacturing process. Therefore, it is of great importance to study the magneto-electro-elastic interaction and fracture behaviours of PEMO-elastic materials.

In mechanic where two-phase composites have twelve material constants only exact solutions are useful. This is motivation for this study. For electrical, magnetic, and mechanical loads (two cases of electrical and magnetic excitations) and semipermeable electrical and magnetic boundary conditions at the interface crack, exact analytical solutions are obtained here for full field interesting in fracture mechanics.

2. Basic Equations

For a linearly magneto-electro-elastic medium under antiplane shear coupled with in-plane electric and magnetic fields, there are only the nontrivial antiplane displacement strain components and stress components and , in-plane electrical and magnetic potentials and , which define electrical and magnetic field components , , and

and electrical displacement components , , and magnetic induction components , with all field quantities being the functions of coordinates and .

The generalized strain-displacement relations (2) and (3) have the form where and .

For linearly magneto-electro-elastic medium, the coupled constitutive relations can be written in the matrix form where the superscript denotes the transpose of a matrix, and is the material property matrix, where is the shear modulus along the -direction, which is direction of poling and is perpendicular to the isotropic plane (), and are dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability coefficients, respectively, , , and are piezoelectric, piezomagnetic, and magneto-electric coefficients, respectively.

The mechanical equilibrium equation (called as Euler equation), the charge and current conservation equations (called as Maxwell equations), in the absence of the body force electric and magnetic charge densities, can be written as Subsequently, the Euler and Maxwell equations take the form where is the two-dimensional Laplace operator.

Since , one can decouple(8)

If we introduce, for convenience of mathematics in some boundary value problems, two unknown functions where the matrix , a principal submatrix of , is then where

The relevant field variables are

The two last equations (15) are equivalent to (9) since . In (14) the material parameters are defined as follows:

Note that is the piezo-electro-magnetically stiffened elastic constant.

Note also that the inverse of a matrix is defined by parameters , , and , , as follows: and is the matrix generalized compliances of PEMO-elastic material. These material parameters will be appear in our solutions.

3. Formulation of the Crack Problem

Let the medium I occupy the upper half-space and medium II be in the lower half-space; the interface crack is assumed to be located in the region from to along the -axis. The two-phase composite is subjected to electric, magnetic, and mechanical loads applied at infinity. These are () or (). Under applied external loading, the crack, filled usually by vacuum or air, accumulated an electric and magnetic field, denoted by and , would be built up. By the superposition principle, the interface crack problem is equivalent to the one under the applied loading on the upper surface (Figure 1): where

Figure 1: The interface crack under antiplane mechanical and in-plane electric and magnetic load. Inside the crack the unknown electromagnetic fields and appear. (a) Perturbation problem, (b) Elementary solution for bimaterial without the crack (19) and (20).

Similarly is for lower crack surface, where the material parameters and electro-magnetic loadings are denoted by prime.

To guarantee the continuity of physical quantities at the perfectly bonded interface, applied electro-magnetic loadings and must obey the relations from which the loadings of upper material, namely, and may be determined by means of loading of lower material, namely, and , using (19) and (20). Of course, and in Case I of loading and and for homogeneous medium only.

At the interface , we have the conditions where the notation and denotes the value for while for .

The electric displacement and magnetic induction inside the crack are obtained from semipermeable crack-face boundary conditions [5]. For two different magnetoelectric media: PEMO-elastic material I and notch space, we have the continuity condition of electric and magnetic potential in both materials at interfaces, similarly for interface between second PEMO-elastic material and crack interior. The semi-permeable crack-face magnetoelectric boundary conditions are expressed as follows: where describes the shape of the notch, and , are the dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability of crack interior. If we assume the elliptic notch profile such that where is the half-thickness of the notch at , we obtain that

Equations (24) form two coupling linear equations with respect to and since and depend linearly on these quantities as shown boundary conditions (18) and (21).

4. The Solution for Two-Phase Medium with the Discontinuity at Interface

Define the Fourier transform pair by the equations

Then (15) are converted to ordinary differential equations and their solutions

These solutions satisfy the regularity conditions at infinity and the conditions of vanishing jumps of electric displacement and magnetic induction at interface and crack surfaces.

From (21)₁ we obtain that

The material parameters of the lower material are denoted by prime.

The mixed boundary conditions on the crack plane and outside lead to

Using the integrals we see that the solutions of (28) are

We calculate that where is defined by the matrix (17) and by the same matrix with material parameters of second material.

From the condition (24), we obtain that where and similarly for (second material).

5. Field Intensity Factors

The singular behaviour of , , and at , are:

Defining the stress, electric displacement and magnetic induction intensity factors as follows: we obtain that

Furthermore, we obtain the displacement, electric and magnetic potentials intensity factors

In view of results (31) and (37), we have

The energy release rate is defined as and is the following: or in explicit form

For fully impermeable case, we have and , and the solutions are obtained from (37) and (39). For fully permeable case, we have and and

The energy release rate is

Note that energy release rate (44) for fully permeable crack problem is defined by the harmonic mean of the shear moduli of both materials, that is,

The remaining field intensity factors are obtained, in this case, as follows:

In particular, for fully permeable crack between two PEMO-elastic materials polarized in opposite directions, we have and , since and in this case.

For electrically impermeable and magnetically permeable crack, the solutions are independent of the applied magnetic field ( and is independent on for and as shown in (32)).

Alternatively, the solutions for the electrically permeable and magnetically impermeable crack are independent on the applied electric displacement.

In practical applications the following cases appear:(i)Let tends to infinity and is finite.

Then where (ii) Let tends to infinity and is finite.

Then where

The functions of permittivity () and permeability () approaches zero as and tend to zero and are unity as and tend to infinity. The solution perfectly matches exact solution in both limiting cases, namely, permeable and/or impermeable electric and/or magnetic boundary conditions.

In above equations the notation denotes the intensity factor for electrically permeable and magnetically impermeable crack boundary conditions.

The electric displacement and magnetic induction in the crack region depend on the matrix as well as , , , , and depend on the matrix where again “−1” denotes the inverse matrix.

Thus, is the matrix of material property of equivalent homogeneous material after homogenization in our problem. The generalized effective electroelastic compliances of bi-material system are obtained as arithmetically mean of compliances of single materials constituents. If the lower medium and the upper medium have the same properties but are poled in opposite directions, then and (see (16)). In consequence from (17), we have

Then

Magneto-electro-elastic materials usually comprise alternating piezoelectric material and piezomagnetic material. If upper material is piezomagnetic and lower material is piezoelectric (or otherwise), we have

The bi-material matrix defined by (51) has the form

In the solutions also appears electric and magnetic field components where the matrix is defined by (34). Of course, for lower material, we have matrix (the material parameters are denoted by prime). This states that, in general, electric and magnetic fields are also singular. The electric and magnetic field intensity factors and are related to , , and , as shown (57)₁. In particular, for a fully permeable crack between two materials polarized in opposite directions, we have and

The particular solutions with complete the full fields in both materials.

6. Numerical Results

The basic data for the material properties selected here are similar to those in Sih and Song [6, 7]. These constants read as: , , , , , and for first material and , , , , , for second material.

Using these properties of both materials, the material property matrix is obtained as (the matrix of generalized “compliances”):

The matrix of generalized stiffness is obtained as follows:

Therefore, the properties of composite, obtained by averaging the properties of single-phase materials using its volume fractions, as in the literature (see [8]) gives erroneous result, since give (if ratio is roughly 50 : 50)

The nonzero material constants for BaTiO₃-piezoelectric and CoFe₂O₄-magnetostrictive medium are given in Table 1 [9].

Table 1: The material constants for BaTiO₃ and CoFe₂O₄.

properties
BaTiO₃ piezoelectric
CoFe₂O₄ piezomagnetic

43,00
45,30

11,60
0,00

11,20
0,08

0,00
550,00

5,00
590,00

0,00
0,00

The bi-material matrix defined by (51) is (“compliance” matrix)

The matrix is obtained as follows: (“stiffness” matrix)

Using the mixture rule [6], , for , where with superscripts without prime or prime denotes the corresponding constants , , , , , of the composite, first and second material, respectively, and is the volume fraction of the first material (piezoelectric), we obtain that

which completely differs from .

Note that in both examples the sums of corresponding material parameters are constant. In consequence the matrix, and have the same elements. Of course, the matrices of generalized stiffness are dissimilar in both bi-material composites.

Due to the absence of magnetoelectric coupling coefficient in a single-phase piezoelectric and piezomagnetic material, the magnetoelectric constant , existing only in the piezoelectric/piezomagnetic composite as a significant new feature, cannot be determined by the above mixture rule. Therefore, based on the analysis of micromechanics, this coefficient is obtained as for first combination of materials and for barium titanate-cobalt iron oxide bi-material. This is magnetoelectric coupling effect in composite of piezoelectric and piezomagnetic phases.

7. Conclusions

The mode III interface crack in a bi-material magneto-electro-elastic medium subjected to mechanical, electrical, and magnetic loads on the surfaces is studied in this paper, and the following points are noted.(i)Closed form solution has been obtained for a crack between two dissimilar PEMO-elastic materials. Expressions for the crack-tip field intensity factors, the electromagnetic fields inside the crack, are given. The semipermeable crack-face magneto-electric boundary conditions are investigated.(ii)The energy release rate can be explicitly expressed in terms of the external loadings (by (42)). It is affected by electric-magnetic properties of the two constituents of the bi-material media.(iii)Applications of electric and magnetic fields do not alter the stress intensity factor of mode III. The values of SIF are identical for any kind of crack-face electric and magnetic boundary condition assumptions. In other words, the crack-face electric and magnetic boundary conditions have no effects on SIF.(iv)For electrically impermeable and magnetically permeable crack, the solutions for field intensity factors are independent of the applied magnetic field. Alternatively, these solutions for the electrically permeable and magnetically impermeable crack are independent on the applied electric displacement.(v)For fully permeable crack between two PEMO-elastic materials polarized in opposite directions, the electric displacement and magnetic induction intensity factors vanish. In this case electric and magnetic field intensity factors and are related to (by (58)).(vi)The matrices of “generalized” compliances or stiffness cannot be determined by the mixture rule since it is a significant new feature in interface crack problem considered in this paper.(vii)From the reviewing of literature dealing with interface crack, problem may be concluded that the characterization of bonded dissimilar materials with interface crack is still an open problem.

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