ISRN OpticsVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 895031, 4 pagesdoi:10.5402/2012/895031

Research Article

Infrared Spectroscopy Beamline Based on a Tabletop Storage Ring

Md. Monirul Haque,1,2 Ahsa Moon,² and Hironari Yamada²

¹Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh²Department of Photonics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan

Received 22 February 2012; Accepted 29 April 2012

Academic Editors: A. E. Miroshnichenko and S. R. Restaino

Copyright © 2012 Md. Monirul Haque et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

An optical beamline dedicated to the infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been constructed at MIRRORCLE, a tabletop storage ring. The beamline has been designed for the use of infrared synchrotron radiation (IRSR) emitted from a bending magnet of 156 mm bending radius with the acceptance angle of 355(H) × 138(V) mrad to obtain high flux. The IR emission is forced by an exactly circular optics, named photon storage ring (PhSR), placed around the electron orbit and is collected by a “magic mirror” associated with two plane mirrors in the storage ring. A Fourier transform interferometer has been installed to utilize the IRSR at MIRRORCLE. The design of the optical system and calculated results are reported.

1. Introduction

Synchrotron radiation (SR) is now a very promising candidate for the light source of infrared spectroscopy. SR is highly brilliant and directional. Several storage ring-based IR beamlines are operating around the world [1–4], and several others are under construction or are being planned [5, 6]. Applications are multidisciplinary, and the number continues to increase as these beamlines become accessible to an increasing number of users. In particular, IR radiation from synchrotron radiation sources has found increasing use in research by means of Fourier transform spectroscopy especially in material and life sciences [7].

In the case of the infrared spectroscopy synchrotron radiation (IRSR) from a bending magnetic field, an ideal storage ring would be one equipped with the conditions of a large bending radius (for low divergence), a large stored current, a large aperture port (for high flux), and a low ring energy (for low heat load). In general, the third generation SR sources are equipped with large bending radius and are operated at high electron energies of 700–8000 MeV. Due to big size and high cost, they are incompatible in industry, hospitals, and research laboratories. Because of these shortcoming of the third-generation synchrotrons, the necessity of laboratory-sized light sources have been discussed since the last decade. Yamada proposed a far-IR laser by a tabletop synchrotron in 1989 [8]. Such a tabletop synchrotron has laid the foundation for the low-energy storage rings MIRRORCLE [9, 10], which is now a promising source for the use in a conventional laboratory or for clinical use.

MIRRORCLE-20 [10, 11] is a weak focusing type tabletop storage ring with a 156 mm radius exactly circular electron orbit. The configuration of this storage ring is listed elsewhere [12]. Because of this small orbit radius the stored beam current easily reaches ampere order by one-shot injection within 100 ns injection time window and 100 mA injector beam current. The elegance of MIRRORCLE technology lies in its conceptual simplicity. It has two basic components: classical microtron and a storage ring. The microtron emits and accelerates electrons up to a design level and then injects them into the storage ring. An IR beamline has been designed and constructed using this low energy synchrotron MIRRORCLE-20 exclusively dedicated to spectroscopy from mid-IR to far-IR regions. In this paper, we will present the designed optical system and simulated results.

2. Front End

Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the front end of MIRRORCLE-20 IR beamline. The optical system inside MIRORCLE-20 storage ring is somewhat different from usual SR beam optics. The special optical system is composed of an exactly circular concaved mirror (M0) concentric of the electron orbit, a magic mirror (M1), and two plane mirrors (M2 and M3). The circular mirror collects and accumulates SR photons emitted into of the electron orbit of length 1 m only. Yamada has named this optical system as a Photon Storage Ring (PhSR) [8]. The details about PhSR are described elsewhere [13]. An aperture on the circular mirror surface over 0.6 rad allows electron beam to be injected in as well as collected SR photons to be extracted out. The mirror M1, that is located at 290 mm from the center of the source, focuses SR photons from different position of electron beam trajectory, and mirrors M2 & M3 direct the radiation to the first focal point. The magic mirror of width 160 mm × height 40 mm can provide IR acceptance up to 355 (horizontal) × 138 (vertical) mrad². The horizontal acceptance angle of 355 mrad together with a bending radius (156 mm) of MIRRORCLE-20 gives an emission length of 0.06 m.

Figure 1: Schematic figure of the optical system of the infrared beamline at MIRRORCLE-20. M0, M1, and M4 indicate circular, magic and off-axis parabolic mirrors, respectively. M2, M3, and M5 are all plane mirrors. W is an optical window, which separates upstream ultrahigh-vacuum area and downstream low-vacuum one.

Since the first focal point is located at 1.47 m from the focusing mirror (M1), it is difficult to get good focal conditions by using conventional spherical or elliptical mirrors. Therefore, we employed a three-dimensionally extended magic mirror proposed by López-Delgado and Szwarc [14]. The magic mirror not only focuses on the source but also reduces the time delay due to the large acceptance: the summation of the optical path length and the electron orbital length is the same for each position. The vertical direction is approximated by a spherical curve using the distance between the emission and focusing points and the incident angle to the magic mirror. The formulae of the coordinates of the surface of the magic mirror are where is the electron orbit radius, is the length between the center of the electron orbit and the focal point, is the optical pass from a standard point, is the acceptance angle of SR from electron orbit, and is the height of the magic mirror. The parameters for MIRRORCLE-20 IR are  mm,  mm, = 2200 mm,  rad, and  mm. represents the vertical curvature of the magic mirror, and & indicate the projections of the source point and the focal point, respectively, on the vertical axis of the magic mirror.

3. Ray Trace Simulation

We simulated the beam profile at focal point by using the “ZEMAX” ray-trace program (http://www.focus-software.com/) and determined the optimum optical system. A special type of light source modeled by DLL (Windows Dynamic Link Library) was used in order to support the desired properties of MIRRORCLE type synchrotron. The sources were placed at different angles around in an orbit of radius 156 mm. The power of each source was set at 30 μW. Toroidal objects consisting of rectangular surface were placed around the source orbit for circular optics. The horizontal and vertical curvatures of this optical system were set at 216 mm and 148 mm, respectively. The magic mirror was placed at 290 mm from the center of the SR emission point, and the focal point is located at 1740 mm from the magic mirror.

The result of the ray trace at the focusing point is shown in Figure 2. The beam size at the focal point depends on the electron beam size and the emission angle of the IRSR. The emission angle also depends on photon energy. The beam Gaussian assumed in this simulation was  mm in horizontal direction, and  mm in vertical direction. Figure 2 is the result at the photon energy of 0.1 eV (~1000 cm⁻¹), a typical value of mid-IR region, and at the emission angle of ±25 mrad. The beam size at the focal point is 39(h) × 19(v) mm². As the ratio of the distance between the SR emission point and the magic mirror to that between the magic mirror and the focal point is 1 : 6, the image at the focal point should be enhanced 6 times. We, therefore, observe from the simulation result that the focusing efficiency of the magic mirror is about 92%.

Figure 2: Ray trace beam pattern in mid-IR region (at 0.1 eV) at the focal point.

4. Photon Storage Ring (PhSR) Output

Observation of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) from a single bunch traveling in a bending magnet [15–18] has encouraged Dr. Yamada to pay attention to the lasing scheme with PhSR. Here, the CSR denotes radiation emitted from a number of electrons in a bunch all in the same phase. It is known that CSR is dominant in the range of wavelengths comparable to or longer than the longitudinal bunch length. Under this condition, the electrons emit photons in phase and a single-cycle electromagnetic pulse results with intensity proportional to the square of the number of electrons in the bunch [19, 20].

Interference effect of SR between successive bunches is experimentally proved to be important [21]. Including the effect of CSR and the successive bunches, Yamada proposed the formalism for PhSR under the circular mirror [9, 22] as where is the incoherent synchrotron radiation power from one electron, the harmonic number, the number of electrons in the bunch; thus, gives the beam current and gives the normal incoherent synchrotron radiation power in mrad at a certain bandwidth. is a form factor which is the Fourier transform of the longitudinal electron distribution in the bunch. If a Gaussian electron distribution is assumed, is given as where is the r.m.s. bunch length. The function represents the interference between the coherent rays as well as between the incoherent rays as a result of the reflection due to the surrounding mirror (PhSR). This is given for a certain reflection coefficient as where is the number of bouncing due to the circular mirror and is the resonance wavelength. According to the above equations, the SR power in the case of PhSR is proportional to the square of the electron number, in the bunch, and to the square of the averaged number of interaction times, . The resonant wavelength, is given by where is the phase shift due to the beam size, is the normalized electron velocity, and is the integer indicating ’th electron bunch which merges with the light pulse.

The calculated spontaneous PhSR spectrum is shown in Figure 3. The calculation is based on the following conditions: beam current, 1A; bunch length, 0.5 mm in one standard deviation; power extraction efficiency, 30%; resonance wavelength, 10 μm; average number of interaction, 100. The calculated far-IR power of MIRRORCLE-20 is larger than the big machine Spring-8 [23] and AURORA [24]. The peaks are seen at the fundamental and higher harmonic wavelengths. Since the mirror is assumed to be truly circular, these higher harmonics should be seen up to very short wavelengths. However, depending on the tolerance of the mirror radius, it may not be possible to see these higher harmonics.

Figure 3: Spontaneous spectrum at 1A beam current and comparison with other beamlines, SR: Synchrotron Radiation.

5. Conclusions

A new infrared beamline is presented at MIRRORCLE. The beamline is equipped with a Michelson-type FTIR for covering the spectral range 10–7800 cm⁻¹. Ray-trace simulations using ZEMAX helped optimizing the optical parameters. The new beam line has higher power than other IR beamlines because of the new conceptual optics including the three-dimensionally extended magic mirror with a large acceptance angle. We expect that the new beamline will provide us with a new opportunity to perform various kinds of experiments useful for broadband reflection and infrared spectroscopy.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the 21st century COE program. The authors are very thankful to their numerous colleagues at MIRRORCLE as well as all members of PPL for their fruitful collaboration and discussion.

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