ISRN Hematology

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 986795, 10 pages

doi:10.5402/2012/986795

Clinical Study

The Effects of Continuous Blood Purification for SIRS/MODS Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Tian Hongliang,1,2 Zeng Rong,1,3 Wang Xiaojing,⁴ Sun Rao,1,2 Li Lun,1,2 Tian Jinhui,¹ Cao Nong,³ and Yang Kehu¹

¹Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

²The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

³The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

⁴Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China

Received 4 April 2012; Accepted 2 May 2012

Academic Editors: D. Del Principe and I. C. Haznedaroglu

Copyright © 2012 Tian Hongliang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Background. Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) has aroused great concern in recent years because its effect on clearing inflammatory mediators and its mechanism of clinical effects in the treatment of critical illness has also become a research direction. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of continuous blood purification for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) patients. Methods. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to assess randomized controlled trials on CVVH. Results. 11 RCTs involving a total of 414 patients were included. Compared with the control group, CVVH for SIRS/MODS patients has several advantages including better effects on clearing the plasma inflammatory mediators IL-6 [, 95%CI, (−0.83, −0.07), , 95%CI, (−1.52, −0.62)], on plasma TNF-alfa [, 95%CI, (−1.69, −0.04), , 95%CI, (−2.49, −0.35)], lower white blood cell (WBC) count [, 95%CI, (1.49, 3.73)], shorter hospital stays [ days, 95%CI, (−10.68, −3.74)] and better stability of hemodynamics. However, there is no significant difference in the mortality rate [MODS:, 95%CI, (0.38, 1.01), SIRS:, 95%CI, (0.57, 1.08)]. Conclusions. The study showed that CVVH was able to eliminate inflammatory mediators (TNF-alfa, IL-6) in plasma effectively, lower WBC count and shorter hospital stays than conventional therapeutic measures.

1. Introduction

Continuous blood purification (CBP) has now been extensively employed for the management of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and even multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in critically ill patients [1]. To those patients, some treatments had been put forward targeting on them like monoclonal antibodies (such as anti-TNF antibody), receptor antagonists (such as anti-PAF), and soluble receptors (e.g., TNFR), yet none of these can prevent the release of inflammatory mediators satisfactorily nor remove existing inflammatory mediators, especially TNF-alfa, as a larger molecular weight trimer (54 kd) has become a difficulty of internal clearance. Hemofiltration is commonly used in an intensive care unit setting which is also called continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). One of the important mechanisms of hemofiltration is that it may play a role in removed inflammatory mediators [2]. Amongst the mediators, the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alfa) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are thought to occupy a key position in the chain of events leading to shock.

Some trials support this view, but at the same time, some trials say there is no significant evidence found in the relationship between hemofiltration and inflammatory mediators [3, 4]. So there is still controversy regarding this problem.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of CVVH versus control group for SIRS/MODS patients. Moreover, we investigated whether the use of CVVH would result in an improvement of mortality, total duration of hospital stays, white blood cell (WBC) count, and hemodynamic stability in patients, respectively.

2. Methods

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used to conduct data extraction.

2.1. Study Selection

We searched electronic databases from PubMed (1966–2011.10), the Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2011), EMBASE (1974–2011.10), Science Citation Index (1974–2011.10), the China Journal Fulltext Database (1994–2011.10), Chinese Scientific Journals Fulltext Database (1989–2011.10), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (1978–2011.10), with the terms (continuous’ venovenous hemofiltration), (continuous renal replacement therapy), (continuous arteriovenous hemofitration), (continuous blood purification), in combination with the medical subject headings. Relevant articles referenced in these publications were downloaded from the databases. The related article function also was used to widen the search results. All abstracts, comparative studies, nonrandomized trials, and citations scanned were searched comprehensively. We also hand-searched the reference lists of every primary study for additional publications. Further searches were done by reviewing abstract booklets and review articles. Trials were included irrespective of the language in which they were reported.

2.2. Data Extraction

Each study was reviewed by 2 researchers for reliability of our meta-analysis. Only randomized controlled trials on CVVH versus conventional therapeutic measures for inflammatory mediators removal were included in the meta-analysis. Two researchers extracted data separately and if there was any controversial, it was confirmed by the third researcher.

2.3. Inclusion Criterion

The inclusion criteria for this analysis were randomized controlled trials that compared CVVH with conventional therapeutic measures about patients with critically inflammatory states (systemic inflammatory response syndrome or multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome) [5].

2.4. Exclusion Criteria

Trials were excluded if included patients were pregnant, younger than 18 years, in a moribund state, in chronic renal failure, or receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

We summarized available data from all trials reporting results. Computing pooled risk ratios (RR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals by means of a fixed-effects meta-analysis model. For continuous data, the mean difference (MD) is recommended when all trials use the same scale to report their outcomes, while standardized mean difference (SMD) is more appropriate when trials use different scales to report their outcomes, just as data about effects on clearing the plasma inflammatory mediators in the following. All statistical analysis was performed with Review Manager (version 5.1). We used the statistic to assess heterogeneity between trials and the statistic to assess the extent of inconsistency. Subgroup analysis was intended to explore important clinical differences among trials that might be expected to alter the magnitude of treatment effect.

3. Results

From Figure 1 can be seen the flow chart of studies from initial results of publication searches to final inclusion [6–16]. 11 trials about CVVH versus conventional therapeutic evaluate the efficacy of inflammatory mediator removals encompassing a total of 438 patients which were retrieved from the electronic databases. Standard deviations were not reported in the majority of studies, where necessarily were estimated either by means of ranges or values. Characteristics of each trial were given in Table 1. Included studies’ methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane handbook in Table 2 [17].

Table 1: Baseline characteristics of the included studies.

Trials
Sample

size ()
Country
Disease
Illness severity scores
Age
Filter membrane
Blood flow (mL/min)
Treatment

Sander 1997 [6]
13/13
Germany
SIRS

AN69
150 mL/min
CVVH* versus control

Sanchez Riera 1997 [7, 8]
15/15
Spain
MODS
A

AN69
130 mL/min
CVVH* versus control

Cole et al. 2002 [9]
12/12
Australia
MODS
A
Median (IQR) 65.5 (22.0)/

68.0 (19.0)
AN69
200 mL/min
CVVH* versus control

Liu et al. 2003 [10]
24/26
China
MODS
A

AN69 +PS
200–250 mL/min
CVVH* versus control

Yang et al. 2004 [11]
22/15
China
SIRS
A

PS
150–200 mL/min
CVVH* versus control

Ding and Zhao 2007 [12]
11/10
China
MODS
A
23–78/23–78
PS
Not reported
CVVH* versus control

Yang and Hoyang 2008 [13]
31/27
China
SIRS
A

PS
180–250 mL/min
CVVH* versus control

Peng et al. 2008 [14]
17/15
China
SIRS
A
28–70/30–69
AN69
250–300 mL/min
CVVH* versus control

Zhang et al. 2006 [15]
30/30
China
SIRS
Not reported

PS
150–200 mL/min
CVVH* versus control

Payen et al. 2009 [16]
37/39
France
SIRS
B

PS
150 mL/min
CVVH* versus control

MODS: multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome.

SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

CVVH* group: CVVH + conventional therapeutic measures.

Control group: conventional therapeutic measures.

A: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation, APACHE II score; B: simplified acute physiology score, SOFA score.

Table 2: Methodological quality of included studies.

Trials
Randomization
Allocation concealment
Blinding
Incomplete

outcome data
ITT analysis

Sander
Yes
Not stated
Non blind
Yes
Not stated

Sanchez Riera
Yes, random schedule
Yes
Not stated
Yes
Not stated

Cole
Yes, random number table
Opaque-sealed envelopment
Not stated
Yes
Yes

Liu
Yes
Not stated
Not stated
Yes
Not stated

Yang
Yes
Not stated
Not stated
Yes
Not stated

Ding
Yes
Not stated
Not stated
Yes
Not stated

Yang
Yes
Not stated
Not stated
Yes
Not stated

Peng
Yes
Not stated
Not stated
Yes
Not stated

Zhang
Yes, random number table
Not stated
Not stated
Yes
Not stated

Payen
Yes, by blocks of four
Not stated
Not stated
Yes
Yes

Figure 1: Flow diagram of trial selection.

3.1. Mortality

Statistical heterogeneity was basically well among studies () [6–14, 16]. There was no significant difference in mortality between CVVH and Control group (MODS : , 95%CI, (0.38, 1.01), SIRS : , 95%CI, (0.57, 1.08)) (Table 3).

Table 3: Mortality.

Study or subgroup
CVVH
Control

Risk ratio
Risk ratio

Events
Total
Events
Total
Weight
M-H, fixed, 95%Cl
M-H, fixed, 95%Cl

5.1.1.MODS

    Sanchez Riera 1997
4
15
7
15
25.2%
0.57 (0.21, 1.55)

    Cole et al. 2002 [9]
4
12
4
12
14.4%
1.00 (0.32, 3.10)

    Liu et al. 2003 [10]
7
24
12
26
41.5%
0.63 (0.30, 1.34)

    Ding and Zhao 2007 [12]
2
11
5
10
18.9%
0.36 (0 09, 1.47)

Subtotal (95%Cl)

62

63
100.0%
0.62 (0.38, 1.01)

Total events
17

28

Heterogeneity: Chi-square = 1.27, df = 3 ( = 0.74); = 0%

Test for overall effect: = 1.91 ( = 0.06)

5.1.2 SRS

    Sander et al. 1997 [6]
9
13
12
13
27.5%
0.75 (0.51, 1.11)

    Payen et al. 2009 [16]
20
37
17
39
38.0%
1.24 (0.78, 1.97)

    J. Yang and H. Yang 2008 [13]
1
31
6
27
14.7%
0.15 (0.02, 1.13)

    Peng et al. 2008 [14]
0
17
2
15
6.1%
0.18 (0.01, 3.43)

    Yang et al. 2004 [11]
4
22
5
15
13.7%
0.55 (0.17, 1.70)

Subtotal (95%Cl)

120

109
100.0%
0.78 (0.57, 1.08)

Total events
34

42

Heterogeneity: Chi-square = 7.73, df = 4 ( = 0.10); = 48%

Test for overall effect: = 1.49 ( = 0.14)

Test for subgroup differences: Chi-square = 0.63, df = 1 ( = 0.43), = 0%

3.2. Hospital Stay

Two studies reported the data of length of hospital stay [11, 14]. CVVH group was associated with significantly shorter hospital stays ( days, 95%CI, (−10.68, −3.74)). Study Cole et al. [9] reported CVVH group shorten the length of stay in the ICU from a Kaplan-Meier analysis (Table 4).

Table 4: Hospital stay.

Study or subgroup
CVVH
Control
Mean difference
Mean difference

Mean
SD
Total
Mean
SD
Total
Weight
IV, fixed, 95%Cl
IV, fixed, 95%Cl

Peng et al. 2008 [14]
15.2
5.8
17
20.5
7.9
15
51.1%
−5.30

Yang et al. 2004 [11]
18.3
5.7
22
27.5
8.6
15
48.9%
−9.20

Total (95%Cl)

39

30
100.0%
−7.21

Heterogeneity: Chi-square = 1.21, df = 1 ( = 0.27); = 18%

Test for overall effect: = 4.07 ()

3.3. CVVH versus Control on Plasma IL-6 Change

Three studies [10, 11, 15] reported at three-day and seven day followup, CVVH group had better effects than Control group on plasma IL-6 change , 95%CI, (−0.83, −0.07), , 95%CI, (−1.52, −0.62) (Table 5).

Table 5: IL-6 change.

Study or subgroup
CVVH
Control

Std. mean difference
Std. mean difference

Mean
SD
Total
Mean
SD
Total
Weight
IV, fixed, 95%CI
IV, fixed, 95%CI

1.1.1 after 3 days

    Liu et al. 2003 [10]
22
78.58
24
46
89.74
26
46.3%
−0.28 (−0.84, 0.28)

    Zhang et al. 2008 [15]
8.99
4.59
30
13.43
9.3
30
53.7%
−0.60 (−1.12, −0.08)

Subtotal (95%Cl)

54

56
100.0%
−0.45 (−0.83, −0.07)

Heterogeneity: Chi-square = 0.67, df = 1 ( = 0.41); = 0%

Test for overall effect = 2.32 ( = 0.02)

1.1.2 after 7 days

    Liu et al. 2003 [10]
31
78.58
24
32
93.58
26
65.0%
−0.01 (−0.57, 0.54)

    Zhang et al. 2008 [15]
−18.57
4.44
30
−5.34
4.16
30
35.0%
−3.04 (−3.79, −2.28)

Subtotal (95%Cl)

54

56
100.0%
−1.07 (−1.52, −0.62)

Heterogeneity: Chi-square = 39.93, df = 1 ( < 0.00001); = 97%

Test for overall effect: = 4.69 ( < 0.00001)

Test for subgroup differences: Chi-square = 4.28, df = 1 ( = 0.04), = 76.7%

3.4. CVVH versus Control Group on Plasma TNF-Alfa Change

There was three trials [10, 11, 15] reported, CVVH versus control on plasma TNF-alfa, significant heterogeneity existed among trials (), (). CVVH group have better effects than Control group on plasma TNF-alfa change (, 95%CI, (−1.69, −0.04)), (, 95%CI, (−2.49, −0.35)) (Table 6).

Table 6: TNF-α change.

Study or subgroup
CVVH
Control

Std. mean difference
Std. mean difference

Mean
SD
Total
Mean
SD
Total
Weight
IV, random, 95%CI
IV, random, 95%CI

2.1.1 after 3 days

    Liu et al. 2003 [10]
−0.4
1.32
24
0.4
1.91
26
53.9%
−0.48 (−1.04, 0.09)

    Yang et al. 2004 [11]
−24.5
15.15
22
−3.6
15.95
15
46.1%
−1.32 (−2.05, −0.59)

Subtotal (95%Cl)

46

41
100.0%
−0.87 (−1.69, −0.04)

Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.25; Chi-square = 3.23, df = 1 ( = 0.07); = 69%

Test for overall effect = 2.05 ( = 0.04)

2.1.2 after 7 days

    Liu et al. 2003 [10]
−0.8
1.41
24
0.8
2.08
26
50.5%
−0.88 (−1.46, −0.30)

    Zhang et al. 2008 [15]
−46.7
15.05
30
−16.3
15.36
30
49.5%
−1.97 (−2.60, −1.35)

Subtotal (95%Cl)

54

56
100.0%
−1.42 (−2.49, −0.35)

Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.50; Chi-square = 6.30, df = 1 ( = 0.01); = 84%

Test for overall effect: = 2.60 ( = 0.009)

Test for subgroup differences: Chi-square = 0.65, df = 1 ( = 0.42), = 0%

3.5. WBC Count Reduction

WBC count reported in two trials was significantly reduced in CVVH group (, 95%CI, (1.49, 3.73)) [13, 15] (Table 7).

Table 7: WBC count reduction.

Study or subgroup
CVVH
Control
Mean difference
Mean difference

Mean
SD
Total
Mean
SD
Total
Weight
IV, fixed, 95%Cl
IV, fixed, 95%Cl

J. Yang and ZH. Yang 2008 [13]
5.56
2.9
30
2.67
2.96
27
53.8%
2.89 (1.37, 4.41)

Zhang et al. 2008 [15]
4.91
3.2
30
2.62
3.3
30
46.25
2.29 (0.65, 3.93)

Total (95%Cl)

60

57
100.0%
2.61 (1.49, 3.73)

Heterogeneity: Chi-square = 0.27, df = 1 ( = 0.60); = 0%

Test for overall effect: = 4.58 ()

3.6. Hemodynamic Variables

Two trials reported hemodynamic descriptive analysis stability [6, 7]. Riera et al. 1997 [7] reported that there is a significant improvement in mean arterial pressure ( to  mmHg, ) and partial pressure of oxygen in arteria blood/inspiratory oxygen supply index ( to , ) in the intervention group during the study period. Sander et al. 1997 [6] reported the mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance index tended to increase in the hemofiltration group, but not in the control group.

4. Discussion

The important effect of inflammatory mediators in the development of SIRS and MODS is recognized. As one of the earliest released inflammatory mediators, TNF-alfa can activate a large amount of inflammatory mediators released by objects like monocyte-macrophage cells and form progressively larger “waterfall-like” chain reaction. TNF-alfa, IL-6, and its mediated cascade play a key role in the pathogenesis of SIRS and MODS [18, 19].

Results for meta-analysis showed that CVVH was able to eliminate inflammatory mediators (TNF-alfa, IL-6) in plasma effectively, lower WBC count, shorten hospital stays, and better stabilize hemodynamics to a greater extent than conventional therapeutic measures. Meanwhile there is no significant difference in mortality between the two groups.

As we know, TNF-alfa and IL-6 affect a wide variety of cells to induce many similar inflammatory reactions: fever, production of cytokines, endothelial gene regulation, chemotaxis, leukocyte adherence, and activation of fibroblasts. They are responsible for the systemic effects of inflammation, such as loss of appetite and increased heart rate. Meta-analysis also reports inflammatory mediators (TNF-alfa, IL-6) and WBC count is significantly reduced in CVVH group. Removal of inflammatory mediators, decrease of inflammatory mediators’ body concentration, and keeping the balance of body proinflammatory system and anti-inflammatory system have become ideal therapeutic strategies for those diseases. CVVH treatment in the early stage of MODS patients can decrease or break partly stop the release of cytokines and can improve prognosis [6]. However, Payen et al. study suggests that early application of standard continuous venovenous hemofiltration is deleterious in severe sepsis and septic shock [16].

Nine trials reported the mortality rate, the results of meta-analysis show that there are no significant differences between the two groups [6–14, 16]. Some of the trials was discontinued after There are some reasons like clinical heterogeneity, trial was discontinued after many patients died, limited sample size and limited effect of CVVH can explain it. However, this is a very critical outcome and should be studied carefully in following trials.

Length of hospital stay results from the studies included in this meta-analysis showed that CVVH significantly reduced length of hospital stay as compared with the control group by 5.3 days. The results are due to the benefits of removal of inflammatory mediators. Reducing length of stay by this amount for every patient is likely to make a significant difference to cost of patient care.

Two studies reported hemodynamic stability [6, 7]. During 48-hour followup, CVVH could keep hemodynamic stability. However, to those SIRS/MODS patients, long-term hemodynamic observation is needed.

All of the included studies offered adequate descriptions of the randomization process. Only two studies offered allocation concealment [7, 9]. Although blinding of patients and caregivers may not be feasible in CRRT studies, allocation concealment and blinding of data collectors and outcome assessors are possible and desirable. However, blinding, in all of the trials, was not stated, which would yield selection bias and performance bias. Furthermore, only two studies reported intention-to-treat analysis, which would yield attrition bias [9, 16]. All studies reported incomplete outcome data. Due to these methodological limitations, as well as the statistical imprecision and heterogeneity, the quality of evidence presented in this article is considered of lesser quality.

Our meta-analysis also had its limitations. First, there was inability to assess and estimate effects of baseline patient characteristics because access to individual patient data was limited. Second, different types of filter membranes used may have had a different impact. The characteristics of the membrane used in CVVH may be an important factor on cytokine clearance. The use of different membranes may lead to variable TNF and IL-6 extraction. Third, all of the included studies focused on only two inflammatory mediators, (TNF-alfa, IL-6). Perhaps other mediators like IL-1, IL-8, platelet activating factor (PAF), and so forth, can be tested. Fourth, some data should be assessed using weighted mean differences, or only the descriptive analysis can be used. Finally, some of the inclusion studies were from China, so the results should be considered carefully when they were applied to other countries. Therefore, we still need more high-quality, multicenter, randomized, and controlled trials from other countries and regions.

5. Conclusions

All in all, CVVH could eliminate inflammatory mediators (TNF-alfa, IL-6) in plasma effectively, shorten hospital stays, and better stabilize of hemodynamics. This is worthy of further exploration and promotion. As an exogenous way of clearance, CVVH has aroused great concern because its effect on clearing inflammatory mediators and its mechanism of clinical effects in the treatment of critical illness will also become of more and more perspective in research and application.

Conflict of Interests

There is no financial support or relationships that may pose conflict of interests in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The first author the coauthors and all authors, who have contributed significantly. All authors are in agreement with the content of the paper.

References

D. Ji, D. Gong, H. Xie, B. Xu, Y. Liu, and L. Li, “A retrospective study of continuous renal replacement therapy versus intermittent hemodialysis in severe acute renal failure,” Chinese Medical Journal, vol. 114, no. 11, pp. 1157–1161, 2001.

S. Ono, T. Ichikura, and H. Mochizuki, “The pathogenesis of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and compensatory antiinflammatory response syndrome following surgical stress,” Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi, vol. 104, no. 7, pp. 499–505, 2003.

E. F. H. van Bommel, C. J. Hesse, N. H. P. M. Jutte, R. Zietse, H. A. Bruining, and W. Weimar, “Impact of continuous hemofiltration on cytokines and cytokine inhibitors in oliguric patients suffering from systemic inflammatory response syndrome,” Renal Failure, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 443–454, 1997.

A. S. De Vriese, F. A. Colardyn, J. J. Philippé, R. C. Vanholder, J. H. De Sutter, and N. H. Lameire, “Cytokine removal during continuous hemofiltration in septic patients,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 846–853, 1999.

M. G. Davies and P. O. Hagen, “Systemic inflammatory response syndrome,” British Journal of Surgery, vol. 84, no. 7, pp. 920–935, 1997.

A. Sander, W. Armbruster, B. Sander, A. E. Daul, R. Lange, and J. Peters, “Hemofiltration increases IL-6 clearance in early systemic inflammatory response syndrome but does not alter IL-6 and TNFα plasma concentrations,” Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 878–884, 1997.

J. A. S.-I. Riera, E. Alted, M. J. Lozano, J. L. Pérez, A. Ambrós, and R. Caballero, “Influence of continuous hemofiltration on the hemodynamics of trauma patients,” Surgery, vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 902–908, 1997.

J. A. S.-I. Riera, J. L. Perez Vela, M. J. Lozano Quintana, E. Alted Lopez, B. Ortuño De Solo, and A. Ambros Checa, “Cytokines clearance during venovenous hemofiltration in the trauma patient,” American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 483–488, 1997.

L. Cole, R. Bellomo, G. Hart et al., “A phase II randomized, controlled trial of continuous hemofiltration in sepsis,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 100–106, 2002.

L. Y. Liu, T. Bo, Y. Z. Sun, X. H. Tian, Y. J. Zhu, and J. Q. Liu, “The release pattern of cytokines in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and the effects of continous venovenous hemofiltration on prognosis,” Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 12, pp. 406–409, 2003 (Chinese).

Z. H. Yang, J. Yang, and Y. J. Wang, “Protective effect of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration on tissue and organ damage in patients with severe acute pancreatitis,” Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 232–234, 2004 (Chinese).

W. L. Ding and C. L. Zhao, “Treatment of 21 cases of severe acute pancreatitis with functional failure in multiple organs,” Journal of Kunming Medical College, vol. 5, pp. 69–71, 2007 (Chinese).

J. Yang and Z> H. Yang, “The applicable value of continuous renal replacement therapy in treatment of patients with severe multiple injury,” Guide of China Medicine, vol. 6, pp. 46–49, 2008 (Chinese).

W. H. Peng, J. H. Xu, and L. Y. Chen, “The clinical application of continous venovenuous hemofiltration (CVVH) on patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP),” Hainan Medical Journal, vol. 19, pp. 13–14, 2008 (Chinese).

Y. W. Zhang, Z. T. Lin, and Y. N. Su, “Continous venovenuous hemofiltration on patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome,” Journal of Guangdong Medical College, vol. 24, pp. 360–361, 2006 (Chinese).

D. Payen, J. Mateo, J. M. Cavaillon, F. Fraisse, C. Floriot, and E. Vicaut, “Impact of continuous venovenous hemofiltration on organ failure during the early phase of severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 803–810, 2009.

J. P. T. Higgins and S. Green, Eds., Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1, The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK, 2008.

D. Burdon, T. Tiedje, K. Pfeffer, E. Vollmer, and P. Zabel, “The role of tumor necrosis factor in the development of multiple organ failure in a murine model,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1962–1967, 2000.

V. Panichi, U. Maggiore, D. Taccola et al., “Interleukin-6 is a stronger predictor of total and cardiovascular mortality than C-reactive protein in haemodialysis patients,” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1154–1160, 2004.