The results brought back at the end of this work concerned various chemical constituents of
The food forest tree species were plentiful in African forest ecosystems, and they contributed to the household economy, to the strengthening food security, and to the preservation of the biological diversity of forest resources [
The
The phytochemical screening was made according to the standard techniques described by Paris and Moyse [
The analysis of FA and Un collected was made through GC/FID and GC/MS [
The essential oils were analyzed on a Hewlett-Packard gas chromatograph Model 5890, coupled with a Hewlett-Packard MS model 5871, equipped with a DB5 MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25
The compounds found by GC in the different essential oils were identified by comparing their retention indices with those of reference compounds in the literature. Their identities were further confirmed using GC/MS and comparing their mass spectra with those of reference substances [
The characterization tests showed that the mucilages, coumarins, and gallic tannins were the groups of compounds abundantly identified in the
Chemical families identified in
Mucilage | Free |
Coumarin | Gallic |
Flavones | Leucoanthocyanines | Saponins |
Sterols and |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+++ | + | +++ | +++ | ++ | + | ++ (50.0) | ++ |
+++: abundant; ++: average; +: very little.
The fatty acids proportion, determined with regard to the mass of dry vegetable material, varied from 0.3 to 1.3%. These values
Chemical composition of unsaponifiable extracts of
Compounds | KI | L | TB | R | RB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | |||||
|
1351 | — | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
|
|
|
0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
cyperene | 1411 | — | — | 0.7 | 0.2 |
|
|
0.4 |
|
|
|
|
1438 | — | — | 0.1 | — |
|
1464 | — | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.8 |
|
1491 | 0.4 | — | 0.1 | — |
|
1512 | — | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
|
1522 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Caryolan-8-ol | 1584 | — | — | 0.1 | — |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1590 | — | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one | 1837 | 1.2 | — | — | — |
Phytol |
|
|
— | — | — |
Dibutyl phthalate | 2142 | — | 0.2 | 0.2 | — |
Cyclododecane | 2469 | — | — | — | 0.2 |
|
2475 | — | — | — | 0.2 |
squalene | 2824 | 2.6 | 0.1 | — | — |
nonacosane |
|
|
— | — | — |
|
3028 | 0.5 | — | — | — |
|
3036 | 0.6 | — | — | — |
Hentriacontane |
|
|
— | — | — |
|
3118 | 1.0 | — | — | — |
|
3204 | 0.6 | — | — | — |
Lanosta-8,24-dien-3 |
3231 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.4 |
9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3 |
|
|
|
|
|
Hop-22(29)-en-3 |
3328 | 2.6 | — | — | — |
9,19-cyclolanost-23-en-3 |
3332 | 2.6 | — | — | — |
Lupeol | 3338 | — | 2.6 | — | — |
Friedooleanan-3-one |
|
|
— | — | — |
3-oxo-friedooleanan-28-al | 3672 | 0.7 | — | — | — |
Taraxasterol |
|
— |
|
|
|
Lup-20(29)-ene-3,28-3 |
3680 | — | 0.5 | — | — |
| |||||
Total | 94.7 | 98.2 | 88.4 | 97.8 |
L: leaves, TB: trunk barks, R: roots, RB: root barks, KI: kovats index.
The main sterol common to all the parts of the
Essential oils composition (%) of leaves, trunk bark, roots, and root barks of
Harvest locality | A | B | B1 | B2 | NV | Pn | Pu | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
TB | L | L | TB | L | TB | L | TB | R | RB | L | L | |
yield (×10−2%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Compounds | KI | % | |||||||||||
Sabinene | 968 | — | 0.1 | t | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 |
oct-1-en-3-ol | 978 | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one | 982 | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Myrcene | 991 | — | — | 1.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | — |
p-cymene | 1019 | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Limonene | 1024 | — | t | 0.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | — |
1,8-cineole | 1033 | — | 0.6 | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | t | — | — | — | — | 0.2 | — |
Linalool | 1096 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 1.0 | — | 1.4 | — | — | 0.1 | 0.6 | — | 0.9 | 1.0 |
n-nonanal | 1101 | 0.1 | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.2 | — |
Terpinen-4-ol | 1175 | — | — | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Myrtenal | 1190 | — | — | t | — | 0.5 | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — |
|
1191 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Dihydro carveol | 1192 | — | 0.2 | — | — | — | t | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|
1212 | — | — | t | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|
1217 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | — |
Neral | 1240 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 |
1-phenyl pentan-3-one | 1241 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.3 |
Geraniol | 1244 | — | 0.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Chavicol | 1248 | — | — | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Carvacrol | 1297 | — | — | 0.1 | — | 0.2 | 2.1 | — | 0.2 | — | — | — | — |
|
1341 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.4 | — | 0.1 | — | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.1 | — |
|
1362 | — | 0.4 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — |
Cyclosativene | 1363 | — | — | 0.3 | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
clovene | 1365 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | t | — | 0.1 | — | — |
|
|
— | — | — | — |
|
— | — | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | 0.3 | 8.3 |
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
1.3 | — | 2.3 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.6 |
|
— |
|
1381 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.3 |
|
0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | — | 1.6 |
cyperene | 1395 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | — | — |
Isocaryophyllene | 1414 | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1425 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.3 | — | — | — | 0.6 | 2.3 |
Aromadendrene |
|
— | — | — |
|
— | — | — | 0.1 | 0.9 | — | 0.8 | — |
(Z)- |
|
0.1 | — | 0.6 | — |
|
— | — | 0.1 | — | 0.5 | — | — |
|
|
1.2 |
|
|
— | — |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.4 |
|
1454 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | — |
Aromadendr-9-ene | 1463 | — | 0.4 | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | — | — |
Seychellene |
|
|
— | — | 0.2 | — | 0.2 | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — |
|
1468 | — | 0.4 | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.7 | — |
(2E, 6Z)- |
|
— | 0.5 | — |
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|
1475 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.2 | — | — | — | — | 0.2 | 0.2 | — | 0.7 |
9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene | 1476 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.3 | — | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.5 | — | 0.5 |
|
1482 | 0.1 | — | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.9 | 1.8 |
ar-curcumene | 1486 | 0.1 | — | 0.5 | — | — | — | 3.7 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | — | 2.4 |
|
1490 | 0.2 | — | — | 0.2 | — | 0.1 | — | — | 0.2 | — | — | — |
|
1496 | — | — | — | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.4 | — | — |
|
1498 | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | 0.1 | 0.2 | — | 0.5 | — | — |
|
1499 | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.4 | 0.5 | — | — | — |
(Z)- |
1502 | — | — | — | — | — | 2.8 | — | — | 0.1 | 0.1 | — | — |
(E)- |
1504 | 1.7 | — | — | 1.4 | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | — | — |
(2E, 6E)- |
1506 | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | — | — | 0.6 | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | 1.6 |
|
|
0.2 | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | 0.2 |
|
|
|
— | — |
|
|
— | — | — | — |
|
— | — | — | — | — | 3.9 | 3.9 |
|
|
— |
|
3.2 | 0.8 | — | 1.5 | — | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | — | — |
|
1520 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.4 | — | — |
|
1522 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | — | 0.7 | — | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | — |
(E)- |
1528 | 0.1 | 0.5 | — | — | — | 0.2 | — | — | 0.3 | 0.6 | — | — |
Zonarene | 1532 | — | — | 0.2 | 0.1 | — | — | — | 0.3 | — | 0.2 | 1.9 |
|
Selina-3,7(11)-diene | 1542 | — | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | — |
|
0.4 | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | 2.7 |
|
Germacrene-B | 1546 | 0.2 | 1.1 | — | 0.1 | — | 0.2 | — | 0.1 | — | 0.2 |
|
|
1,10-decanediol | 1548 | — | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|
1559 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.2 | — | — |
(E)-nerolidol |
|
— | — | — | — |
|
— | — | 1.7 | — | 2.4 | — | — |
Caryophyllene alcohol | 1574 | 2.3 | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Caryophyllene oxide |
|
0.3 |
|
1.9 | 0.8 | — | 1.1 |
|
0.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 2.9 |
Cedrol | 1599 | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | 0.2 | — | — | — | 0.2 | — | — |
Humulene epoxide II | 1608 | 0.6 | 0.2 | — | — | — | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.5 | — |
1-epi-cubenol | 1626 | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.7 | — | — |
Cubenol | 1637 | — | — | — | 0.2 | — | — | 0.2 | — | 0.2 | — | — | — |
|
1646 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.1 | 1.1 | — | — |
|
1559 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.3 | — | — |
Selin-11-en-4- |
1663 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | — |
Cadalene | 1665 | 0.1 | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | — |
|
1689 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.2 | — | — | 0.2 | — | — |
(Z)- |
1693 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.9 |
|
1762 | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | 0.3 |
6,10,14-trimethyl pentadecan-2-one | 1840 | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | — |
Phytol | 1946 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.6 | — | — | — | — | — |
Palmitic acid |
|
— | — | — | — | — | — |
|
— | 2.9 | — | — | — |
Oleic acid | 2136 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.3 | — | — | — | — | — |
| |||||||||||||
Total | 98.3 | 95.7 | 96.1 | 99.5 | 88.5 | 97.6 | 87.3 | 94.9 | 93.6 | 97.4 | 91.8 | 85.2 |
A: Agbassa; B: Bakabaka; B1: Bassila1; B2: Bassila2; NV: Natitingou Ville; Pn: Penelan; Pu: Penessoulou; TB: trunk barks; RB: root barks; L: leaves; R: roots, KI: kovats index.
t = trace (
The results (Table
In view of the obtained results, it appears that