ISRN Pharmaceutics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 378452, 14 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/378452

Research Article

-DTPA-Meglumine-Anionic Linear Globular Dendrimer G1: Novel Nanosized Low Toxic Tumor Molecular MR Imaging Agent

Tahmineh Darvish Mohamadi,¹ Massoud Amanlou,² Negar Ghalandarlaki,¹ Bita Mehravi,³ Mehdi Shafiee Ardestani,4,5 and Parichehr Yaghmaei¹

¹Department of Biological Science, School of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14515-775, Iran

²Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran

³Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran 1985717443, Iran

⁴Department of Nanobiotechnology, Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran

⁵Department of Radiopharmacy and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran

Received 21 October 2012; Accepted 18 December 2012

Academic Editors: J.-J. Chen and J. V. de Julián-Ortiz

Copyright © 2013 Tahmineh Darvish Mohamadi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Despite the great efforts in the areas of early diagnosis and treatment of cancer, this disease continues to grow and is still a global killer. Cancer treatment efficiency is relatively high in the early stages of the disease. Therefore, early diagnosis is a key factor in cancer treatment. Among the various diagnostic methods, molecular imaging is one of the fastest and safest ones. Because of its unique characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging has a special position in most researches. To increase the contrast of MR images, many pharmaceuticals have been known and used so far. Gadopentetate (with commercial name Magnevist) is the first magnetic resonance imaging contrast media that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. In this study, gadopentetate was first synthesized and then attached to a tree-like polymer called dendrimer which is formed by polyethylene glycol core and surrounding citric acid groups. Stability studies of the drug were carried out to ensure proper synthesis. Then, the uptake of the drug into liver hepatocellular cell line and the drug cytotoxicity were evaluated. Finally, in vitro and in vivo MR imaging were performed with the new synthetic drug. Based on the findings of this research, connecting gadopentetate to dendrimer surface produces a stronger, safer, and more efficient contrast media. Gd(III)-diethylenetriamine pentaacetate-meglumine-dendrimer drug has the ability to enter cells and does not produce significant cytotoxicity. It also increases the relaxivity of tissue and enhances the MR images contrast. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that the binding of gadopentetate to citric acid dendrimer produces a new, biodegradable, stable, and strong version of the old contrast media.

1. Introduction

Cancer is known with uncontrolled cell growth. According to the TNM staging system, cancer has 4 stages. In the early stages, cancerous cells grow in their location. These cells can gradually spread to the surrounding tissues or move to other organs. Metastasis is a stage in which cancerous cells spread to the whole body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. It is extremely harmful and can lead to death [1]. Despite the great efforts in the areas of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer, this disease continues to grow and is still a global killer. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates—the standard set of worldwide estimates of cancer incidence and mortality—cancer is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause of death in economically developing countries [2].

Cancer has no specific symptoms. Therefore, its diagnosis can be challenging. The early diagnosis of cancer is very important in order to make the therapies more effective. In addition, a lot of these therapies are not definite. They are also costly, useless, and troublesome in metastasis stage. Thus, the key to cancer treatment is probably early diagnosis. The comparison between cancerous patients whose diseases were not diagnosed at early stages and those with early cancer detection with the same age, race, and sex shows that the survival rate increased by 85% between 1999 and 2005. Such published statistics reflect the fact that more research is needed in the area of cancer early diagnosis [3].

One of the best methods of cancer diagnosis is using molecular imaging techniques. Cancer imaging has many advantages. For example, this method does not require any tissue damage for detection and can also be a guide for biopsy. Molecular imaging includes many various techniques. CT, PET, SPECT, and MRI are considered as the most important techniques. The majority of clinical imaging systems are based on the interaction of the electromagnetic radiation with body tissues and fluids [4]. Among them, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of the most useful methods. MRI uses nuclear magnetic resonance for the visualization of the hydrogen nucleus in fat and water tissue. In cancer, damaging leads to the changes in the water content of the surrounding tumor tissues. So, MRI is widely used in medicine. In this technique, magnets make the external magnetic field so nuclear spin of the protons can be along with the magnetic field. By applying radio frequency waves and removing them, nuclei turn to the initial thermodynamical state. Signals will be received based on the different relaxation times and will convert to an image by a computer [5]. Contrast media is a material which used to enhance the image contrast. MRI contrast agents alter relaxation time of the tissue atom nucleus and thus provide a more intense signal. These materials are made based on two main metals. The most common paramagnetic metal used in contrast agents is gadolinium [6]. Gadolinium is a rare metal from intermediate lanthanide group with atomic number of 64. Free gadolinium is toxic to the human body [7].

Chelates are materials which have high affinity for metals. In contrast agents, chelates is used as a ligand for binding to the desired metal. The most common chelate is used to bind with gadolinium ions is called DTPA. This combination greatly reduces the toxicity risk of the free gadolinium [8].

Great efforts have been made to create a stronger, safer, and more efficient contrast agent for MRI in recent years. According to the received reports of human death due to gadolinium injection and production of poor quality and low contrast images, researchers have been persuaded to attempt to create new superior capabilities drugs. One of these contrast agents which approved by the US Food and Drug Administration is dimeglumine gadopentetate (commercial name Magnevist). This linear ionic chemical with chemical formulations of C28-H54-Gd-N5-O20 is composed of Gd³⁺, DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetate), and meglumine (Figure 1). This drug is distributed in the extracellular space and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. This compound is the oldest contrast agent in the market world and is still highly functional in MRI [8].

Figure 1: Chemical structure of dimeglumine gadopentetate.

Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology in medicine. Among the wide applications of nanomedicine, one of them is the use of nanoparticles in in vivo imaging. Since nanosized particles are compatible with biological systems and their large surface area to volume ratio makes them capable of drug loading and conjugation, nanoparticle contrast media in MR imaging have been used to enhance the properties of macroscopic counterparts. So far, they have been enabled to create images with desirable contrast in several cases [9].

Dendrimers are repetitively branched nanopolymers. These materials are usually symmetrical around a central core and have often three-dimensional spherical morphology. Using dendrimer has recently become an increasingly important part of MRI contrast agent in pharmaceutical studies. The properties of dendrimers are distinguished by the functional groups on the surface; however, there are examples of dendrimers with internal functionality which means that the dendrimers incorporate the functional groups in their inner space. Unlike most polymers, dendrimers can be water-soluble. Dendrimers terminated in hydrophilic groups are soluble in polar solvents. Other controllable properties of dendrimers include toxicity, crystallinity, and chirality. They also have some unique features due to their globular shape and the presence of internal cavities [10, 11].

One of the most important difficulties in the usage of dendrimer as a contrast media is its high toxicity in the body. To lessen this problem, many strategies have been proposed and applied so far. The two main strategies are designing and synthesis of biodegradable dendrimers and surface engineering. The first strategy is performed using biodegradable cores or surface units which are intermediates of the metabolic pathways, and the second one is carried out by PEGylation, acetylation, and so forth [12]. In synthesis of dendrimer used in this research (Namazi and Adeli method [13]), both strategies were applied. PEG is used as the core of dendrimer and its surrounding groups are citric acids (the citric acid cycle intermediates). As a result, the dendrimer is probably biodegradable and has no significant toxicity.

In this research, for the first time dimeglumine gadopentetate was loaded and/or conjugated to the anionic linear globular nanosized dendrimer (ALGND) in order to create a novel MRI contrast agent with greater stability, fewer side effects (toxicity), and enhanced tumor image contrast compared to standard drug Magnevist.

2. Methods

2.1. Material

Gadolinium(III) chloride (99.99%), N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt (≥98%), Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (≥97%), and amino salicylic acid (99%) were purchased from Aldrich Co. Phosphate-buffered saline (powder, pH 7.4), adipic acid dihydrazide (≥98%), Meglumine diatrizoate, diclofenac sodium salt, and mefenamic acid were obtained from Sigma Co. 1-Ethyl-3-(3′-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, citric acid (≥99%), pyridine (≥98%), and thionyl chloride were obtained from Merck Co.

2.2. ALGND Preparation

The dendrimer was of the first generations of anionic linear globular copolymer type. Using the method introduced by Namazi and Adeli, this dendrimer was synthesized in two steps including esterification and combination with citric acid. The monomer units of ester-liked fragment were citric acid and diacyl halide poly(ethylene glycol) was used as the dendrimer core. The final complex is CA-PEG-CA triblock copolymer. Though most of synthetic triblock polymers are nonbiodegradable and have toxic effects on the body, the synthesized dendrimers produced using citric acid and poly(ethylene glycol) have none of these problems and are suitable to use in contrast media combination [13].

2.3. Synthesis of Gadopentetate Dimeglumine (Gd³⁺-DTPA-meglumine)

Gadopentetate was synthesized using 15 mL water as a solvent, DTPA as the ligand, and GdCl₃. Hot-Plate and magnetic-stirrer machine was used to complete the reaction. Finally, in order to increase the stability of the solution, meglumine combination as a coligand was added. All the amounts were measured using an analytical scale with an accuracy of 0.0001 g. The reaction between DTPA, GdCl₃, and meglumine produced gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd³⁺-DTPA-meglumine complex).

2.4. Creating Gd³⁺-DTPA-meglumine-dendrimer

Following the adding of 5 mg EDC powder, 1 mL of ALGND with a concentration of 20 g/L was inserted to vial of 15 mL gadopentetate dimeglumine (as mentioned before, this powder was purchased from Sigma Company). EDC is a carboxyl group activator and it was used to activate carboxyl end of the complex (Gd³⁺-DTPA-meglumine). After that, 5 mg of ADH (adipic acid dihydrazide) and N-Sulf-HS (N-hydroxysulfo-succinimide) were added to the solution. Mechanical severe shake (sonicator machine) was used to increase the level of contact surface. Using the ultrasound waves, the particles in the solution were agitated. This method is usually used in nanotechnology in order to disperse the nanoparticles in the solution, evenly. In order to purify the obtained product, dialysis bag with a cut-off point of 1000 Da and water as the solvent were use. Finally, these two compounds (standard and nanosized Magnevist) were changed into powder for greater stability by freeze-dryer machine. (The standard Magnevist had a gelatinous state.)

2.5. Quality Control

Quality control tests of this research include measuring the basic characteristics of the drug such as its gadolinium content, chemical structure, and molecular weight. The gadolinium content of gadopentetate was measured by ICP-AES machine. The spectroscopy studies included liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. For each, lyophilized standard Magnevist was applied.

To determine and compare the elemental composition of the standard and nanosized Magnevist, CHN analyzer SERIES II model manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., was used.

2.6. Measurement of the Size and Zeta Potential Distribution

Determination of the zeta potential and size of the drugs was performed using Zeta sizer Nano ZS model manufactured by Malvern in England which had the measurement range from 6 nm to 0.6 μm, zeta potential measurement range from 120 mV to +120 mV, and molecular weight measurement range from 10 to Daltons.

2.7. Microscopic Study

Microscope imaging of this research includes AFM (atomic force microscope). In this study, the images were developed of the sample drug of nanosized Magnevist.

2.8. Cellular Studies

For the cellular studies, HEPG2 cells (human liver hepatocarcinoma cell line) were used. DMEM was the primary culture medium. The culture medium contained 5 mL FBS 10%, 0.5 mL penicillin and streptomycin mixture, 5 mL glutamine amino acid, and 0.5 mL antibiotics. After the proper cells’ growth, they were separated through trypsin enzymes and FBS solution and were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes.

2.9. Cell Uptake

Having the cells being counted, the required volume for the study was calculated (200 thousand cells). 6-well plates were used to determine the entry of the drugs into cells. 50 λ cells (obtained through calculating) and 4 cc culture medium were added to the wells, 200 λ of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist) was injected to 3 wells while to the 3 other wells 200 λ gadopentetate dimeglumine-dendrimer (nanosized Magnevist) was injected (repeated 3 times). Another plate was used for the control cell and nothing was injected into it. Pipetting process was carried out to mix the cells with the drug. The plates were put in 37°C incubator for 90 minutes until the drug was properly exposed to cells. The content of each well was transferred to a tube and centrifuged at 1500 rpm from 10 to 15 minutes. As much as 2 mL of culture medium was added to the sediments and cells were decomposed using acid. Afterwards, the gadolinium concentration of the tubes was measured through ICP-AES technique. The control solution was used for machine calibration. In this method, gadolinium was considered as a detector. The more gadolinium detected in cell, the more drugs entered it.

2.10. MTT Assay

The procedures described above were repeated for the cell separation and counting. This time, in order to determine cytotoxicity of the drugs, 96-well plate was used. 20 λ cells (the calculated amount) and 80 λ culture medium were added to 21 wells. 3 doses of standard Magnevist and nanosized Magnevist (25, 50, and 100 μL) were injected into 18 wells (repeated for three times) and no drug was added to the other 3 (control group). The total volume reached 200 μL by adding the additional culture medium. The plate was put in 37°C incubator for 24 hours. After 24 hours, 20 μL of MTT solution was added to each well. The plate was covered with an aluminum foil (reaction in darkness) and was put in 37°C incubator for 3 hours. Then, the supernatant was discarded and 100 μL of DMSO and NaCL solution was added to each well. In order to dissolve MTT in the whole solution, the plate was placed on a shaker for a few minutes. Finally, their absorption was read by ELAISA reader machine at 570 nm. More absorption shows more cell viability.

2.11. Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging was performed using 3 T MRI machine in in vitro and in vivo environments.

2.12. In Vitro MRI Study

5 doses of synthesized nanosized Magnevist (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 molar) were prepared (Figure 2). Water was used as a control group. 3 T MR imaging was conducted using the following protocol:

 Standard Spin Echo, # of Echoes  = 32, TE = 13/26/39/52/66/79/92/105/ 118/145/158/171/184/198/211/237/250/264/ 277/290/303/330/343/356/369/382/396/422 ms, TR  =  20/50/100/200/400/2000/3000 ms, Matrix = 256 * 256, Slice Thickness = 1/5 mm, FOV = 18 * 18 cm, NEX = Non.

Figure 2: Schematic illustration of performance of in vitro / measurements in 5 doses.

There are two main mechanisms in magnetic resonance imaging: Spin-lattice relaxation and spin-spin relaxation. Times characterizing these two mechanisms are called spin-lattice relaxation time and spin-spin relaxation time The former time indicates the thermodynamic equilibrium of magnetization, but the latter time shows exponentially signal decay. The signals of the images were obtained using Dicomworks software (1.3.0.5 version) in 28 TE (echo delay time) and 7 TR (repetition time). Finally, computing the relaxation times of and was done using MATLAB (1.0.0.1 version) and Microsoft Office Excel 2007 software.

2.13. In Vivo MRI Study (Animal Model)

One adult (8 weeks old) male breast cancer model mouse was used for the study. Initially, 0.1 mL of anesthetic drug (mixture of ketamine and xylazine) was given to the mouse. Then a whole body MR imaging (at 3 T) was conducted. Afterwards, 0.2 mL of nanosized Magnevist was injected into the mouse (IV injection). A whole body MR imaging (at 3 T) was conducted again to compare the contrast of the image with the previous one. The images were visualized using MicroDicom (0.7.1.1824 version) software.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis

Figures 4 and 5 show the chemical reactions between Gd³⁺, DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid), 2 meglumine (N-methyl glucamine), ADH (adipic acid dihydrazide), and ALGND. Firstly, the complex of Gd and DTPA is formed. Then, the coligand (Meglumine) is conjugated with the complex for greater stability. The result is an amide compound which is known as gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA-meglumine). After that, the ALGND is loaded and/or conjugated with the compound by the help of EDC (a carboxyl group activator), N-sulf-HS (removal of water effect), and ADH (the liker). EDC activates the carboxyl groups for the amidation reaction. Figure 3 shows the chemical structure of the ADH. It has 2 amine groups at the two ends. One of them is conjugated with free carboxyl group of DTPA and the other one is conjugated with carboxyl group of citric acid in ALGND. Besides the conjugation, gadopentetate dimeglumine can be trapped into dendrimer pores (loading). Therefore, the final compound will be the new drug (Gd³⁺-DTPA-meglumine-dendrimer).

Figure 3: Chemical structure of ADH.

Figure 4: The reaction between Gd³⁺, DTPA, and meglumine to form gadopentetate dimeglumine.

Figure 5: The final reaction—connecting the drug to dendrimer.

3.2. Quality Control Tests

3.2.1. Gadolinium Content

The gadolinium content of the gadopentetate is shown as mean ± SD in Table 1. The number is almost the same number as it has been reported [14].

Table 1: The comparison of gadolinium content in our synthetic gadopentetate and the reference.

Gadolinium (mg)
Gadopentetate (mean ± SD)
Reference [14]

76.55 ± 4

78.63

3.2.2. Spectroscopy Studies

Figures 6 and 7 indicate the FT-IR and LC-MS spectrum of standard Magnevist. As it can be seen, the FT-IR spectrum of the synthetic Magnevist, and standard one is compared. The accordance confirms the proper synthesis. The wide peak in 3000–4000 cm⁻¹ shows the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. The observed peak in 2700–2900 cm⁻¹ is related to the type and nature of aliphatic hydrogen and carbon of the compound. Peaks existing in 1500–1600 cm⁻¹ are related to NH groups. The number reported in LC-MS spectrum (938.10000) shows the molecular weight of the compound and it is the exact number of the reported molecular weight [8].

Figure 6: FT-IR spectrum of the synthetic and standard Magnevist.

Figure 7: The LC-MS spectrum of Magnevist.

3.2.3. CHN Analysis

Determining the C%, H%, and N% of the standard and nanosized gadopentetate by CHN analyzer confirms the proper synthesis. As it can be observed in Tables 2 and 3, the numbers calculated from CHN analysis data are in accordance with molecular formula.

Table 2: CHN analysis result of gadopentetate.

Element
C
H
N

Percent of element (%)

33.02%
6.41%
6.92%

Number of element
26
60
5

Chemical formula: C₂₈H₅₄GdN₅O₂₀

Table 3: CHN analysis result of nanosized gadopentetate.

Element
C
H
N

Percent of element (%)

33.14%

6%

6.95%

Number of element

58

125

10

Chemical formula: C₆₁H₁₀₂GdN₉O₄₁

3.2.4. Measurement of the Size and Zeta Potential of the Compounds

The zeta potential of Magnevist and nanosized Magnevist are compared with each other. As it was expected, attaching the drug to dendrimer reduces the charge of final compound (−16.5 to −9.56 mV). The ALGND has negative charge on its surface, so it can reduce the total drug charge and, as a result, the drug can penetrate a cell (Figure 8).

Figure 8: The zeta potential of gadopentetate and nanosized gadopentetate (mV).

The size of the nanodrug is 41.93 nm according to the size measurement of zeta sizer (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Size of the nanosized drug.

3.2.5. Microscopic Study

AFM imaging of the nanosized drug is shown in Figure 10. The calculated size in AFM is 22 nm. The size differences obtained from zeta sizer and AFM can be because of the different conditions of the sample in these 2 methods. In AFM, the sample is dry; however, in zeta sizer, it is a solution, so aggregation is a possibility for this result.

(a)

(b)

Figure 10: AFM images. (a) Two-dimensional AFM image of nanosized gadopentetate. (b) The three-dimensional image.

3.2.6. Cell Uptake

The standard Magnevist is an extracellular contrast media, so it is not able to enter a cell [15]. Attaching the drug to dendrimer makes it an intracellular contrast media. As it can be observed in Table 4 and Figure 11, significant amount of the drug could enter the HEPG2 cell line. The synthetic drug is able to penetrate into the cell probably due to its nanoscale size and total charge reduction (Figure 8). The mechanism of this entry is receptor-mediated endocytosis. Therefore, ALGND carries the drug into the cell.

Table 4: The cell gadolinium content of the gadopentetate and nanosized gadopentetate.

Drug
Gd concentration (mean ± SD)

Gadopentetate
108.82 ± 20

Nanosized gadopentetate
3452.77 ± 360

Figure 11: The cell uptake of the standard drug in comparison with nanosized one.

3.2.7. MTT Assay

Table 5 and Figure 12 show the cytotoxicity of gadopentetate and Table 6 and Figure 13 show the cytotoxicity of nanosized gadopentetate. Table 7 and Figure 14 indicate a total comparison between the results. As it can be seen in Figure 14, cytotoxicity (in HEPG2 cell line) is reduced in nanosized drug compared to standard drug in 50 and 100 doses significantly (). surprisingly, it was observed that the cell viability is enhanced by increasing the drug dose insignificantly .

Table 5: The O.D reported by ELASA Reader in 3 gadopentetate doses and control group.

Drug dose ()
O.D (mean ± SD)

Control

Gadopentetate 25

Gadopentetate 50

Gadopentetate 100

Table 6: The O.D reported by ELASA Reader in 3 nanosized gadopentetate doses and control group.

Drug dose ()
O.D (mean ± SD)

Control

Nanosized gadopentetate 25

Nanosized gadopentetate 50

Nanosized gadopentetate 100

Table 7: The O.D reported by ELASA Reader in 3 standard gadopentetate doses, 3 nanosized gadopentetate, and control group.

Drug dose (λ)
O.D (mean ± SD)

Control

Gadopentetate 25

Nanosized gadopentetate 25

gadopentetate 50

Nanosized gadopentetate 50

Gadopentetate 100

Nanosized gadopentetate 100

Figure 12: The cytotoxicity of standard gadopentetate (the cell viability is written on the top of each graph).

Figure 13: The cytotoxicity of nanosized Gadopentetate (the cell viability is written on the top of each graph).

Figure 14: The final comparison between the cytotoxicity of standard and nanosized drugs.

3.3. In Vitro MRI Study

3.3.1. Measurement

The graph (signal relative to TR) is shown in Figure 15. The lines show the different doses compared to water. In Table 8, is calculated via (1) and using MATLAB software. Figure 16 also shows the impact of the synthetic drug on reduction of the value in comparison with water. As it can be observed, the drug can reduce by increasing its doses significantly:

Table 8: The signals obtained via Dicomworks software and value calculated by MATLAB software.

TR
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0.1
Water

20
344
222
233
145
109
17

50
910
645
680
420
279
33

100
1451
1200
1055
730
521
63

200
1717
1572
1475
1230
822
124

400
1781
1685
1642
1651
1497
218

1000
1769
1801
1786
1943
1852
598

2000
1762
1791
1769
1793
2188
1073

3000
1733
1796
1755
1934
2198
1413

0.02734
0.02511
0.02405
0.01416
0.008814
0.001135

(msec)
36.57
39.82
41.58
70.62
113.45
881.05

0.99
0.99
0.987
0.986
0.964
0.984

Figure 15: Signal relative to TR—the graph.

Figure 16: value relative to the drug concentration.

3.3.2. Measurement

The graph (signal relative to TE) is shown in Figure 17. The lines show the different doses compared to water. In Table 9, is calculated via (2) and Microsoft Excel software. Figure 17 also shows the impact of the synthetic drug on reduction of the value in comparison with water. As it can be observed, the drug can reduce by increasing its doses significantly (Figure 18). It is clear that the drug reduces the value more than value. So, probably it is a MRI contrast agent type:

Table 9: The signals obtained via Dicomworks software and value calculated by Microsoft Excel software.

TE
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0.1
Water

26
1881
2018
2205
2765
3308
2014

39
1190
1783
1778
2535
3159
2010

52
723
1500
1421
2423
2690
1997

66
531
1233
1158
2302
2681
1979

79
374
1026
922
2070
2656
1954

92
252
847
816
1907
2562
1954

105
152
804
628
1751
2449
1951

118
126
651
581
1572
2245
1935

132
84
506
513
1281
2103
1923

145
70
381
376
1257
1958
1913

0.028
0.014
0.014
0.007
0.004
0.003

(msec)
35.71
71.42
71.42
142.85
250
333

0.99
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.95
0.97

Figure 17: Signal relative to TE in 5 doses of the drug compared to water. The equation and R-squared value are shown on the right top of the graph, respectively.

Figure 18: value relative to the drug concentration.

3.3.3. Relaxivity

Relaxivity is calculated via the graph in Figure 19. As it can be noticed, the relaxivity is enhanced by increasing the drug dose (linear relation). Obtaining the linear equation from Microsoft Excel, the slope of the line is the total relaxivity of the drug. is 20.44 mM⁻¹s⁻¹ and is 24.03 mM⁻¹s⁻¹. The and of Magnevist were reported to be 1.5 and 2.9 mM⁻¹s⁻¹, respectively [15], so the synthetic drug can increase the relaxivity significantly.

(a)

(b)

Figure 19: The relaxivity—(a) and (b) .

3.4. In Vivo MRI Study

The result of the in vivo imaging is shown in Figure 20. The tumor is marked. As it can be seen clearly, the image contrast is enhanced and the tumor is more recognizable after drug injection.

Figure 20: The in vivo study—the tumor is more recognizable after drug injection. The same image as before injection was obtained for Magnevist injection.

4. Conclusion

The unique characteristics of the anionic linear globular dendrimer-G1 loaded and/or conjugated on Magnevist make it a greater contrast media. The new drug is more stable, more soluble, and biodegradable, has the ability to enter the HEPG2 cell line, and has low cytotoxicity.

Generally, one of the main problems with the conjugation of the drug to dendrimer surface is insolubility of the final solution [16]. The dendrimer used in this research can take a large amount of a drug and be still soluble because of PEG in its core. In addition, PEG has anticancer effect and tendency to cancerous tissues. So, without any targeting agent, even though weakly, PEG can typically play the role of the targeting agent. The surrounding citric acid branches also give it negative charge. So, it does not interact with cell surface and does not destroy the cell membrane. Besides, citric acid is one of the intermediates of metabolic pathways and is metabolized in body so quickly that it does not have toxic effects in the body and makes the entire drug biodegradable.

Even though the results obtained from this research are very promising, further studies are required. If a targeting agent such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and aptamers is loaded on the dendrimer surface, more specific contrast media will be created.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declared no conflict of interests.

Acknowledgments

Pasteur Institute of Iran and Tehran University of Medical Sciences supported the study. The authors are thankful to all the technicians who supported the study.

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