ISRN Ophthalmology

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 406153, 5 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/406153

Clinical Study

Clinicopathological Features of Dacryolithiasis in Japanese Patients: Frequent Association with Infection in Aged Patients

Masabumi Kubo,¹ Tomoki Sakuraba,² and Ryuichi Wada³

¹Fukiage Eye Clinic, 2-10 Fukiage, Hachinohe 031-0003, Japan

²Department of Ophthalmology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, 2-1-1 Higashi Tsukurimichi, Aomori 030-8553, Japan

³Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan

Received 14 June 2013; Accepted 28 July 2013

Academic Editors: H. Quiroz-Mercado and Y. Totan

Copyright © 2013 Masabumi Kubo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the clinicopathological features of dacryolithiasis and prevalence of associated infection in Japanese patients. Materials and Methods. Out of 13,471 outclinic patients from 2006 to 2011, 268 patients were scheduled to be performed dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) due to dacryocystitis with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Actually 266 patients underwent dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and two patients were cured by only ophthalmic examination. Dacryoliths were found in 17 cases (6.3%). Among 17 cases of dacryolithiasis, three patients were male, and 14 were female. The age of the patients ranged from 32 to 82 (mean 67) years, and 13 cases (76%) were more than 65 years of age. Pathological examination disclosed the infectious agents in 9 cases (53%), and all patients with infection were more than 65 years of age. Special stains revealed colonies of fungus, suspicious of Aspergillus, in 6 cases and gram-positive rods, and suspicious of Actinomyces, in 3 cases. Conclusions. The current study showed the frequent association of infection with dacryolithiasis in aged Japanese patients. This should be taken into the consideration for the treatment of dacryolithiasis.

1. Introduction

Dacryolithiasis is a frequent disease of the lacrimal system, and middle-aged women are commonly affected [1–8]. The pathogenesis of dacryolithiasis is not well understood. The association of infection with dacryolithiasis was reported in the literature [1–8]; however, the prevalence of infection associated with dacryolithiasis in Japanese patients is not known to date. The aim of the current study is to elucidate the clinicopathological features of dacryolithiasis and the prevalence of associated infection in Japanese patients who underwent dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR).

2. Materials and Methods

From the archival files of 13,471 patients of the Fukiage Eye Clinic from 2006 to 2011, 268 clinical records of dacryocystitis with nasolacrimal duct obstruction were retrieved, and dacryolithiasis was noticed in 17 cases (Table 1). There was no immune compromise patient in these 17 cases. We did not perform dacryocsytogram and lacrimal endoscopy before DCR; therefore, we have no precise information with nasolacrimal dust obstruction. Cefcapene pivoxil hydrochloride hydrate was continued for four days after the procedure, along with topical antibiotic eye drop and steroid eye drop four times a day for three months. The clinical records and pathological reports of these patients were reviewed. Informed consent was obtained from the patients.

Table 1: Clinicopathological features of cases of dacryolithiasis.

Case no.
Age/sex
Symptoms
Duration
Background
No. of acute 　 dacryocystitis
Location
Pathology/identified microorganisms

1
32/M
Epiphora, pus
6 years
—
3
LS/NLD
Mucinous material

2
47/M
Epiphora, pus
1 year
lacrimal endoscopy
1
LS
Mucinous and degenerated tissue

3
53/F
Epiphora, pus
6 months
—
0
LS
Granulation tissue

4
54/F
Epiphora, pus
3 years
lacrimal endoscopy
0
LS
Proteus material

5
65/M
Epiphora, pus
3 years
—
0
LS
Aspergillus

6
65/F
Epiphora, pus
>10 years
—
0
LS
Degenerated tissue

7
68/F
Epiphora, pus
1 year
Silicone intubation
0
LS
Granulation tissue

8
68/F
Epiphora, pus
2 years
—
0
LS
Aspergillus

9
71/F
Epiphora, pus
3 years
Silicone intubation
0
LS
Aspergillus

10
71/F
Epiphora, pus
3 years
—
1
LS
Aspergillus

11
72/F
Epiphora, pus
2 years
DM
0
LS
Degenerated tissue

12
79/F
Epiphora, pus
3 years
—
0
LS
Granulation tissue

13
79/F
Epiphora, pus
1 year
—
0
LS
Actinomyces

14
79/F
Epiphora, pus
1 year
—
0
LS
Actinomyces

15
80/F
Epiphora, pus
2 years
—
1
LS
Actinomyces

16
82/F
Epiphora, pus
>10 years
Silicone intubation
0
LS
Aspergillus

17
82/F
Epiphora, pus
1 year

0
LS
Aspergillus

M: male, F: female, DM: diabetes mellitus, LS: lacrimal sac, NLD: nasolacrimal duct.

Dacryoliths and biopsy specimens obtained from 17 cases of DCR were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and subjected to pathological examinations. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, Gram method, and Grocott staining.

3. Results

Total 268 patients were scheduled to undergo DCR due to dacryocystitis with nasolacrimal duct obstruction (Figure 1). Actually 266 patients underwent DCR. In two patients, dacryoliths were removed by lacrimal endoscopy and DCR was not performed.

Figure 1: The age distribution of the patients treated by dacryocystorhinostomy. The closed box indicates the patients with dacryoliths.

Most of the patients were aged at the sixth and seventh decades (Figure 1). Out of 268 cases dacryoliths were found in 17 cases (6.3%) (Figure 1). The prevalence of dacryolithiasis increased over years from 3.5% to 11% in the patients of age from 50 to 80 (Figure 1).

The clinicopathological features of cases of dacryolithiasis were summarized in Table 1. The age of the patients of dacryolithiasis ranged from 32 to 82 (mean 67) years and 13 cases (76%) were more than 65 years. Three patients (18%) were male, and 14 patients (82%) were female. All patients presented with persistent epiphora, pus discharge, and swelling of the lacrimal sac. No patient had a history of intermittent epiphora. Two patients had suffered from the disease more than 10 years. Three patients had past history of silicone intubation, and diabetes was noted in one case. Dacryoliths were found in lacrimal sac in 16 cases and both in lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct in one case. In 8 out of 17 patients (47%), the biopsy specimens were mucinous materials and granulations tissues, and no infectious agents were identified (Table 1). Microorganisms were identified in dacryoliths of 9 patients (53%). All cases with infection were more than 65 years of age, whereas the infectious agent was not identified in 4 patients of age less than 65 years (Figure 2). The prevalence of infection showed gradual increase over the age, and they were 50%, 67%, and 100% in the sixth, seventh and eighth decades, respectively.

Figure 2: The age distribution of dacryolithiasis. Closed box indicates the case associated with infection.

Colonies of gram-positive rods were found in 3 cases (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)). The morphological features of the colony were consistent with sulfur granule of Actinomyces species (Table 1). Fungi were demonstrated in 6 cases (Table 1). Fungal hyphae with occasional Y-shaped branch and septae, which was consistent with Aspergillus, were demonstrated by Grocott staining (Figures 3(c) and 3(d)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 3: Pathology of dacryoliths. (a) Colony of gram-positive rods in case 11. H and E staining; bar = 0.5 mm. (b) Gram staining; bar = 20 μm. (c) Colony of fungus in case 15. H and E staining; bar = 0.5 mm. (d) Gomori’s methenamine silver staining; bar = 20 μm.

4. Discussion

The current study demonstrated that the aged people older than 65 years is affected by dacryolithiasis and that the disease is frequently associated with infection of microorganisms. The current study is the first report that showed the prevalence of infection associated with dacryolithiasis in Japan. To estimate the precise prevalence of infection, the dacryoliths were pathologically examined and infectious agents were identified with special stains.

The prevalence of dacryoliths in the patients who underwent DCR and lacrimal endoscopy was 6.3% in the current study. The prevalence varied from 6.7% to 17.0% in the previous studies (Table 2). The prevalence observed in the current case was slightly low, but the value was comparable with those in the previous reports (Table 2). It should be noted that the prevalence of dacryolithiasis showed gradual increase over years more than 50 years (Figure 1). The mean age of the patients in the current study was higher than those of the previous studies at least by 8 years (Table 2). This may reflect the increase in the aged people in Hachinohe city, where the clinic is located, and the current study may highlight the clinical features of dacryolithiasis of aged people. Although the previous studies suggested the frequent occurrence of dacryolithiasis in middle-aged people [1, 3–8], it should be remembered that dacryolithiasis affects not only middle-aged women but also aged people over 65 years in Japan.

Table 2: Summary of clinicopathological features of dacryolithiasis reported in the literature.

Author
Year
DCR
Dacryolithiasis (%)
Mean age (years)
Male : female
Identified microorganisms

Infection (%)
Fungus (%)
Actinomyces (%)
Others (%)

Jones [2]
1965
180
25 (14)
<50, 22 cases

>50, 3 cases
10 : 15
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
—

Berlin et al. [3]
1980
70
11 (15.7)
42
1 : 10
6 (55)
6 (100)
0 (0)
—

Willkins and Pressly [4]
1980
94
16 (17.0)
<50, 7 cases

>50, 5 cases
2 : 10
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
—

Hawes [5]
1988
107
15 (14.0)
45
4 : 11
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
—

Yazici et al. [6]
2001
163
12 (7.4)
59
8 : 4
2 (17)
2 (100)
0 (0)
—

Marthin et al. [7]
2005
—
62 (—)
59
16 : 46
44
12 (22)
32 (59)
19 (35)

Repp et al. [8]
2009
327
22 (6.7)
51
9 : 13
5 (23)
2 (40)
3 (60)
—

Current stydy
2013
268
17 (6.3)
67
3 : 14
9 (53)
6 (67)
3 (33)
—

Six cases were infected with more than one type of microorganism.

The pathogenesis of formation of dacryolith is not well known [1–8]. Female predominance in the patients of dacryolithiasis was reported in the previous studies [1–8], and this is also the case in the current study. It was suggested that the powder of cosmetics can form a core of dacryolith and may also induce the growth of microorganism [7]. Congenital dacryocystitis is a very rare disease and may cause dacryolithiasis in young patients [5]. In the current study, such young patient was not found in current study. It is controversial whether smoking is a risk factor [6]. Three patients had a history of canalicular intubation of silicone tube. The insertion of foreign body in the lacrimal system may be a risk factor for development of dacryolith, especially in aged people.

Previous studies revealed the association of infection dacryolithiasis, and the prevalence of infection varied largely from 0% to 87% (Table 2). In the current study, the prevalence of associated infection was 53%, and the value was comparable with those of the previous studies. It is of note that the prevalence increased over years in the patients more than 65 years of age (Figure 2).

When dacryocystitis is accompanied with dacryolith and nasolacrimal duct obstruction, surgical treatment is necessary. Treatment antibiotics alone may not be effective. Since fungus and Actinomyces are frequent pathogen, this should be taken into the consideration for the selection of antibiotics. As shown in the current study, the prevalence of infection is high in aged patients with dacryolithiasis. Infections agent should be carefully examined in the dacryolith for the postoperative treatment and prevention of recurrence.

The number of patients in the current study is limited. Further investigation is required for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of dacryoliths and treatments for nasolacrimal obstruction.

Conflict of Interests

The authors report no conflict of interests. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

Acknowledgment

The authors appreciate Mr. Akihiko Hamada and Ms. Ikuko Sugisawa at Laboratory Medicine, Hachinohe Medical Association for their skillful assistances.

References

L. J. Perry, F. A. Jakobiec, and F. R. Zakka, “Bacterial and mucopeptide concretions of the lacrimal drainage system: an analysis of 30 cases,” Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 126–133, 2012.

L. T. Jones, “Tear-sac foreign bodies,” The American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 111–113, 1965.

A. J. Berlin, R. Rath, and L. Rich, “Lacrimal system dacryoliths,” Ophthalmic Surgery, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 435–436, 1980.

R. B. Wilkins and J. P. Pressly, “Diagnosis and incidence of lacrimal calculi,” Ophthalmic Surgery, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 787–789, 1980.

M. J. Hawes, “The dacryolithiasis syndrome,” Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 87–90, 1988.

B. Yazici, A. M. Hammad, and D. R. Meyer, “Lacrimal sac dacryoliths: predictive factors and clinical characteristics,” Ophthalmology, vol. 108, no. 7, pp. 1308–1312, 2001.

J. K. Marthin, J. Lindegaard, J. U. Prause, and S. Heegaard, “Lesions of the lacrimal drainage system: a clinicopathological study of 643 biopsy specimens of the lacrimal drainage system in Denmark 1910–1999,” Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 94–99, 2005.

D. J. Repp, C. N. Burkat, and M. J. Lucarelli, “Lacrimal excretory system concretions: canalicular and lacrimal sac,” Ophthalmology, vol. 116, no. 11, pp. 2230–2235, 2009.