ISRN Bacteriology

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 562014, 12 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/562014

Research Article

Rapid Identification of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Accumulating Members of Bacillales Using Internal Primers for phaC Gene of Bacillus megaterium

Pramoda Kumar Nayak,¹ Ajeet Kumar Mohanty,² Teja Gaonkar,¹ Ashwani Kumar,² Saroj N. Bhosle,¹ and Sandeep Garg¹

¹Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India

²National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, DHS Building, Campal, Panaji, Goa 403001, India

Received 16 April 2013; Accepted 5 June 2013

Academic Editors: D. A. Bazylinski, G. Nychas, and A. Poli

Copyright © 2013 Pramoda Kumar Nayak et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Bacillus megaterium is gaining recognition as an experimental model and biotechnologically important microorganism. Recently, descriptions of new strains of B. megaterium and closely related species isolated from diverse habitats have increased. Therefore, its identification requires several tests in combination which is usually time consuming and difficult to do. We propose using the uniqueness of the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase C gene of B. megaterium in designing primers that amplify the 0.9 kb region of the phaC for its identification. The PCR method was optimized to amplify 0.9 kb region of phaC gene. After optimization of the PCR reaction, two methods were investigated in detail. Method I gave an amplification of a single band of 0.9 kb only in B. megaterium and was demonstrated by several strains of B. megaterium isolated from different habitats. The use of Method I did not result in the amplification of the phaC gene with other members of Bacillales. The specificity for identification of B. megaterium was confirmed using sequencing of amplicon and RT-PCR. Method II showed multiple banding patterns of nonspecific amplicons among polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulating members of Bacillales unique to the respective species. These methods are rapid and specific for the identification of polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulating B. megaterium and members of Bacillales.

1. Introduction

Bacillus megaterium is a Gram-positive, aerobic, spore forming bacterium present in diverse habitats from terrestrial to marine sediments. This “big beast” has been identified as an experimental organism for studies on various cell structures and functions [1, 2]. Its ecological and economical value has been established and reviewed [3–5]. It is only in the past two decades that various new strains of this species with immense potential in industries have been isolated from various ecosystems. The presence of B. megaterium in soil has been implicated in the degradation of herbicides and insecticides [6, 7]. Strains of B. megaterium have been recognised for biological control of root infections due to Rhizoctonia solani [8]. Strains producing biomolecules, such as phytohormone, 2-pentylfuran, pyruvate, oxetanocin, vitamin B12, and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) which are of industrial importance have been investigated [9–12]. This bacterium produces proteins of economical importance, namely, agarase, chitosanase, penicillin G acylase, amylases, glucose dehydrogenase, neutral protease, and the family of P-450 cytochrome monooxygenases [13–15]. Bacillus megaterium is also amenable for recombinant DNA technology for the improvement of specific enzymes and for protein production [5]. Genomes of biotechnologically important strains of B. megaterium have been sequenced in 2011 [16]. Recently, it has been recognised as a promising candidate among Gram-positive organisms for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate on an industrial scale because few strains are capable of accumulating the homopolymer and copolymer in the presence of a single carbon source or inexpensive carbon substrates [17–19].

Phenotypic characterization for identification of strains of B. megaterium is based on morphology, nutrition, growth, and physiological characteristics including utilisation of various substrates [20–25]. Large variations and inconsistencies in test results make the identification of this species difficult. In the light of this, several methods have been employed for identification of strains of B. megaterium such as DNA-DNA hybridization [26], analysis of cellular fatty acid content [27], small-subunit-ribosomal RNA sequencing [20, 28], 16S rDNA sequencing [29], randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques [30, 31], SDS-PAGE of whole cell protein profiles [32], and PHA inclusion body associated protein profiles [27]. However, these methods are laborious, time consuming and have to be used in combinations.

In the last decade, several new members of Bacillus closely related to Bacillus megaterium have been described. On account of limited differences within closely related species, it is often problematic to differentiate between B. megaterium and its closely related Bacillus species using phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA sequences. This has been further compounded due to the establishment of new genera and groups within Bacillus that has led to the creation of new genera and realignment of several species [33–38]. Lately, many new species in Bacillales have been described. It requires a large number of tests to be performed with caution including RAPD analysis and SDS-PAGE profiling of whole cell proteins or polyhydroxyalkanoate inclusion body associated proteins to identify B. megaterium. The present report describes a simple and rapid method for identification of B. megaterium using the gene of PHA synthase C (phaC). Earlier this gene was thought to belong to Class III PHA synthase [39]. Recently, McCool and Cannon [2] reported it as being novel and distinctly different from other known PHA synthases. In the present study amplification of internal portion of phaC gene was devised as a novel, rapid, and simple technique for identification of Bacillus megaterium. Further, the variant of the method can be used in identifying PHA accumulating members of Bacillales.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Bacterial Strains and Growth Medium

Bacterial cultures used in the present investigation and their sources are listed in Table 1. All the bacterial isolates were maintained and grown on the respective medium (Table 1). All the bacterial isolates were screened for PHA accumulation on E2-mineral medium containing 2% w/v glucose and visualized with Nile blue A staining method [19]. The bacterial isolates that did not grow on E2-mineral medium were checked for PHA accumulation on nutrient agar plates.

Table 1: Bacterial cultures: their source and growth medium.

Serial no.
Bacterial species
Medium
Source
16S rRNA sequence

accession no.
PHA accumulation (% w/w)

1
Aneurinibacillus migulanus 81A1T
NA
NRS 1137T*
ND
−

2
B. amyloliquefaciens 10A1
NA
BGSC 10A1*
ND
+ (18.246)

3
B. aquimaris
NA
MTCC6722
AF483625$
−

4
B. coagulans 61A1T
NA
ATCC 7050*
DQ297928$
+ (15.020)

5
B. cereus 6A5
NA
ATCC 14579*
AE016877$
−

6
B. circulans 16A1T
NA
ATCC 4513*
FJ560956$
+ (18.000)

7
B. endophyticus TMR1.22
TYGA
Coastal sand-dune (R)
HQ897169#
+ (39.409)

8
B. firmus 29A1T
NA
NRS 613T*
ND
+ (20.078)

9
B. flexus NAMR4.1
NA
Coastal sand-dune (R)
HM026605#
+ (47.476)

10
B. licheniformis 5A1
NA
ATCC 8480*
ND
−

11
B. megaterium
NA
MTCC428
ND
+ (32.630)

12
B. megaterium 7A16
NA
QM B1551*
CP001983$
+ (32.814)

13
B. megaterium NQ-11/A2
NA
Arabian sea-continental shelf sediment sample-NCIM5334
FJ392860#
+ (61.000)

14
B. megaterium COL1/A6
NA
Humus sample
EU702754#
+ (65.510)

15
B. megaterium BLQ-2/A7
NA
sediment sample
EU924811#
+ (59.870)

16
B. megaterium TMR1.3.2
TYGA
Coastal sand-dune (R)
GU984576#
+ (39.356)

17
B. megaterium TMR1.4
TYGA
Coastal sand-dune (R)
GU951918#
+ (40.801)

18
B. megaterium NAMNR3.7
NA
Coastal sand-dune (NR)
GU951917#
+ (41.776)

19
B. mojavensis
NA
MTCC8604
AF440779$
+ (12.345)

20
B. mycoides 6A19
NA
ATCC 31101*
EF210306$
−

21
B. niacin
NA
MTCC8323
ND
+ (11.702)

22
B. pumilus 8A3
NA
ATCC 7061*
EU138517$
+ (23.428)

23
B. simplex
NA
MTCC7284
ND
+ (26.972)

24
B. spizizenii
NA
ATCC 6633
AB018486$
−

25
B. subtilis subsp. subtilis 3A1
NA
NCIB 3610*
ND
+ (18.729)

26
Bacillus sp. TMR1.10.1
TYGA
Sand-dune (R)
HM035484#
+ (51.860)

27
Bacillus sp. NAMNR4.4
NA
Coastal sand-dune (NR)
JX194167#
−

28
Bacillus sp. NAMNR3.5
NA
Coastal sand-dune (NR)
JX194166#
+ (23.624)

29
Bacillus sp. TMNR4.1.1
TYGA
Coastal sand-dune (NR)
JX194168#
+ (27.369)

30
Bacillus sp. MS4.SE3
TYGA
Sediment sample
ND
−

31
B. thurigiensis 164 H-14
NA
RCPFBS
ND
+ (37.812)

32
B. weihenstephanensis 6A24
NA
BGSC 6A24*
ND
−

33
Geobacillus stearothermophilus 9A20
NA
ATCC 12980*
AY608928$
+ (13.394)

34
Lysinibacillus fusiformis 19A1T
NA
ATCC 7055T*
AF169537$
+ (21.794)

35
Lysinibacillus sphaericus 13A10
NA
ATCC 12123*
ND
+ (26.785)

36
Lysinibacillus sp. KSD-4
NA
Stagnant water-MTCC3672
FJ473365#
+ (25.233)

37
Marinibacillus marinus 21A1T
NA
DSMZ 1297*
AJ237708$
+ (21.198)

38
Paenibacillus dendritiformis 30A2
NA
C168*
AB045092$
+ (18.859)

39
Paracoccus yeii TMR3.1
TYGA
Coastal sand-dune (R)
GU906275#
+ (28.205)

40
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
NA
ATCC 9027
ND
−

41
Pseudomonas aeruginosa TMR2.13
TYGA
Coastal sand-dune (R)
HM030825#
−

NA: nutrient agar; TYGA: tryptone yeast extract glucose agar; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection, USA; MTCC: Microbial Type Culture Collection, India; NCIM: National Collection of Industrial Micro-organisms, India; RCPFBS: Russian commercial powder formulations Bacticide and Sphericide; BGSC: Bacillus Genetic Stock Center, Columbus; NRRL: Northern Regional Research Laboratory, USA; NCIB: National Collection of Industrial, Marine and Food Bacteria, Scotland; DSMZ: Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Germany; NRS: Northern Research Station, USA; *cultures obtained from BGSC; #sequences obtained in current study;  sequences obtained from NCBI; R: Rhizosphere; NR: nonrhizosphere; PHA: polyhydroxyalkanoate; ND: not done; + and −: Nile Blue A staining method; +: accumulating PHA; −: negative for PHA accumulation; PHA accumulation (% w/w), gravimetric method.

2.2. Quantitative Analysis of PHA

The isolates which showed orange fluorescence on Nile blue A staining method were selected for PHA extraction. These isolates were grown in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL E2 mineral medium supplemented with glucose (20 g L⁻¹) as the sole carbon source. The flask was incubated on an Orbitek environmental shaker (170 rpm) for 48 h at 30°C. The bacterial isolates which could not grow in E2 broth were grown in nutrient broth. The bacterial cells were harvested, and PHA was extracted using the sodium-hypochlorite method [19]. Biomass and PHA obtained were quantified gravimetrically afterwards every 24 h till a constant weight was obtained.

2.3. Characterization of PHA Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

PHA samples were dissolved in chloroform and made to thin film. The FTIR spectrum of the film of polymer was recorded at 400–4000 cm⁻¹ in FTIR [40].

2.4. Physiological Characterization

All the strains of Bacillus used in this study were tested for several physiological characteristics using the methods described in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology [41, 42]. Tests used in the present study are listed in Table 2.

Table 2: Physiological characteristics of bacterial cultures belonging to Bacillales.

Characteristic
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

Pigmented colony
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
+
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
+
−
−

Gram character
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Swell sporangia
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
−
−
+
+
+
−
+
+
−
+
+
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
+

Motility
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Oxidase
−
−
−
+
+
−
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
+
+
−
+
−
−
−
+
+
−
+
+
−
+
+
−
−

Aerobic growth
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Anaerobic growth
+
−
+
+
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
+
−
+
+
+
−
+
−
−
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
−
−
+
−
−
+
+

VP
−
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
−
nd
+
nd
+
+
−
−
−
+
−
+
+
−
−
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
−

Nitrate reduction
−
+
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
−
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+

Acid from

D-glucose
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Lactose
+
−
+
+
+
−
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
−
+
−
+
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
−
+
+
−
−
−
−
−

Glycerol
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+

D-mannitol
+
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
+
+
+
+
−
−
+
+
+
+
−
+

Trehalose
+
+
+
+
+
+
nd
−
−
−
+
+
−
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
−

D-xylose
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
+
+
+
−
+
−
−
+
−
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
−
+
+
−
−

Hydrolysis of

Casein
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
−
−
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+

Gelatin
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
−
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Starch
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
−
+
−
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+

Aesculin
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
−
−
−
+
nd
−
nd
nd
−
−
nd
+
−
+
nd
+
+
+
nd
+
nd
+
+
nd
nd
+
nd

Urea
−
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
−
+
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

Citrate utilization
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
−
−
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
−

Growth in NaCl

2%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+

5%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+

7%
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
+
−
−
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
+
+
+

10%
−
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
−
−
+
+
−
+
−
−
+
−
−
−
+
+

PHA accumulation
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
+
−
+
−
+
+
+
−
+
+
−

Growth at temp.

10°C
+
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
−
−

20°C
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

40°C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

50°C
+
+
−
+
+
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
+
+
+
−
−
+
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
−
−
+
−
+
+
−
+

60°C
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

All the organisms were positive for endospore formation, catalase, and growth at 30°C; +: positive; −: negative; nd: not determined; 1: B. megaterium MTCC428 and B. megaterium QMB1551; 2: B. megaterium TMR1.3.2; 3: B. megaterium TMR1.4; 4: B. megaterium NAMNR3.7, B. megaterium NQ-11/A2, B. megaterium Col1/A6 and B. megaterium BLQ-2/A7; 5: B. flexus NAMR4.1; 6: B. weihenstephanensis; 7: Geobacillus stearothermophilus; 8: Lysinibacillus fusiformis; 9: Lysinibacillus sphaericus; 10: Lysinibacillus sp. KSD-4; 11: Marinibacillus marinus, 12: Paenibacillus dendritiformis; 13: Aneurinibacillus migulanus; 14: Bacillus sp. NAMNR3.5; 15: Bacillus sp. TMNR4.1.1; 16: B. endophyticus TMR1.22; 17: Bacillus sp. TMR1.10.1; 18: Bacillus sp. NAMNR4.4; 19: B. amyloliquefaciens; 20: B. aquimaris; 21: B. coagulans; 22: B. cereus; 23: B. circulans; 24: B. firmus; 25: B. licheniformis; 26: B. mojavensis; 27: B. mycoides; 28: B. niacini; 29: B. pumilus; 30: B. simplex; 31: B. spizizenni; 32: B. subtilis; 33: B. thuringiensis; 34: Bacillus sp. MS4.SE3.

2.5. Designing Specific Primers

Complete sequences of phaC genes AB525783 (B. megaterium), CP001598 (B. anthracis), HM122246 (B. cereus), GU190695 (B. mycoides), CP001903 (B. thuringiensis), CP000903 (B. weihenstephanensis) and AB077026 (Bacillus sp. INT005) were obtained from the NCBI nucleotide database and used for designing specific primers. The sequences were aligned using Clustal-X in order to search for internal region of phaC gene specific for B. megaterium (Figure 1). A pair of oligonucleotides, forward and reverse, was selected. The primers were BmphaC015F (CGTGCAAGAGTGGGAAAAAT) as forward and BmphaC931R (TCGCAATATGATCACGGCTA) as reverse with value 63.9°C. These were synthesized by Bangalore Genei Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India. The sequences and positions of oligonucleotides are presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Location of forward and reverse primers on phaC gene of B. megaterium. The numbers indicate the positions of the primers on the phaC gene. The arrow indicates the direction of forward and reverse primers on the gene. Accession numbers of the sequences used to draw the diagram are given in the text.

2.6. DNA Extraction

Bacterial isolates were grown in respective media broth at 30°C. DNA was extracted from 24 h old culture using the protocol described in Sambrook et al. [43].

2.7. PCR Optimization of phaC

PCR using the internal primers (Figure 1) for phaC was optimized as follows: PCR reactions were performed in a total volume of 50 μL. The reaction mixture contains 2 μL of genomic DNA as a template, 10X PCR buffer [100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9), 500 mM KCl and 0.1% gelatin], 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM dNTP Mix, 1 μM–10 μM of each primer depending on the requirement, and 5 units/μL of Taq polymerase (Bangalore Genei, India). Genomic DNA of six bacterial species were used; these were Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus flexus, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus sp., Paracoccus yeii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Reactions were carried out in a thermocycler (BIOER XP Cycler, China) consisting of initial denaturation at 94°C for 3 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, annealing at 51 to 64°C (as required) for 1 min, elongation at 72°C for 1 min followed by 72°C for 5 min and final storage at 4°C. The specificity was optimized by adjusting annealing temperature from 51 to 64°C and primer concentration from 1 to 10 μM.

2.8. Detecting PCR Products

Electrophoresis on 1% (w/v) agarose gel was used for detecting PCR amplification products [43]. 100 or 500 bp ladders were used as DNA size marker. Run conditions were 100 volts for 2 hours. The gel was stained with ethidium bromide solution (0.5 μg/mL). Amplified DNA fragments were visualized under UV light and recorded using a Gel-Doc Alpha Imager (Alpha Innotech, USA).

2.9. Validating PCR

Amplified products from strains B. megaterium TMR1.3.2 and B. megaterium TMR1.4 under optimum conditions having expected size were purified using purification kit (Quaigen, India) and were sequenced using forward primer (BmphaC015F) at Bangalore Genei, India. Sequences obtained were compared with sequences in the NCBI nucleotide database using Blastn. Sequences were deposited in GenBank. Amplified nucleotide sequences were analyzed and aligned with the reference sequences of phaC of various bacterial species using ClustalX [44], and neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was obtained with 1000 seeds and 10000 bootstraps. The final tree obtained was rooted and drawn using MEGA 4.0 [45].

Optimized PCR conditions with 1 μM primer concentration and 64°C annealing temperature were used for the amplification of 0.9 kb from phaC of B. megaterium by SYBR green based real-time PCR [46]. The melting curve of the amplicon was performed from 55 to 94°C for detecting of amplicon.

All the bacterial isolates mentioned in Table 1 were used for PCR amplification of phaC at optimum conditions (Method I) of 1 μM primer concentration and 64°C annealing temperature and suboptimal conditions (Method II) of 10 μM and 51°C. Presence of genomic DNA was confirmed using amplification of 16S rRNA gene using universal primers as a positive control [12]. Entire experimental sets were repeated thrice to determine the reproducibility of Method I and Method II.

A blind folded test was carried out using a few bacterial isolates. B. megaterium BLQ-2/A7 and B. simplex MTCC7284, known for PHA accumulation, were taken as positive controls. Other six bacteria were randomly selected from genus Bacillus. These were not reported for PHA accumulation earlier. Three of these strains were B. aquimaris MTCC6722, B. mojavensis MTCC8604, and B. niacin MTCC8323 and three were unidentified Bacillus sp. NAMNR3.5, Bacillus sp. TMNR4.1.1, and Bacillus sp. MS4.SE3 (Table 1). These bacterial isolates were tested for biochemical characteristics, PHA accumulation, and PCR amplification using Method I and Method II. All the experiments were repeated three times.

3. Results

3.1. PHA Accumulation

All the bacterial cultures used in the present investigation were tested for their ability to accumulate PHA on solidified E2-mineral medium with 2% w/v glucose (Table 1). B. aquimaris and B. niacin did not show any growth on E2-mineral medium. These strains were grown on nutrient agar and screened for PHA accumulation. All the strains of B. megaterium showed PHA accumulation. Aneurinibacillus migulanus, B. aquimaris, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. mycoides, B. spizizenii, Bacillus sp. NAMNR4.4, Bacillus sp. MS4.SE3, B. weihenstephanensis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa did not show PHA accumulation. The remaining strains showed PHA accumulation.

3.2. Quantitative Analysis and Characterization of PHA

The PHA content of all the bacterial isolates was found between 10 to 66% w/w (Table 1). PHA content varied among the isolates of B. megaterium. FTIR spectroscopy of PHA extracted from all the bacterial isolates showed intense absorptions typical to PHA at 1724–1740 cm⁻¹ and at 1280 cm⁻¹ corresponding to C=O and C–O stretching groups in ester, respectively.

3.3. Physiological Characteristics

The physiological characteristics of the Bacillus strains are listed in Table 2. All the Bacillus strains are endospore producers, catalase positive and showed growth at 30°C. Different strains of B. megaterium including the type strain QM B1551 showed variations in the physiological tests and accordingly are separated in Sections 1 to 4 in Table 2.

3.4. PCR Optimization

PCR optimization of internal region of phaC BmphaC015F and BmphaC931R primers were used for amplifying phaC gene. Different annealing temperatures such as 51, 55, 60, and 64°C and different primer concentrations such as 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 μM were used for optimization (Table 3). It was seen that, in B. megaterium at different annealing temperatures with primer concentrations of 1 and 2.5 μM, there was amplification of a single band of 0.9 kb. With primer concentrations of 5 and 10 μM along with 0.9 kb an additional faint band of 1.9 kb was present. In B. flexus and B. endophyticus at annealing temperatures 51, 55, 60, and 64°C with primer concentrations 1 and 2.5 μM there was no amplification, and, with primer concentrations of 5 and 10 μM, multiple bands were seen in all the temperatures except at 64°C. PHA accumulating P. yeii and PHA negative P. aeruginosa and Bacillus species gave no amplification with any combination tested. It was observed that the 0.9 kb fragment was amplified only in B. megaterium and not amplified in any other bacterial isolate used in this study. When the primer concentration was increased above 5 μM with annealing temperature ≤60°C, multiple bands were detected in PHA accumulating Bacillus species, but no amplification was detected in Gram-negative PHA accumulating P. yeii, PHA negative Bacillus species, and P. aeruginosa. The optimum conditions chosen for PCR amplification of phaC of B. megaterium were annealing temperature = 64°C and primer concentration = 1 μM.

Table 3: Optimization of PCR condition for amplification of internal region of phaC gene using primer set described in Figure 1.

Primer (μM)
Annealing temperature (°C)
Bacterial species

B. megaterium
B. flexus
B. endophyticus
Bacillus sp.
P. yeii
P. aeruginosa

(MTCC428)
(NAMR4.1)
(TMR1.22)
(NAMNR4.4)
(TMR3.1)
(TMR2.13)

PHA +
PHA +
PHA +
PHA −
PHA +
PHA −

0.9 Kb
MB
0.9 Kb
MB
0.9 Kb
MB
0.9 Kb
MB
0.9 Kb
MB
0.9 Kb
MB

1
51
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

55
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

60
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

64
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

2.5
51
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

55
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

60
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

64
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

5
51
+
*
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−

55
+
*
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−

60
+
*
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−

64
+
*
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

10
51
+
*
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−

55
+
*
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−

60
+
*
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−

64
+
*
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

PHA +: polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulating bacteria; PHA −: bacteria not accumulating polyhydroxyalkanoate; *: double band; MB: multiple band; +: positive; −: absent.

3.5. Validation of Method

Observations of PCR amplifications using primer set performed with all the bacterial cultures at optimal conditions (Method I) are seen in Figures 2 and 4(a) and under suboptimal conditions (Method II) in Figures 3 and 4(b). PCR amplification of phaC in all the strains of B. megaterium was of a single band of 0.9 kb fragment in Method I (1 μM primer concentration and 64°C annealing temperature). No amplification was detected in bacterial species other than B. megaterium. 16S rRNA gene was amplified in all the bacterial isolates.

Figure 2: PCR amplification of 0.9 kb internal region of phaC gene under optimum condition (Method I), that is, 1 μM of each primer concentration and 64°C annealing temperature, where Lane 1—molecular weight marker; 2—Bacillus megaterium MTCC428; 3—Bacillus megaterium TMR1.3.2; 4—Bacillus megaterium TMR1.4; 5—Bacillus megaterium NAMNR3.7; 6—Bacillus megaterium NQ-11/A2; 7—Bacillus megaterium COL1/A6; 8—Bacillus flexus NAMR4.1; 9—Bacillus endophyticus TMR1.22; 10—Bacillus thuringiensis 164(H-14); 11—Bacillus sphaericus KSD-4; 12—Bacillus sp. TMR1.10.1; 13—Paracoccus yeii TMR3.1; 14—Bacillus spizizenii ATCC 6633; 15—Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027; 16—Bacillus sp. NAMNR4.4; 17—Pseudomonas aeruginosa TMR2.13.

Figure 3: PCR amplification of 0.9 kb internal region of phaC gene in Method II, that is, 10 μM of each primer concentration and 51°C annealing temperature, where Lane 1—molecular weight marker (500 bp); 2—molecular weight marker (100 bp); 3—Bacillus megaterium MTCC 428; 4—Bacillus megaterium TMR1.3.2; 5—Bacillus megaterium TMR1.4; 6—Bacillus megaterium NAMNR3.7; 7—Bacillus megaterium NQ-11/A2; 8—Bacillus megaterium COL1/A6; 9—Bacillus flexus NAMR4.1; 10—Bacillus endophyticus TMR1.22; 11—Bacillus thuringiensis 164(H-14); 12—Bacillus sphaericus KSD-4; 13—Bacillus sp. TMR1.10.1; 14—Paracoccus yeii TMR3.1; 15—Bacillus spizizenii ATCC 6633; 16—Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027; 17—Bacillus sp. NAMNR4.4; 18–Pseudomonas aeruginosa TMR2.13.

Figure 4: (a) PCR amplification of 0.9 kb internal region of phaC gene under optimum condition (Method I), where Lane M—molecular weight marker (100 bp); 1—Bacillus megaterium QM B1551. (b) PCR amplification of 0.9 kb internal region of phaC gene in Method II. Where Lane M—molecular weight marker (100 bp); 1—Bacillus megaterium QM B1551; 2—Bacillus pumilus ATCC 7061; 3—Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BGSC 10A1; 4—Bacillus Coagulans ATCC 7050; 5—Bacillus firmus NRS 613T; 6—Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980; 7—Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis NCIB 3610; 8—Paenibacillus dendritiformis C168; 9—Marinibacillus marinus DSMZ 1297; 10—Lysinibacillus sphaericus ATCC 12123; 11—Lysinibacillus fusiformis ATCC 7055T; 12—Bacillus circulans ATCC 4513; 13—Bacillus mycoides ATCC 31101; 14—Bacillus weihenstephanensis BGSC 6A24; 15—Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 8480; 16—Aneurinibacillus migulanus NRS 1137T; 17–Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579; 18—negative control.

PCR amplification in Method II (10 μM primer concentration and 51°C annealing temperature) showed presence of two bands in all the strains of B. megaterium with sizes 0.9 kb and 1.9 kb. Interestingly, members of Bacillales accumulating PHA showed multiple bands of nonspecific amplicons unique to their respective species. Strains of B. licheniformis, B. cereus, B. mycoides, and B. weihenstephanensis did not show any amplification in Method II. Other than B. megaterium, none of the isolates showed presence of the 0.9 kb band of amplification. All other bacterial species tested in present study did not show any band in PCR amplification. The banding pattern showed complete reproducibility during repeated extractions and amplifications using Method I and Method II. A two-percent deviation was noted in molecular weights of bands.

Results of PCR amplification of Method I and Method II using eight additional bacterial isolates as a part of the blind folded experiment are seen in Figure 5. In Method I only the strain of B. megaterium BLQ-2/A7 showed amplification of 0.9 kb fragment, whereas no amplification was observed with other bacterial strains. Method II showed amplification of two bands (0.9 kb and 1.9 kb) in B. megaterium, and nonspecific bands were observed in PHA accumulating B. mojavensis MTCC8604, B. niacin MTCC8323, B. simplex MTCC7284, Bacillus sp. NAMNR3.5, and Bacillus sp. TMNR4.1.1. The strains B. aquimaris MTCC6722 and Bacillus sp. MS4.SE3 showed no PHA accumulation and did not give amplification with Method II.

Figure 5: PCR amplification of 0.9 kb internal region of phaC in Method II (Lane 1–8) and Method I (Lane 9–16), where Lane M—molecular weight marker (100 bp); 1—Bacillus megaterium BLQ-2/A7; 2—Bacillus niacini MTCC 8323; 3—Bacillus simplex MTCC 7284; 4—Bacillus mojavensis MTCC 8604; 5—Bacillus sp. NAMNR3.5; 6—Bacillus sp. TMNR4.1.1; 7—Bacillus aquimaris MTCC 6722; 8—Bacillus sp. MS4.SE3; M–molecular weight marker (100 bp); 9—Bacillus megaterium BLQ-2/A7; 10—Bacillus niacini MTCC 8323; 11—Bacillus simplex MTCC 7284; 12—Bacillus mojavensis MTCC 8604; 13—Bacillus sp. NAMNR3.5; 14—Bacillus sp. TMNR4.1.1; 15—Bacillus aquimaris MTCC 6722; 16—Bacillus sp. MS4.SE3.

The dendogram constructed using multiple banding patterns of amplicon showed all the strains of Bacillales clustered differently (Figure 6). Each pattern of band showed a very little similarity to each other. Further, Method II gave multiple banding patterns for PHA accumulating Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis but did not give any amplification for non-PHA accumulator Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii. The clusters formed due to multiple bands among members of Bacillales were different from the clustering obtained with 16S rRNA gene of these species. Method II therefore was able to discriminate PHA accumulating Bacillales up to species level. Although the results were reproducible, it is recommended that it should be used cautiously in combination with other methods.

Figure 6: Dendogram of multiple banding patterns obtained in different PHA accumulating Bacillus species. Clustering was achieved by unweighted pair group average linkage (UPGMA). The computations were performed using the Probiosys Software.

The melting curve of amplicon from B. megaterium TMR1.4 showed the presence of a single peak at 85°C. This confirms the specificity of the primers for the amplification of 0.9 kb of phaC in B. megaterium.

PCR products of 0.9 kb obtained with Bacillus megaterium TMR1.3.2 and Bacillus megaterium TMR1.4 were sequenced and deposited in GenBank with accession numbers JF423932 and JF423933, respectively. Nucleotide blast of these sequences showed 100% similarity with phaC gene of B. megaterium. Pairwise alignment of sequences obtained from B. megaterium TMR1.4 with phaC of other Bacillus sp. showed 73–75% similarity with B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. mycoides, B. thuringiensis, and B. weihenstephanensis. Phylogenetic tree constructed using these sequences with sequences of phaC of various species showed alignment of the sequences with phaC of B. megaterium (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Phylogenetic tree of phaC genes of various bacterial species. The tree was constructed using 1000 seeds and 10000 bootstraps. Except for the strains B. megaterium TMR1.3.2 and B. megaterium TMR1.4 all the sequences used were complete. The node presents the value of bootstrap obtained out of 10000.

4. Discussion

Polyhydroxyalkanoate production in bacteria is mediated by polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase. This enzyme has been classified into four classes, that is, Class I to Class IV. In B. megaterium, rapid PHA production occurs after a long lag phase. A 4,104 bp cluster consists of five pha genes responsible for PHA synthesis in this bacterium. It consists of phaP, phaQ, phaR, phaB, and phaC. PHA synthase of B. megaterium is a heterodimer and belongs to Class IV. This PHA synthase consists of 40 kDa PhaC and 20 kDa PhaR. Genes of both these proteins are parts of an operon consisting of phaR, phaB, and phaC. These three genes are transcribed as tricistronic mRNA. The phaB encodes for acetoacetyl CoA reductase, which provides hydroxybutyryl CoA for PHA synthase [2, 47, 48]. PhaQ is a DNA binding protein, which represses its own synthesis. Once PHB is produced, it binds to PhaQ resulting in the removal of repression on transcription of phaQ and phaP [49]. The phaQ and phaP are transcribed independently as a single mRNA 1.2 kb that is presumably processed to give 0.7 kb transcript responsible synthesis of phasins protein—PhaP. Once the phasins are produced, the granule formation of PHA in B. megaterium gets stabilized [47]. Bacillus megaterium contains budding granules of PHB in which PHA synthase is covalently bound [12].

Nucleotide sequences of phaC gene from B. megaterium showed 73–75% homology with phaC gene of other polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulating Bacillus sp. This indicates the uniqueness of the sequences of phaC of B. megaterium. The differences in the gene sequences serving as recognition of unique regions present at 15–34 and 912–931 on phaC were utilised to design the primers for identification of B. megaterium. Earlier Shamala et al. [50] designed a set of primer using phaC gene sequences of B. megaterium for the detection of PHA producing Bacillus sp., where the amplification product was 590 bp in different PHA accumulating Bacillus sp. including B. megaterium. In the present study the internal primers designed are unique and bind in the phaC gene at 15–34 (forward primer) and 912–931 (reverse primer). PCR amplification using this primer set results in single amplicon of 0.9 kb seen only in B. megaterium at specified optimum conditions. Specificity of the primers was validated by sequencing of 0.9 kb PCR amplification product from B. megaterium, that gave 100% similarity with phaC of B. megaterium, and real-time PCR that gave of the amplicon as 85°C. Recently genomes of two strains of Bacillus megaterium namely QM B1551 and DSM 319 were sequenced completely [16]. One strain, namely, QM B1551 was incorporated for cross verification of specificity of the primers and method thereof. The method showed amplification of 0.9 kb fragment with this strain. This confirms the specificity of the primers. The ubiquity of B. megaterium in the natural environment and its emerging industrial importance could help if the identification of new potential strains of this bacterium becomes rapid and easier. In comparison to routinely used molecular methods for identification of B. megaterium, the present method is rapid and specific. Further, this method does not require sequencing of amplicon or any additional test to confirm its identification.

PCR based randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique has been used for molecular typing and identification among closely related species of the genus Bacillus [30, 31]. The pattern of amplified DNA fragments produce during RAPD-PCR provides information on genetic variability between organisms of different species. Interestingly, in Method II B. megaterium and other PHA producing Bacillales gave multiple banding patterns of nonspecific amplicon unique to respective species. Members of Bacillales such as Lysinibacillus, Marinibacillus, Geobacillus, Aneurinibacillus, Paenibacillus, and all the species of Bacillus reported for accumulation of PHA were included. Although, B. licheniformis, B. cereus, B. mycoides, and B. weihenstephanensis were reported as PHA accumulators, the isolates of these species used in this study neither showed PHA accumulation nor any amplification in Method II.

Different methods have been used for the identification of B. megaterium which are both laborious and time consuming. During the last decade a number of new species of the genus Bacillus have been described showing a very close similarity to B. megaterium. This has resulted in a difficulty in accurate nomenclature of the isolates. Even though several methods are used, the identification is limited to genus level only [19, 27]. It is known that, among the members of Bacillales, B. flexus and B. simplex show very close similarity with B. megaterium in physiological characteristics and 16S rRNA sequencing, but in this study PCR amplification of the 0.9 kb region of phaC gene under optimum condition resulted in no amplification in B. flexus and B. simplex. Pairwise alignment of 16S rRNA sequences of B. megaterium and B. flexus showed 11 nucleotide differences in the hypervariable region in between 150 and 200 bp region of their 16S rRNA gene. Inconsistency in biochemical test results and errors in sequencing of 16S rRNA gene may lead to wrong identification. Hence, this method can be ideally used to differentiate B. megaterium from B. flexus and B. simplex. With the increasing importance of B. megaterium in the field of biotechnology, the ambiguity observed with its identification by conventional biochemical and molecular methods would limit its application. The present simple yet rapid method counteracts these problems and is thus a suitable alternative for the accurate identification of the organism.

Like B. megaterium other members of Bacillales are attractive industrial organisms with known capabilities to produce enzymes, recombinant proteins, antibiotics, purine nucleotides, insecticidal proteins, vitamins, sugars biopolymer, and biofertilizers [51–57]. These strains are gaining interest for economic production of these compounds for a variety of reasons including high growth rates, short fermentation cycle times, ability to tolerate wide pH and temperature ranges, easy to maintain in spore forms, capacity to secrete proteins into the extracellular medium, amenable to genetic engineering, and the GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status [55]. Further, the suboptimal conditions described as Method II were suitable for rapid differentiation for identification of polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulating members of Bacillales.

Abbreviations

PHA: | Polyhydroxyalkanoate
PHB: | Polyhydroxybutyrate
phaC: | Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase
PCR: | Polymerase chain reaction
RT-PCR: | Real-time PCR
RAPD: | Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA.

Acknowledgments

The support from MOES, Government of India, for the Junior Research Fellowship to Pramoda Kumar Nayak under the Center of Excellence in Marine Microbiology, Goa Unversity is gratefully acknowledged. The authors like to thank the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center (BGSC), Columbus, for providing bacterial culture and Mr. Swapnil Doijad and Dr. S. B. Barbuddhe ICAR, ELA-Old Goa, India, for the RT-PCR.

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