International Journal of Inorganic Chemistry

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 716819, 5 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/716819

Research Article

Effect of Ni Doping on the Growth and Properties of Mn-L-Histidine Hydrochloride Monohydrate Crystals

J. Sai Chandra,¹ P. N. V. V. L. Prameela Rani,¹ V. Parvathi,¹ and Y. Sunandamma²

¹Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522 510, India

²Department of Chemistry, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore 524 001, India

Received 13 April 2013; Accepted 30 July 2013

Academic Editor: W. T. Wong

Copyright © 2013 J. Sai Chandra et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The main focus of this work had been to grow good quality crystals from amino acids and amino acid-based materials for nonlinear optics (NLO) applications. For the first time, a series of amino acid complexes doped with transition metal ions were grown in our laboratory from aqueous solutions by slow evaporation technique. Ni(II) ion doped Manganese L-Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate (Ni(II)-MnLHICl) crystals were grown on the same lines and were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance, and infrared absorption studies. From Powder XRD, the unit cell lattice parameters were calculated as  nm,  nm and  nm. From electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, isotropic “g” factor and spin hamiltonian parameter A all were calculated as 2.0439 and , respectively. From optical absorption studies, crystal field splitting value () and the interelectron repulsion parameters B and C were calculated for Ni²⁺ and Mn²⁺ as  cm⁻¹,  cm⁻¹,  cm⁻¹ and  cm⁻¹,  cm⁻¹,  cm⁻¹, respectively. The presence of various functional groups and the modes of vibrations were confirmed by FTIR studies.

1. Introduction

Doping is a well-chosen and widely accepted technique for incorporating the required physical properties in a bulk material for technological applications [1–3]. The technique has been extensively explored to modify the properties like electrooptical (photoluminescence), conductivity and crystal growth [4]. It has also been demonstrated that metal ion dopants are the most versatile in modifying the properties of a compound [5]. Metal amino acid interactions have been widely studied because of their biological importance. Metal amino acid complexes constitute very important model systems in order to understand the electronic properties of metal ions in biologically important macromolecules [6]. Amino acid complexes doped with transition metal ions are suitable model systems for understanding the basic aspects of role of metals in proteins [7, 8].

L-Histidine is an optically active α-amino acid in its laevo-form and is a tridentate ligand that has an imidazole ring, amino, and carboxylate groups. It is also a protein-forming amino acid playing a fundamental role in several biological mechanisms including the formation of hemoglobin and is being used in the treatment of allergic diseases and anemia [9]. Complexes of amino acids with metal ion dopants combine the advantage of organo amino acid with that of inorganic metal ions [10]. Multidentate complexes of amino acids with metal ion dopants are at present considered as novel materials for second harmonic generation (SHG) properties and for nonlinear optics NLO applications too [11]. Effects of Cu(II), Ni(II), Cr(II) and Zn(II) ion doping on pure L-Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate crystal structures were reported [12–15]. In all these cases, dopant ions occupied interstitial positions in the crystal structure of L-Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate and exhibited very good NLO (Nonlinear optics) properties. As far as our literature search goes, little attention has been paid to doped amino acid complexes and few investigations have been carried out on this class of compounds [16]. Thus, there is a great need to explore their full potential by undertaking studies on these materials and the present study is one in this direction. Various transition metal ion doped amino acid complex crystals were grown in our laboratory and were characterized to understand the structure, site symmetry, and nature of bonding in them. Ni(II) ion doped MnLHICl complex was one such system, synthesized and characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction XRD, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and optical absorption studies. The growth aspects of the crystals were studied using slow evaporation technique. The photographs of as-grown crystals of Ni(II) ion doped MnLHICl is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Ni(II) doped MnLHICl crystals.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Ni(II) Doped MnLHICl Crystal Growth by Slow Evaporation Technique

Crystals of Ni²⁺ ion doped MnLHICl were grown by slow evaporation at room temperature from the aqueous, equimolar, and equivolume solutions of manganese chloride hexahydrate (MnCl₂·6H₂O) and L-Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate (C₆H₁₀N₃O₂Cl·H₂O) containing 0.01 mol% of nickel chloride dihydrate (NiCl₂·2H₂O) added as dopant to the growth solution. Crystals of Ni(II) doped MnLHICl appeared in about 45 days.

The Powder X-Ray Diffraction studies of the crystal were carried out using PHILIPS MAKE PW1830 X-Ray Diffractometer. Ni(II)-MnLHICl crystals were powdered and X-Ray powder diffraction patterns were recorded at room temperature. All the diffraction patterns were obtained using Kα radiation (λ = 1.54056 Å) at 30 kV and 15 mA from 2θ = 8° to 70° with steps of 0.05°. Polycrystalline EPR spectrum of the sample was recorded at room temperature on JEOL JES-FA 200 EPR Spectrometer. The optical absorption spectrum was recorded in the range of 200–1400 nm using JASCO V670 Spectrophotometer and the FTIR spectrum was recorded using KBr pellets on THERMO NICOLET 6700 FTIR Spectrophotometer in the region 400–4000 cm⁻¹.

2.1.1. Crystal Structure

The unit cell of pure L-Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate (C₆H₁₀N₃O₂ HCl·H₂O) has four molecules per unit cell, belonging to orthorhombic system. The reported values of cell parameters for pure LHICl crystal were  nm,  nm,  nm with space group P2₁2₁2₁ [17]. Ni²⁺ doped MnLHICl crystals were also orthorhombic with space group P2₁2₁2₁. The unit cell dimensions for the crystal were evaluated as   nm, and  nm which were presented in Table 1. Thus, the observed values of cell dimensions for Ni(II) doped MnLHICl were in good agreement with the reported values of pure L-Histidine. A comparative account of the X-Ray diffraction data of the Ni²⁺ doped Mn LHICl crystal with that of pure LHICl was presented in Table 1.

Table 1: XRD data of pure LHICl and Ni(II) doped MnLHICl crystals.

Sample
Cell parameters/nm
Volume/A³
Space group

Pure LHICl
a = 1.5285

b = 0.8884

c = 0.6876
933.71
P2₁2₁2₁

Ni(II) doped MnLHICl
a = 1.5301

b = 0.8928

c = 0.6851
935.97
P2₁2₁2₁

3. Results and Discussion

Ni(II) doped crystal of MnLHICl complex (Figure 2) had a different growth habit and color from those of Ni(II) doped LHICl [13].

Figure 2: Powder XRD spectrum of Ni(II) doped MnLHICl crystal.

3.1. X-Ray Spectral Studies

From powder X-ray diffraction data, Ni(II) doped MnLHICl crystal was orthorhombic with lattice parameters  nm,  nm, and  nm and space group P2₁2₁2₁ was analyzed and the results were presented in Table 1. The computer program POWD (an Interactive Powder Diffraction Data Interpretation and Indexing Program, Version 2.2) was used to calculate values which were presented in Table 2 and found to be in good agreement with the JCPDS values.

Table 2: d-Spacings and hkl values of Ni(II) doped MnLHICl crystal.

d-Spacing
Indices
2θ Deg.

Obs
Calc
h
k
l
Obs
Calc

7.7126
7.7113
1
1
0
11.46
11.47

7.6555
7.6505
2
0
0
11.55
11.56

6.2534
6.2532
1
0
1
14.15
14.15

5.8115
5.8094
2
1
0
15.23
15.24

5.1220
5.1219
1
1
1
17.30
17.30

5.1051
5.1039
2
0
1
17.36
17.36

4.4640
4.4648
0
2
0
19.87
19.87

4.4318
4.4315
2
1
1
20.02
20.02

4.4308
4.4286
3
1
0
20.02
20.03

4.2856
4.2853
1
2
0
20.71
20.71

4.0928
4.0912
3
0
1
21.70
21.70

3.8563
3.8556
2
2
0
23.04
23.05

3.8277
3.8252
4
0
0
23.22
23.23

3.7401
3.7402
0
2
1
23.77
23.77

3.7205
3.7193
3
1
1
23.90
23.91

3.6333
3.6332
1
2
1
24.48
24.48

3.5181
3.5161
4
1
0
25.29
25.31

3.4255
3.4258
0
0
2
25.99
25.99

3.3601
3.3591
3
2
0
26.51
26.51

3.3428
3.3439
1
0
2
26.64
26.64

3.3415
3.3419
4
0
1
26.65
26.67

3.1981
3.1984
0
1
2
27.87
27.87

3.1306
3.1307
1
1
2
28.49
28.49

3.1267
3.1266
2
0
2
28.52
28.52

3.0168
3.0161
3
2
1
29.59
29.59

2.9512
2.9509
2
1
2
30.26
30.26

2.9213
2.9213
1
3
0
30.58
30.58

2.9058
2.9047
4
2
0
30.74
30.76

2.8442
2.8438
3
0
2
31.43
31.43

2.7956
2.7942
5
0
1
31.99
32.01

2.7738
2.7735
2
3
0
32.25
32.25

2.7296
2.7296
0
3
1
32.78
32.78

2.6872
2.6872
1
3
1
33.31
33.31

2.5712
2.5709
2
3
1
34.87
34.87

2.5612
2.5609
2
2
2
35.01
35.01

2.5252
2.5241
5
2
0
35.52
35.54

2.4542
2.4537
4
1
2
36.58
36.59

2.4070
2.4066
3
3
1
37.33
37.33

2.3913
2.3916
6
0
1
37.58
37.62

2.3693
2.3684
5
2
1
37.94
37.96

2.3494
2.3489
4
3
0
38.28
38.29

2.3099
2.3087
6
1
1
38.96
38.98

2.2832
2.2822
5
0
2
39.44
39.45

2.2586
2.2588
1
0
3
39.88
39.88

2.2466
2.2467
0
3
2
40.10
40.15

2.2325
2.2329
0
4
0
40.38
40.38

2.2228
2.2228
1
3
2
40.55
40.55

3.1.1. EPR Studies

The powder EPR spectrum of the Ni²⁺ doped MnLHICl was recorded at room temperature and was shown in Figure 3. The crystals gave a well-resolved EPR spectrum, even though very few systems that exhibit room temperature EPR spectra are known in the literature. The Spin-Hamiltonian parameters were determined. The resonance peak that appeared at and the value of hyperfine splitting factor, , indicated octahedral site symmetry for Ni²⁺ in the host lattice [18, 19].

Figure 3: EPR spectrum of Ni(II) doped MnLHICl crystal.

3.1.2. Optical Absorption Studies

The UV-VIS spectrum was recorded for the grown crystals in the wavelength range 200–1400 nm and shown in Figure 4. The UV-VIS calculations are carried out by energy matrices. Three intense, spin-allowed transitions due to , and and two weak, spin-forbidden transitions due to and are expected for Ni²⁺ ion in an octahedral field [20]. The three observed strong peaks at 510 nm, 680 nm, and 1090 nm were assigned to and transitions. The crystal field splitting value () and the interelectron repulsion parameters and were calculated as  cm⁻¹, 5 cm⁻¹, and  cm⁻¹. Peaks corresponding to Mn²⁺   ion in an octahedral environment at 425 nm and 610 nm from and transitions were also observed in the host lattice which coincide with the reported values for divalent manganese ion [21]. The crystal field splitting value () and the inter electron repulsion parameters and were found to be  cm⁻¹, 0 cm⁻¹ and  cm⁻¹. The band assignments indicated the presence of both the ions in the crystal lattice of Ni (II) doped MnLHICl and were shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Optical values of Ni(II) doped MnLHICl crystal. Observed and calculated energies of various bands in the optical absorption spectrum of Ni(II) doped MnLHICl.

Transition
Wavelength (nm)
Observed wavenumber (cm⁻¹)
Calculated wavenumber (cm⁻¹)

For Ni²⁺ ion

3A2g → ³T₂
(F)
510
19602
19628

3A2g → ³T₁
(F)
680
14594
14618

3A2g → ³T₁
(P)
1090
9171
9150

= 915 cm⁻¹        B = 725 cm⁻¹        C = 2640 cm⁻¹

For Mn²⁺ ion

6A1g → ⁴T₁
(G)
425
23523
23520

6A1g → ⁴A₁
(G)
610
16371
16388

= 850 cm⁻¹        B = 810 cm⁻¹        C = 2780 cm⁻¹         = 76

Figure 4: UV-VIS spectrum of Ni(II) doped MnLHICl crystal.

3.1.3. FTIR Spectral Studies

FTIR spectrum and the characteristic assignment of peak values for Ni²⁺ doped MnLHICl crystal in the range of 4000–500 cm⁻¹ were shown in Figure 5 and Table 4, respectively, and were in good agreement with the absorptions reported in the literature for LHICl and its complexes [22–24].

Table 4: IR values for Ni(II) doped MnLHICl crystal.

Band in cm⁻¹
Assignment

3587
O–H stretch of H₂O

3265
Symmetrical stretching () of H₂O

2988
Asymmetric stretching of N

2597
Symmetric stretching of N

2358
Stretching of C–H

1605
Asymmetric bend of N and C=N stretching

1494
Symmetric bending of N

1411
Symmetric mode of COO⁻ and C–N stretching

1285
O–H in-plane bending

1061
O–H stretching of carboxylic acid

864
C–H out-of-plane bending

693
CH₂ bending

620
Torsional NH oscillation of N

Figure 5: FTIR spectrum of Ni(II) doped MnLHICl crystal.

4. Conclusion

For the first time, Ni²⁺ ion doped manganese L-histidine hydrochloride monohydrate crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature in a period of 45 days. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that the grown crystals belong to orthorhombic system with the space group P2₁2₁2₁. A close observation of the crystallographic data showed very slight changes in the values indicating negligible changes in the crystal structures. The Racah parameters ( and ) and crystal field parameter were calculated. From the EPR and optical studies, it was concluded that octahedral site symmetry existed for the Ni(II) ion in the host lattice. The presence of various functional groups and the modes of vibrations were identified by FTIR studies.

Acknowledgments

Authors Y. Sunandamma, J. Sai Chandra, P. N. V. V. L. Prameela Rani, and V. Parvathi are thankful to UGC, New Delhi, for financial assistance through UGC-MRP/F.No. 37-7/2009(SR), J. Sai Chandra and P. N. V. V. L. Prameela Rani are particularly thankful to UGC, New Delhi, for financial assistance through Non-SAP meritorious fellowship/Ref. No. F.4-1/2006(BSR) and 11-67/2008(BSR).

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