Journal of Wind Energy

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 735693, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/735693

Research Article

Power Generation Expansion Planning Including Large Scale Wind Integration: A Case Study of Oman

Arif S. Malik¹ and Cornelius Kuba²

¹College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Al-Khod, Oman

²Mechanical Engieering, Technical University Hamburg, Harburg, Germany

Received 25 April 2013; Accepted 28 June 2013

Academic Editor: Janaka Ekanayake

Copyright © 2013 Arif S. Malik and Cornelius Kuba. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Many options can be effectively used to meet the future power needs of a country in ways which would be more economically viable, environmentally sound, and socially just. A least-cost generation expansion planning study is conducted to find the economic feasibility of large scale integration of wind farms in the main interconnected transmission system of Oman. The generation expansion planning software used is WASP which is restricted in its ability to model intermittent nature of wind. Therefore, a wind turbine is modeled as a thermal plant with high forced outage rate related to its capacity factor. The result of the study has shown that wind turbines are economically viable option in the overall least-cost generation expansion plan for the Main Interconnected System of Oman.

1. Introduction

In the planning of a power system, it is essential to estimate the operating cost and reliability of the system. To make these estimations, it is important to model the system load and generation units in an appropriate way. Power system planning is made up of the electrical load forecast, generation planning, and electrical network planning [1, 2]. The electrical load forecast forms the basis of power system planning and provides information on expected consumption increase, load curve profiles, and load distribution. The result of generation planning and electrical network can also conversely exert an influence on electrical load curve or distribution via marginal cost effort. In the planning process, major decisions in expansion planning of the generation system must consider alternative generating unit sizes, types of capacity, timing of addition, and locations. The main sources of uncertainty in strategic planning are forecasts of electricity demand, fuel prices and availability, availability and performance of new technology, governmental policies toward privatization and regulations, and public attitudes [3].

This paper reports a study that was aimed to find a least-cost generation expansion plan for the Main Interconnected System (MIS) of Oman considering the large scale integration of wind energy. The importance of the study is to show how wind turbines can be modeled in generation expansion planning software models that are based on load duration curve technique and that wind energy system can form part of the least-cost plan in Oman while keeping the same planning standard of minimum reserve margin and cost of unserved energy.

The study is limited by its scope as no detailed investigation of wind energy sites and their true potential is estimated. However, ample literature on wind energy potential and its application in Oman is available which suggests that there is a significant potential available in the southern part and the coastal area of the country [4–10]. The study also does not consider the cost related to wind power evacuation from the south to the north of the country where the major load exists. The load and generation data used is taken from Oman Power and Water Procurement (OPWP) company’s report [11] and private communications to OPWP personnel. The candidate plants used for expanding the generation system are taken those which are presently in the Omani power system with the exception of wind plants. The generation expansion planning is done using Wien Automatic System Planning (WASP) software [12]. The software has its own modeling limitations; for example, the load model is based on the load duration curve (LDC). LDC model provides information about the percentage of time the load equals or exceeds a certain MW value and gives the same energy information as the actual chronological load curve; however, the chronology of the events is lost which poses modeling limitations to nondispatchable technologies such as wind.

This paper is arranged in six sections. Section 1 is an introduction. Section 2 is a theoretical review of power planning concepts. Section 3 is a review of wind energy potential in Oman. Section 4 discusses how wind plants can be modeled in WASP. Section 5 provides generation and load data of MIS system. Section 6 presents the results of the generation expansion planning. And the last section concludes the paper.

2. Electric Power System Planning

2.1. Objective of Power Planning Study

The objective of electric planning study is to meet the load forecast with high reliability at a minimum cost. There are three keywords in the previous statement, that is, load forecast, reliability, and cost. A brief discussion on these three keywords is followed. The cost is minimized depending on the financial resources, technical, environmental, and political considerations. Four questions must be answered when the study of capacity planning is done [1].

(1)What type of capacities will be added to the system?(2)How much capacities will be added?(3)When these capacities will be added?(4)Where these capacities will be located?

The first three questions can be answered by using any generation expansion planning software. However, for the question where to locate the new facilities a detailed feasibility study has to be carried out considering the load center, availability of fuel, water, manpower, transmission corridors, and so forth. The objective function of the least-cost-planning software is normally the following:

Minimize for all ,

where

 CC is the capital cost; SV is the salvage value; FC is the fuel cost; O&M is the operating and maintenance cost; UE is the energy not served cost;  is number of years in study period; And over bar () on the above costs represents present worth of all the costs.

The capital costs of only candidate generating plants considered for expansion are added in the objective function. The capital costs of existing plants and those in the construction phase (committed plants) in the system are considered sunk and are thus not considered in the objective function.

2.2. Generation Planning Study Period

The study period normally spans from twenty to twenty-five years. The study period consists of three subperiods: preplanning period, planning period, and postplanning period [13]. Preplanning period is the first 3-4 years in which the planning was done earlier. This is included in the study period to see the energy production cost and reliability of the system. The planning period is between 4 and 10 years in which the decision has to be taken now about the plants that have to be added in the future to meet the forecast. The post-planning period is added in the study period to avoid the end effects by making the calculations continue for another 10 years or more so that a proper tradeoff between construction costs and operating costs is found. Therefore, the long-term forecasts of 20–25 years of electricity consumption and demand are used in the planning of investment in generating capacity and the development of fuel supplies.

2.3. Reliability

Reliability is the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time [14, 15]. In (1) the reliability is also embedded in terms of cost of energy not served. This cost is basically customers’ electricity outages cost and is the penalty for unreliability. If more capacity is added in the system, the capital cost would be high but because of more capacity in the system the total unserved energy cost would be low as the system would be more reliable. On the other hand, if the capacity added is less than the actual required, then there would be more customer outages and hence higher unserved energy cost. The basic concept of reliability-cost/reliability-worth evaluation is relatively simple and can be presented by the cost/reliability curves, as shown in Figure 1 [14, 15]. These curves show that the investment cost generally increases with higher reliability, that is, capital investment is augmented in order to improve the reliability. On the other hand, the customers’ outages cost decreases as the reliability increases. Furthermore, the total cost of the two curves is the sum of the utility cost and the customers cost, and the minimum exhibits the optimal cost.

Figure 1: Relationship between consumers, utility, and total annual cost with respect to reliability.

3. Wind Energy Potential in Oman

The wind speed in Oman is relatively high compared with other gulf countries. Oman’s southern region appears to have the highest wind potential. Figure 2 shows the average wind speed in some of the cities in Oman. The highest wind potential is in Quiroon Hariti and Thumrait and both are in the South of Oman. A brief literature review on wind energy potential in Oman is presented in the following paragraphs.

Figure 2: Annual average wind speeds of some sites in Oman at 10 m height.

In [6], it is concluded that with the existing gas price of 1.5 US$/MMBtu wind energy is not economical for grid application. The wind energy at Quiroon Hariti, (see Figure 2) the highest wind potential in Oman, becomes marginally economical at a gas price of 6 $/MMBtu. At the opportunity cost of natural gas price of approximately 3 $/MMBtu and adding a depletion premium of 3% per annum, the cost of wind energy become comparable to open cycle gas-turbine (GT) power plants. The combined cycle (CCGT) power plants remain cheaper, however. The comparison is made by assuming the economic life of assets (GT, CCGT, and 20 MW wind farm) to be 25 years and the real discount rate at 7.55%.

In [7], the electricity generation from wind energy for Duqm, a coastal region, was investigated based on the monthly mean wind speed observations. A technoeconomic evaluation was also presented using V90-1.8 turbine. It was concluded that the power generation cost is higher than the current existing system, due to the highly subsidized price of natural gas. In [8], a single 50 kW wind turbine of TekVal was used to demonstrate the economical utilization of the wind energy at the site. It was concluded that the operating cost of the diesel generation was 1.7–1.8 times the specific cost of wind turbine. It was also concluded that the simple payback period of the turbine was about five years.

In [9], five-year hourly wind data is analyzed from twenty-nine weather stations to identify the potential location for wind energy applications in Oman. Different criteria including theoretical wind power output, vertical profile, turbulence, and peak demand fitness were considered to identify the potential locations. Air density and roughness length, which play an important role in the calculation of the wind power density potential, are derived for each station site. Due to the seasonal power demand, a seasonal approach is also introduced to identify the wind potential on different seasons. Finally, a scoring approach was introduced in order to classify the potential sites based on the different factors mentioned previously. It is concluded that Qairoon Hairiti, Thumrait, Masirah, and Ras Alhad have high wind power potential and that Quiroon Hariti is the most suitable site for wind power generation.

In [10], the article assessed wind power cost per kWh of energy produced using four types of wind machines at 27 locations within Oman. These sites cover all regions in Oman. Hourly values of wind speed recorded between 2000 and 2009, in most cases, were used for all 27 locations. Wind duration curves were developed and utilized to calculate the cost per kWh of energy generated from four chosen wind machines. It was found that the cost of energy is low in the south and middle regions of Oman compared with that in the north region. According to the study, the most promising sites for the economic harnessing of wind power are Thumrait, Qairoon Hairiti, Masirah, and Sur, with an energy cost of less than 0.117 US$/kWh when 2000 kW, 1500 kW, 850 kW, or 250 kW wind turbines are used.

4. Wind Plant Modeling in WASP

As mentioned in the introduction that the load model in WASP software is based on the load duration curve (LDC) technique. LDC model provides information about the percentage of time the load equals or exceeds a certain MW value and gives the same energy information as the actual chronological load curve. However, the chronology of the events is lost in LDC models which pose modeling limitations for nondispatchable technologies such as wind which are inherently chronological devices that operate according to the availability of wind. There are several ways to model wind turbine/plant in WASP and all have some kind of approximation. Here are some of the ways to handle it.

(1)Wind turbine/plant can be modeled as a thermal plant with zero fuel cost and increased forced outage rate to reflect the variability of wind and reduced capacity credit of wind turbine. With zero fuel cost, the economic loading order of wind turbine is first in the merit and can be considered as a base load plant.(2)Wind turbine is modeled as negative load. The expected energy produced by a wind turbine can first be subtracted from the original chronological load curve and then the load duration curve is made. The optimization is then done without considering wind turbines and the cost of wind turbine can then be added later in the optimal case.(3)Wind turbine can be derated according to the capacity credit and modeled as a thermal plant with zero fuel cost and a normal forced outage rate of say about 4% can be assigned. (4)Wind turbine is modeled as a hydroplant with a base load capacity and inflow energy as a constraint. The inflow energy reflects the energy the wind turbine can produce in a given load duration curve time span.

In the present study, a wind turbine is modeled as a thermal plant with high forced outage rate to investigate the economic feasibility of wind plants. This technique is closer to reality as the higher forced outage rate force the WASP model to select more plants to meet the reliability requirement. In real systems also because of poor capacity credit attributed to wind energy a lot of backup supply has to be provided. The candidate plant of 2 MW taken from [10] is used to demonstrate the economic feasibility at one of the best sites of Thumrait. Table 1 gives the technical data of wind turbine.

Table 1: Technical data of wind turbine.

Wind mach.
Rated power

(kW)
Cut-in

(m/s)
Cut-out

(m/s)
Rated speed

(m/s)
Hub height

(m)
Rotor Dia

(m)
Expected life

(yrs)

V80
2000
4
25
16
67
80
20

The annual energy produced by this wind turbine at the site is 4318 MWh from which its forced outage rate is calculated from its capacity factor using the following two formulas:

It is assumed that 10 wind turbines of 2 MW size form a wind park of 20 MW. This 20 MW is used as a candidate plant instead of 2 MW wind turbine. The other needed data for WASP is shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Data of wind turbine for WASP.

Type
Max. capacity (MW)
Forced outage rate
Sch. maintenance days
Fixed O&M cost $/kW-month
Capital cost $/kW
Life (yrs)
Construction time (yr)

Wind
20
75.4%
10
1.46
1500
20
1

5. MIS Generation and Load Data

5.1. Generation Data

The generation expansion planning is carried out for the MIS from 2012 to 2034. The main Interconnected System consists of ten existing plants Ghubrah, Rusail, Wadi Al-Jizzi, Manah, Barka-I, Barka-II, Barka-III, Sohar-I, Sohar-II, and Alkamil. All the plants are either combustion turbines or combined cycle plants. The fixed or existing system consists of about 4770 MW capacity [11]. The committed plants and the retirements are also taken into account. Table 3 provides technical and economic data for the fixed system and committed plants. All power plants are powered by natural gas, which comes from domestic production with a fuel cost of 1189 ¢/10⁶ kcal equivalent to $3/MMBtu. The last two plants with zero number of sets show the committed plants. Table 4 provides the technical and economic data of units taken as candidate plants for expansion.

Table 3: Technical and cost data of thermal plants in the year 2012.

No.
Plant name
No. of sets
Min. load MW
Capacity MW
Heat rates
Fast spin Res %
FOR %
Sched. Maintenance days
O&M (FIX) $/kW-month
O&M (VAR) $/MWh

kcal/kWh

Base
Incr.

load
load

1
GBG5
8
6
16
4728
2434
9
10
27
3.78
0.18

2
GBG6
2
11
26
4176
2116
9
10
31
5.21
0.18

3
GBG9
2
91
91
2705
2705
0
5
31
7.17
0.18

4
GBS1
1
37
37
1811
1811
0
50
34
5.68
0.37

5
GBS2
2
30
30
1058
1058
0
20
25
8.91
0.37

6
RUSL
8
45
86
3713
2224
9
5
27
3.57
2.26

7
WJZ1
8
12
27
4204
2205
9
5
31
6.50
0.18

8
WJZ2
5
6
17
4701
2430
9
5
30
6.50
0.18

9
MNH1
3
12
29
4301
2253
9
2
20
6.52
3.24

10
MNH2
2
42
94
3455
2215
9
2
30
6.52
2.13

11
ALK
3
44
99
3515
2326
9
2
37
6.57
3.32

12
BRK1
1
108
435
3257
1756
9
3
20
9.08
1.44

13
BRK2
1
126
710
2114
1742
9
4
20
7.07
1.16

14
BRK3
2
40
247
1797
1455
9
3
20
20.05
1.04

15
SHR1
1
121
590
3467
1821
9
3
20
5.84
1.28

16
SHR2
2
40
247
1797
1455
9
3
20
20.05
1.04

17
SURa
0
400
799
1771
1316
9
3
20
13.01
0.66

18
SURb
0
201
401
1711
1316
9
3.5
20
13.01
0.66

Table 4: Technical and cost data of candidate plants.

No.
Plant name
Min. load MW
Capacity MW
Heat rates
Fast spin Res %
FOR %
Sched. maintenance days
O&M (FIX) $/kW-month
O&M (VAR) $/MWh
Capital cost $/kWh
Plant life (yrs)
Construction time

kcal/kWh

Base
Incr

load
load

1
GBG9
91
91
2705
2705
0
5
31
7.17
0.18
795
25
3

2
BRK1
108
435
3257
1756
9
3
20
9.08
1.44
977
25
3

3
FCOL
83
250
2800
2300
10
8
35
2.92
5.00
2000
25
5

5.2. Load Data

As mentioned earlier, the load model in WASP is of load duration curve. The annual chronological hourly load curve of year 2009 is used to make load duration curves (LDC) for winter and summer seasons. Figure 3 shows a summer load duration curve with inverted axes. The figure shows that load of 1100 MW or more needs to be served all times and more than 3000 MW needs to be served for around 8% of time. These summer and winter LDCs are then normalized and the shapes of LDCs are assumed the same for the whole study period. The peak load for the 2012 is 4189 MW and for year 2034 (the end of study period) is 12,617 MW with an average load growth of about 5%. Figure 4 shows the peak load from 2012 till 2034.

Figure 3: Load duration curve with inverted axis.

Figure 4: Annual peak demand from 2012 to 2034.

5.3. Economic Data

The discount rate used for the study is 7.5% and the cost of unserved energy as 1.6 $/kWh. The discount rate of 7.5% has been used in earlier official studies; see for example [6]. The cost of unserved energy was worked out in [15] and is consistent with the optimal reserve margins found using the cost of unserved energy and the average reserve margins existing in Oman.

6. Results and Discussions

Table 5 provides the results of a base case without the option of wind turbines. It may be noted that FCOL is not selected at all. The results show that by the year 2034 seventy-four units of GBG9 and fifteen units of BRK1 are selected with total capacity addition of 13,259 MW in the system. The existing generating units of Table 3 will all retire during the study period. The loss-of-load probability (LOLP) of 0.028% in year 2034 corresponds to loss-of-load expectation of about 0.1 day per year or 1 day in 10 years. The total objective function cost is about 21.85 billion dollars.

Table 5: Results of base case: costs, reliability, type, and number of units selected.

Year
Present worth cost of the year in thousands dollars
LOLP %
GBG9
BRK1
FCOL

Const. cost
Salvage value
Operating cost
Energy not served cost
Total
Obj. Fn (Cumulative)

2034
81646
73253
631261
0
639654
21847338
0.028
74
15
0

2033
104834
84241
651639
0
672232
21207684
0.024
69
15
0

2032
109827
78893
670504
0
701438
20535452
0.031
63
15
0

2031
117515
75307
689700
0
731908
19834014
0.028
63
14
0

2030
826712
471547
709039
0
1064204
19102106
0.027
63
13
0

2029
337793
171065
699590
126
866444
18037902
0.047
42
10
0

2028
143960
64548
734243
123
813778
17171458
0.046
39
8
0

2027
104885
41510
752857
235
816467
16357680
0.055
39
7
0

2026
112227
39068
777024
262
850445
15541213
0.055
35
7
0

2025
412757
125894
802078
327
1089268
14690768
0.058
31
7
0

2024
188703
50204
812510
372
951381
13601500
0.057
29
5
0

2023
708848
163664
830018
796
1375999
12650119
0.085
29
4
0

2022
252822
50358
823948
867
1027279
11274120
0.086
26
1
0

2021
157404
26859
846190
1015
977749
10246841
0.092
25
0
0

2020
252633
36626
867924
1639
1085570
9269092
0.124
21
0
0

2019
450528
54940
893340
1709
1290638
8183523
0.121
15
0
0

2018
241033
24418
910721
2313
1129649
6892885
0.144
5
0
0

2017
0
0
933210
535
933745
5763236
0.047
0
0
0

2016
0
0
961424
0
961424
4829492
0.006
0
0
0

2015
0
0
996447
0
996447
3868068
0
0
0
0

2014
0
0
997687
0
997687
2871621
0.001
0
0
0

2013
0
0
965412
965
966377
1873934
0.071
0
0
0

2012
0
0
906425
1132
907557
907557
0.076
0
0
0

The result of taking 20 MW wind park as a candidate unit is shown in Table 6. It may be noted that the results are shown from 2017 onward because the results of earlier years are same as the base case. FCOL option was not taken as it was not selected in the base case. The result shows that by the year 2034 sixty-three units of GBG9, fifteen units of BRK1, and fifty one units of Wind (1020 MW) are selected with total capacity addition of 13,278 MW in the system. The total objective function cost is about 21.72 billion dollars which is about 130 million dollars less comparing to the base case. The LOLP in year 2034 is 0.284% about 1 day per year. The reliability of the system is not as good as in the base case but meets the same reserve margins limits of minimum 5% used as a constraint. This also shows that to meet the same reliability criteria of LOLP more capacity additions are required and the reserve margin criteria are not as good measure when intermittent technology are considered in the system. It may also be noted that environmental costs are not considered in the analysis.

Table 6: Results of base case: costs, reliability, type, and number of units selected.

Year
Present worth cost of the year in thousands dollars
LOLP %
GBG9
BRK1
Wind

Const. cost
Salvage value
Operating cost
Energy not served cost
Total
Obj. Fn (cumulative)

2034
112256
100716
604143
1883
617566
21721956
0.284
63
15
51

2033
113361
90334
619355
2361
644744
21104390
0.328
62
14
51

2032
125332
89652
640912
1968
678560
20459646
0.276
58
14
45

2031
125810
80370
658514
2096
706050
19781086
0.282
58
13
43

2030
846035
480353
675986
2353
1044020
19075036
0.299
58
12
42

2029
333885
168326
669359
2367
837284
18031016
0.26
39
9
35

2028
143960
64549
706327
1849
787588
17193732
0.207
37
7
33

2027
154038
60963
723468
2484
819027
16406144
0.25
37
6
33

2026
190940
58496
740582
3493
876519
15587117
0.317
37
5
33

2025
411400
124215
775462
1787
1064434
14710598
0.177
36
5
19

2024
128488
34184
787557
2170
884031
13646164
0.187
29
4
17

2023
739292
158541
810692
2817
1394260
12762133
0.219
25
4
17

2022
216046
43033
829179
1085
1003277
11367873
0.098
16
3
1

2021
231169
39447
853933
792
1046448
10364596
0.076
16
2
1

2020
306917
43548
869463
1793
1134626
9318148
0.131
16
1
1

2019
450528
54940
893340
1709
1290638
8183523
0.121
15
0
0

2018
241033
24418
910721
2313
1129649
6892885
0.144
5
0
0

2017
0
0
933210
535
933745
5763236
0.047
0
0
0

7. Conclusions

This paper has presented the results of a least-cost generation expansion plan using wind turbines as a candidate plant. A set of 10 wind turbines of 2 MW capacity is considered as a single unit of 20 MW capacity and modeled as a thermal unit in WASP with high forced outage rate according to the expected capacity factor at the selected site. The result shows that with minimum 5% reserve margin reliability criteria and the cost of unserved energy as $1.6/kWh the wind turbine indeed forms part of the generating system expansion economically. However, the result of reliability criteria of LOLP has shown significant difference in the two cases. Although LOLP criteria are superior to reserve margin criteria but in the presence of cost of unserved energy as balancing factor in the objective function LOLP should be automatically taken care of. On the other hand, calculating cost of unserved energy is not an easy task and needs a lot of assumptions and a reasonable sample size of survey in residential, commercial, industrial, and other sectors. As a future work it would be worthwhile to compare the high forced outage rate model of wind turbine with the negative load model. It would also be worthwhile to find the limit of maximum wind potential that can be exploited in the southern part of the country so that it can be added as a constraint to limit the number of wind turbine units selected for strategic plan.

Conflicts of Interests

The authors do not have any conflict of interests with the content of the paper.

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