ISRN Physiology

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 756276, 5 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/756276

Research Article

Oxygen Consumption at 30 W of Exercise Is Surrogate for Peak Oxygen Consumption in Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young-Adult African-American Females

Richard M. Millis,¹ Vernon Bond Jr.,² M. Sadegh Asadi,³ Georges E. Haddad,¹ and Richard G. Adams⁴

¹Department of Physiology & Biophysics, The Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA

²Department of Health, Human Performance & Leisure Studies, The Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA

³Department of Neurology, The Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA

⁴Department of Medicine, The Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA

Received 5 July 2013; Accepted 1 September 2013

Academic Editors: S. Perrey, M. Spencer, and A. A. Steiner

Copyright © 2013 Richard M. Millis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Body mass index (BMI) is negatively correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by maximal or peak oxygen consumption (). measurements require heavy aerobic exercise to near exhaustion which increases the potential for adverse cardiovascular events. This study tests the hypothesis that measured at a fixed submaximal workload of 30 W is a surrogate for . We studied 42 normotensive African-American female university students, 18–25 years of age. We measured , blood pressure, and at a 30 W exercise workload and computed BMI. We found significant negative correlations between BMI and (, ) and between BMI and at 30 W (, ). Compared to , at 30 W increased the significance of the negative correlation with BMI. The heart rate-systolic pressure product at 30 W was positively correlated with BMI (, ) and negatively correlated with (, ). The positive correlation between BMI and the heart rate-systolic pressure product and the greater negative correlation between and BMI at 30 W of exercise than that at exercise to fatigue suggest that normalized measurements of at the fixed exercise workload of 30 W could be useful surrogates for measurements of .

1. Introduction

Aerobic exercise testing provides valuable data for measuring a person’s cardiorespiratory fitness and overall health. Such testing is also a basis for developing individualized, safe exercise prescriptions. Maximal and peak oxygen consumption (, ) are gold standard measuring cardiorespiratory fitness [1]. However, low cardiorespiratory fitness makes it difficult for sedentary, overweight, and/or obese individuals to complete the high-intensity protocols required for or determinations [2]. Moreover, such exercise may put individuals with low cardiorespiratory fitness at risk for adverse cardiovascular events because determinations of and require substantial exertion to near exhaustion or fatigue [3, 4]. These limitations are consistent with the report that positive electrocardiographic indicators of cardiovascular disease are only 75% sensitive in women, compared to 90% sensitive in men and that African-American women appear to exhibit lower than a matched population of Caucasian women [3]. These findings suggest that lack of reliable measures of cardiorespiratory fitness at submaximal workloads may limit our ability to evaluate the health status and prescribe appropriate exercise regimens for women. These impediments have been addressed by the usage of submaximal aerobic exercise tests that are shown to be equally as reliable as and for measuring cardiorespiratory fitness in sedentary populations [4–9]. Although body mass index (BMI) is a reliable inverse correlate of and in most populations, no studies have been performed to determine the robustness of the correlation between BMI and , compared to that at a fixed submaximal workload. Therefore, the present study tests the hypothesis that measured during submaximal exercise at a 30 W exercise workload is a surrogate for the measurement, as a correlate of BMI and, therefore, of cardiorespiratory fitness.

2. Methods

2.1. Subjects

Forty-two healthy young-adult women volunteered to participate in the study. Their anthropomorphic and physiological characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Participants were normotensive, free of any medication, nonsmoking, and nondrinkers. No participant engaged in regular physical activity and was informed of the study risks. The institutional review board at Howard University granted ethical approval, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to study participation.

Table 1: Descriptive characteristics of the study subjects.

Variables
Subjects ( = 42)

Age (yr)
20.7 ± 2.2

Height (cm)
165.3 ± 7.9

Weight (kg)
68.4 ± 11.7

VO2peak (mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹)
26.4 ± 3.9

HRpeak (beats·min⁻¹)
182.3 ± 12.3

VO2@30 W (mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹)
11.2 ± 2.2

HR@30 W (beats·min⁻¹)
80.9 ± 12.3

Systolic pressure at 30 W (mm Hg)
119.0 ± 2.8

Diastolic pressure at 30 W (mm Hg)
76.8 ± 2.2

Rate-pressure product at 30 W (bpm·mm Hg)
9,445 ± 1,589

HRpeak: peak heart rate; VO2peak: peak oxygen consumption. HR@30 W: heart rate during exercise at the submaximal workload of 30 W; VO2@30 W: oxygen consumption during exercise at the submaximal workload of aerobic exercise. Systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and rate-pressure product at 30 W = systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate × systolic pressure product during exercise at the fixed workload of 30 W. Data are means ± standard deviations.

2.2. Study Protocol

Subjects participated in three separate sessions in the laboratory. The first session was used to familiarize the participant with the study monitors and devices. In the second laboratory visit, participants were instructed to abstain from exercise and caffeine or any energy drinks for 6 h and food for 3 h prior to entering the laboratory. Body height and weight were measured using standard laboratory procedures. The participant then performed a progressive test of . Approximately 1-2 weeks after the second laboratory visit, participants performed the third laboratory visit. Prior to entering the laboratory, the participants were reminded of the prior physical activity and fasting instructions upon entering the laboratory. The participant then performed a submaximal steady-state exercise test using a work output of 30 W.

2.3. Peak Oxygen Consumption Test

was measured during a standardized incremental cycle task with a SensorMedics Ergoline-800 ergometer (SensorMedics Corp., Yorba Linda, CA). Participants were instructed to cycle continuously at 70–75 rpm, at a starting work intensity of 25 W. The work rate was increased by 25 W every 3 min until volitional fatigue. During the incremental exercise test, expired gas fractions of , carbon dioxide, and minute ventilation (expired) were measured using the method of open-circuit indirect calorimetry (Physio-Dyne Max II Metabolic System, Quogue, NY). The gas analyzers were calibrated using known medical grade gas concentrations. The pneumatic gas volume was calibrated using a 3-L syringe. The value achieved during the last minute of the incremental exercise test was defined as .

2.4. Submaximal Exercise Test

Participants cycled on the ergometer at an absolute work output of 30 W for a duration of 10 min. This low intensity work load of 30 W was selected because of the sedentary lifestyle of the study participants. Prior to the study, the electric brake ergometer was calibrated. Prior to the submaximal steady-state workload, the participants were instrumented with the SunTech Tango (SunTech Medical Inc., Raleigh, NC) automated blood pressure monitor that gates the R-wave with the Korotkoff sound to determine blood pressure. Heart rate was determined by electrocardiograph recordings of three electrodes positioned at the RA, LA, and V₅ anatomical positions using the automated blood pressure device. Baseline blood pressure and heart rate measures were collected during the last 5 min of a 10 min sitting rest position. After baseline recordings, the participants performed 10 min of submaximal exercise on the cycle ergometer at a work intensity of 30 W. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded during the last minute of the exercise.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Pearson’s product-moment coefficient and parametric linear regression analysis were used to compare the one-sided significance of correlations between BMI and , between BMI and at 30 W of exercise, and between BMI and the heart rate-systolic blood pressure product at 30 W of exercise (Microsoft Excel, 2007).

3. Results

Table 1 presented the anthropomorphic and physiological characteristics of the study population. The subjects were mainly normotensive young-adult women with sedentary life style and hence low levels of cardiovascular fitness and low correlating levels. Figure 1 depicts the results of linear regression analysis demonstrating a significant negative correlation between both BMI and (, ). The negative correlation between body mass and is not shown (, ). Figure 2 presents the linear regression analysis and significant negative correlation between BMI and at 30 W of exercise (, ). The negative correlation between body mass and at 30 W of exercise is also not shown (, ). Correlations between BMI or body mass and heart rates and systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 30 W of exercise were not significant (). Both BMI and body weight were positively correlated with the heart rate-systolic pressure product at 30 W of exercise (, and , , resp.). The heart rate-systolic pressure product was negatively correlated with (, ).

Figure 1: Linear regression analysis of the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and peak oxygen consumption (). Subjects were 42 disease-free, normotensive, sedentary young-adult African-American females. was found to be significantly correlated with BMI (, ).

Figure 2: Linear regression analysis of the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and oxygen consumption (VO₂) at the fixed submaximal workload of 30 W. Subjects were 42 disease-free, normotensive, sedentary young-adult African-American females. VO₂ was found to be significantly correlated with BMI (, ).

4. Discussion

This study is the first to compare significance of the correlation between BMI and to that between BMI and at a fixed, submaximal exercise workload of 30 W in a disease-free population. The participants of this study were normotensive African-American female university students, 18–25 years of age, nonsmokers, nondrinkers, and free of any medication. The main finding of this study is a more significant correlation between BMI or body weight and at the fixed workload of 30 W than that between BMI or body weight and . Overweight or obese subjects often experience difficulty and adverse cardiovascular events while performing cardiorespiratory fitness tests requiring maximal or fatiguing exertion. A similar study has not been performed in another population. Thus, the correlation coefficients reported herein cannot be compared to those reported in previous studies.

Heretofore, the popular wisdom was that or are the most reliable measures of aerobic capacity and, therefore, cardiorespiratory fitness [3, 4]. However, it is reported that several submaximal exercise protocols such as perceptually regulated, graded exercise with computation of an aerobic power index, step tests, and dance tests provide reliable alternatives to or for measuring cardiorespiratory fitness [4–8]. Measuring cardiorespiratory fitness by submaximal exercise testing and estimating workload at a fixed heart rate are also a promising approach, yielding highly linear, significant correlation coefficients between heart rates and workloads >0.9 [10].

Measurements of cardiorespiratory fitness using exercise tests at submaximal workloads can help determine occupational fitness and evaluate work-related disabilities associated with jobs requiring large physical workloads [11]. Another important use of submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness tests is to evaluate the advertised safety, cost-benefit, and health outcome claims of exercise and dietary regimens [12]. The association of low and decreased motor strength in a population of 60-year-old healthy men [11] suggests that submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness testing, physical therapy counseling, and interventions in such populations might decrease their high rate of daily activity- and work-related injuries, as well as the associated health care costs. The further importance of screening such a population for cardiorespiratory fitness is underscored by a report that low cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with high risk for sudden cardiac death in a population of middle-aged men [13]. Thus, results of the present study imply that cardiorespiratory fitness can be reliably measured in populations of overweight, elderly, or otherwise frail subjects by cycle ergometer exercise at a workload of 30 W, thereby reducing the potential for adverse cardiovascular events.

This is also the first study to show a significant negative correlation between and the heart rate-systolic pressure product, as well as positive correlations between BMI or body weight and the heart rate-pressure product during aerobic exercise at a fixed submaximal workload. The finding of significant correlation between body mass and the heart rate-pressure product, a measure of myocardial oxygen demand [14], indicates a significant association of an increased requirement for coronary blood flow during exercise in overweight or obese compared to normal-weight persons. The coronary is the circulation with the lowest venous oxygen content, oxygen extraction ratio, and, therefore, oxygen demand at rest. Increases in myocardial oxygen demand must be met, mainly, by increases in coronary blood flow which, when compromised, can result in adverse cardiac events and sudden death [15]. The fact that coronary blood flow is limited by arterial narrowing in atherosclerosis is well known [16], but other causes such as smoking, nicotine, and cocaine use are less well appreciated. Coronary arterial luminal diameters and areas are shown to be significantly smaller in females than in males, as well as in overweight than in normal-weight individuals [17]. Normotensive African-Americans, especially women, have also been shown to have limitations of endothelial function known to affect the coronary circulation [18, 19]. Therefore, our finding of a significant association between large body mass and large heart rate-pressure product during exercise at 30 W in disease-free normotensive, sedentary young-adult females may be indicative of the potential for limitations of coronary blood flow linked to adverse cardiac events associated with aerobic exercise, smoking, and cocaine use in this population [20]. This finding also supports the hypothesis that experiencing adverse cardiac events during exercise could explain lack of participation of persons with low aerobic capacity in exercise programs [21], thereby creating a vicious cycle of exercise avoidance, omitting effective strategies for weight loss, and improving cardiorespiratory fitness.

5. Limitations and Conclusions

Limitations of this study were (1) inclusion of only sedentary subjects with a relatively low level of cardiorespiratory fitness, thereby limiting our ability to extrapolate the results to a wider range of aerobic capacity; (2) exclusion of obese subjects; (3) not randomizing the exercise procedures and, therefore, not varying the order of presentation and measurement of the test before and after measuring at the submaximal, 30 W workload; and (4) performing the cardiovascular measurements such as heart rate and blood pressure only during the submaximal exercise trial. These cardiovascular measurements were made to determine whether the study subjects exhibited physiological responses at this submaximal, absolute workload and whether the subjects exhibiting the highest cardiorespiratory fitness during the test would exhibit the lowest cardiac oxygen demand at the submaximal 30 W workload, as expected.

In summary, this study demonstrates significant associations between large body mass, low oxygen consumption, and high myocardial oxygen demand during aerobic exercise at a fixed workload of 30 W in a population of normotensive, sedentary, young-adult African-American females. The greater correlations between BMI or body weight and oxygen consumption found at 30 W of submaximal exercise than those between BMI or body weight and in this population suggest that normalized measurements of during exercise at submaximal workloads may be useful surrogates for measurements of to limit adverse cardiac events without loss of reliability in evaluations of cardiorespiratory fitness.

Conflict of Interests

The authors have no conflict of interests, financial or otherwise, to disclose.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NIH-MBRS Program and in part by Grant 2 G12 RR003048 from the RCMI Program Division of Research Infrastructure, National Center for Research, National Institutes of Health.

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