Journal of Thermodynamics

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 123478, 8 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/123478

Research Article

Studies on Thermophysical Properties of CaO and MgO by -Ray Attenuation

A. S. Madhusudhan Rao¹ and K. Narender²

¹Department of Physics, Varadha Reddy College of Engineering, Warangal 506009, India

²Kakatiya University, Warangal 506009, India

Received 5 January 2014; Accepted 28 February 2014; Published 15 April 2014

Academic Editor: Mohammad Al-Nimr

Copyright © 2014 A. S. Madhusudhan Rao and K. Narender. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The study on temperature dependent γ-ray attenuation and thermophysical properties of CaO and MgO has been carried out in the temperature range 300 K–1250 K using different energies of γ-beam, namely, Am (0.0595 MeV), Cs (0.66 MeV), and Co (1.173 MeV and 1.332 MeV) on γ-ray densitometer fabricated in our laboratory. The linear attenuation coefficients (μ l) for the pellets of CaO and MgO as a function of temperature have been determined using γ-beam of different energies. The coefficients of temperature dependence of density have been reported. The variation of density and linear thermal expansion of CaO and MgO in the temperature range of 300 K–1250 K has been studied and compared with the results available in the literature. The temperature dependence of linear attenuation coefficients, density, and thermal expansion has been represented by second degree polynomial. Volume thermal expansion coefficients have been reported.

1. Introduction

Density and thermal expansion are fundamental thermophysical properties of solids. The study of temperature dependence of these properties is very important in understanding the temperature variation of other properties like elastic constants, refractive indices, dielectric constants, thermal conductivity, diffusion coefficients, and other heat transfer dimensionless numbers. Thermal expansion of solids is of technical importance as it determines the thermal stability and thermal shock resistance of the material. In general the thermal expansion characteristics decide the choice of material for the construction of metrological instruments and the choice of container material in nuclear fuel technology. A number of methods have evolved for the determination of density and thermal expansion of solids at high temperature like Archimedean method [1–3], pycnometry [4–8], dilatometry [9–12], electromagnetic levitation [13], method of maximal pressure in gas bubble [14–18], method of sessile drop [19], hydrostatic weighing [20, 21], high temperature electrostatic levitation [22], and gamma ray densitometry [23–34]. Using γ-ray attenuation technique Drotning [23] measured thermal expansion of solid materials at high temperatures. He studied thermal expansion of aluminum and type 303 stainless steel at high temperatures and such studies have been extended by him to study the thermal expansion of metals and glasses in the condensed state [24]. The γ-radiation attenuation technique for the determination of thermophysical properties in the condensed state has several advantages over other methods at high temperatures. This is possible because the γ-ray is not in any kind of physical or thermal contact with the material and hence the thermal losses are also reduced and in addition eliminate sample and probe compatibility problem.

We extended, for the first time, the γ-ray attenuation technique, to carry out the studies on temperature dependence of γ-ray attenuation and thermophysical properties of CaO and MgO. In the present communication, we report the temperature dependence of linear attenuation coefficient for different energies of γ-beam [Am (0.0595 MeV), Cs (0.66 MeV), Co (1.173 MeV and 1.332 MeV)], density, and thermal expansion of CaO and MgO in the temperature range 300 K–1250 K. In order to carry out this work, we have fabricated in our laboratory a γ-ray densitometer and a programmable temperature controlled furnace (PTC) which can reach high temperatures. The data obtained in the present work for coefficient of linear thermal expansion of CaO and MgO as a function of temperature have been compared with experimental and theoretical data in the literature. Authors have carried out such studies on different materials like wrought aluminum alloys [29] and alkali halides [30] using the same experimental setup.

2. Theory

The technique of γ-ray attenuation method is based on the following fundamental equation:

where is the intensity of γ-ray before passing through the sample, is the intensity of γ-ray after passing through the sample, is the mass attenuation coefficient of the sample, is the density of the sample, and is the thickness of the sample. It is clear from (1) that any change in the temperature of the solid is accompanied by change in its density causing a change in the measured intensity. The density and thermal expansion of the materials studied in the present work have been determined following the method suggested by Drotning [23]. The relation between coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion () and coefficient of linear thermal expansion () is given by

where and are mean values over a temperature interval:

where , , and so forth.

Rewrite (2) as

where is defined by

Substituting for from (2) gives

which can be rewritten as

where

The intensities of γ -radiation with sample and without sample are recorded at every temperature. At room temperature , thickness of the sample is measured and using (1) is determined. Further measurements of and at different temperatures enable the determination of by (5) and hence can be found from the solution of (7). From the value of , mean linear thermal expansion () can be determined as a function of temperature.

3. Experimental

The experimental setup used for determination of density of materials utilizing γ -ray attenuation technique is called a γ-ray densitometer. A programmable temperature controlled furnace with sample inside the air tight quartz tube is introduced in the γ-radiation path allowing the beam to pass through the sample and to the detector without any interruption. The temperature of the sample is varied to study the attenuation at various temperatures. The block diagram of γ-ray densitometer used in the present work is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Block diagram of γ-ray densitometer.

The samples studied in the present work were in the form of pellets. The weight of the powder is 20.0 gm and the thickness of pellet is 1.40 cm with a die set by applying hydraulic press. CaO and MgO pellets were sintered at a temperature of 600 K for densification. The pellet was then firmly mounted on the round sample holder made of flat stainless steel strip inserted into an air tight quartz tube. The sample holder along with the sample was slid through a cork into an air tight quartz tube and was fixed firmly. A diffusion pump was then connected to the sample holder tube for evacuation. For inert atmosphere, argon gas was introduced into the quartz tube through the sample holder tube. Then the quartz tube assembly along with the sample was slid into the programmable temperature controlled (PTC) furnace and fixed at appropriate position ensuring a perfect alignment of sample with collimation on either side. A programmable temperature controlled furnace with sample inside the air tight quartz tube is introduced in the γ-radiation path allowing the beam to pass through the sample and to the detector without any interruption. The temperature of the sample is varied to study the attenuation at various temperatures. The PTC furnace was programmed in such a way that the furnace temperature is increased by 50 K in every step starting from room temperature and stabilizes there for 5 minutes. Temperature equilibrium is achieved within 5 minutes and temperature accuracy is ±1% of set point temperature after stabilization. Heating rate between each step of 50 K is 5 K/min. At each temperature the γ-ray counts of photon energies [0.0595 MeV, 0.662 MeV, and 1.173 MeV and 1.332 MeV] emitted by 10 mCi ²⁴¹Am, 30 mci ¹³⁷Cs, and 11.73 Ci ⁶⁰Co radioactive point sources, respectively, with sample () and without sample () were detected and recorded using a multichannel analyzer. The recording of γ-ray counts was done for a period of 20 minutes at each programmed temperature. After a time of 20 minutes of isothermal holding, the difference of programmed and sample temperature (error) was ±1 K of set point. Measurement of γ-ray attenuation counts at every step of temperature was repeated before and after the sample was introduced and the average value was considered in all our calculations. The cooling rate varied between 10 K/min from 1300 K to 800 K, 6 K/min from 800 K to 500 K, 4 K/min from 500 K to 400 K, and 2 K/min thereafter up to 300 K. The γ-ray counts were recorded while heating and cooling the sample. This procedure was repeated until the desired temperature range was covered in each case. The gamma radiation detector used in our study is a sodium iodide-thallium activated detector. The 0.0762 m diameter and 0.0762 m thick crystal are integrally coupled to a 0.0762 m diameter photomultiplier tube (PMT). The PMT has a 14-pin base and can be mounted on two types of PMT preamplifier units. The one used in our study is a coaxial in-line preamplifier. The detector has a resolution of 8.5% for 0.662 MeV of ¹³⁷Cs.

4. Results and Discussion

The experimentally determined values of mass attenuation coefficients () of CaO and MgO for γ-beam of different energies are compared with the theoretical values obtained from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST-X-COM) in Table 1. The results obtained for the temperature dependence of the linear attenuation coefficients (L) of CaO and MgO for γ-beam of different energies are summarized in Table 2. The results obtained for the temperature dependence of the density () and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion () of CaO and MgO are presented in Table 3. The measurements have been carried out in solid phase only. The experimental data obtained in the present work for the density, the linear attenuation coefficient, and coefficient of linear thermal expansion have been fit to a least squares quadratic polynomial of the following form:

Since the measurements have been made in the limited temperature range the coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion (CVTE) was calculated using the following equation:

where is the first derivative of density with respect to the absolute temperature which is determined from (9). The variation of linear attenuation coefficients of CaO and MgO with temperature for γ-beam of different energies is shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. The variation of density and linear thermal expansion with temperature of CaO and MgO has been shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively.

Table 1: Comparison of mass attenuation coefficients () of CaO and MgO of -rays with different energies.

() 10⁻³ m²kg⁻¹
Cs (0.66 MeV)
Am (0.0595 MeV)
Co (1.173 MeV)
Co (1.332 MeV)

NIST X-COM
EXPTL
NIST X-COM
EXPTL
NIST X-COM
EXPTL
NIST X-COM
EXPTL

CaO
7.78
7.76
53.39
53.35
5.89
5.90
5.52
5.52

MgO
7.69
7.67
23.30
23.15
5.84
5.85
5.48
5.47

Table 2: Variation of linear attenuation coefficient of CaO and MgO with temperature for different γ energies.

K
CaO ( m⁻¹)
MgO ( m⁻¹)

Cs

(0.66)

MeV
Am

(0.0595)

MeV
Co

(1.173)

MeV
Co

(1.33)

MeV
Cs

(0.66)

MeV
Am

(0.0595)

MeV
Co

(1.173)

MeV
Co

(1.33)

MeV

300
26.01
178.72
19.73
18.51
27.46
82.88
20.91
19.61

350
25.89
177.87
19.64
18.42
27.33
82.48
20.81
19.51

400
25.76
177.02
19.54
18.32
27.2
82.09
20.71
19.41

450
25.73
176.8
19.52
18.30
27.16
81.95
20.68
19.38

500
25.69
176.54
19.49
18.27
27.11
81.81
20.64
19.35

559
25.66
176.27
19.46
18.24
27.07
81.7
20.61
19.32

600
25.62
176.00
19.43
18.21
27.03
81.56
20.58
19.29

650
25.58
175.79
19.41
18.19
26.99
81.42
20.55
19.26

700
25.54
175.52
19.38
18.16
26.94
81.28
20.51
19.22

750
25.51
175.25
19.35
18.14
26.89
81.16
20.48
19.19

800
25.47
174.99
19.32
18.11
26.84
81.03
20.44
19.16

850
25.43
174.72
19.29
18.08
26.80
80.89
20.41
19.13

900
25.39
174.45
19.26
18.05
26.76
80.75
20.37
19.09

950
25.35
174.19
19.24
18.03
26.72
80.61
20.34
19.06

1000
25.31
173.92
19.21
18.01
26.67
80.47
20.31
19.03

1050
25.27
173.65
19.18
17.98
26.62
80.33
20.27
19.00

1100
25.23
173.39
19.14
17.94
26.57
80.19
20.23
18.96

1150
25.19
173.12
19.11
17.91
26.52
80.05
20.19
18.93

1200
25.15
172.80
19.08
17.88
26.47
79.89
20.15
18.89

1250
25.11
172.53
19.05
17.85
26.42
79.75
20.12
18.86

Table 3: Variation of density and coefficient of linear thermal expansion of CaO and MgO with temperature.

K
CaO
MgO

kgm⁻³
(10⁻⁶) K⁻¹
kgm⁻³
(10⁻⁶) K⁻¹

300
3350
11.91
3580
10.42

350
3334
12.01
3563
11.22

400
3318
12.11
3546
12.02

450
3314
12.31
3540
12.47

500
3309
12.51
3534
12.91

559
3304
12.65
3529
13.17

600
3299
12.78
3523
13.42

650
3295
12.93
3517
13.66

700
3290
13.07
3511
13.90

750
3285
13.19
3506
14.10

800
3280
13.31
3500
14.30

850
3275
13.41
3494
14.43

900
3270
13.50
3488
14.55

950
3265
13.62
3482
14.68

1000
3260
13.73
3476
14.81

1050
3255
13.85
3470
14.96

1100
3250
13.97
3464
15.11

1150
3245
14.07
3458
15.28

1200
3239
14.17
3451
15.45

1250
3234
14.29
3445
15.60

Figure 2: Variation of linear attenuation coefficient of CaO with temperature for different γ-sources.

Figure 3: Variation of linear attenuation coefficient of MgO with temperature for different γ-sources.

Figure 4: Variation of density of CaO and MgO with temperature.

Figure 5: Variation of thermal expansion of CaO and MgO with temperature.

4.1. CaO

The temperature dependence of linear attenuation coefficient of CaO is a negative linear function of temperature. The temperature dependence of linear attenuation coefficient for different energies of γ-beam [Am (0.0595 MeV), Cs (0.66 MeV), and Co (1.173 MeV and 1.332 MeV)] has been represented by second degree polynomial, respectively:

The density of CaO decreases from a value of 3350 kgm⁻³ at 300 K to a value of 3234 kgm⁻³ at 1250 K with a decrease of about 1.16%. The temperature dependence of density is a negative linear function of temperature. For CaO the temperature dependence of density is represented by quadratic equation:

The coefficient of temperature dependence of density is −0.122 kgm⁻³ K⁻¹ and the coefficient of volume thermal expansion is 4.0 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ in the temperature range 300 K–1250 K. The thermal expansion increases linearly with temperature and the results on thermal expansion in the temperature range from 300 K to 1250 K have been analyzed by least squares method and are represented by the following polynomial equation:

The coefficient of linear thermal expansion () of CaO in the temperature range 300 K–1250 K has been represented by second degree polynomial and has been shown in Figure 6 along with data obtained by other methods for comparison:

Figure 6: Comparison of coefficient of thermal expansion of CaO with data in the literature.

4.2. MgO

The temperature dependence of linear attenuation coefficient of MgO is a negative linear function of temperature. The temperature dependence of linear attenuation coefficient for different energies of γ-beam [Am (0.0595 MeV), Cs (0.66 MeV), and Co (1.173 MeV and 1.332 MeV)] has been represented by second degree polynomial, respectively:

The density of MgO decreases from a value of 3580 kgm⁻³ at 300 K to a value of 3445 kgm⁻³ at 1250 K with a decrease of about 1.35%. The temperature dependence of density is a negative linear function of temperature. For MgO the temperature dependence of density is represented by the following quadratic equation:

The coefficient of temperature dependence of density is −0.142 kgm⁻³ K⁻¹ and the coefficient of volume thermal expansion is 4.0 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹. The thermal expansion increases linearly with temperature and the results on thermal expansion in the temperature range from 300 K to 1250 K have been analyzed by least squares method and are represented by the following equation:

The coefficient of linear thermal expansion () of MgO in the temperature range 300 K–1250 K has been represented by second degree polynomial and has been shown in Figure 7 along with data obtained by other methods for comparison:

Figure 7: Comparison of coefficient of thermal expansion of MgO with data in the literature.

The decrease in density in CaO and MgO with temperature can be attributed to the increase in the equilibrium concentration of thermally generated Schottky defects. Another source of generation of defects in CaO and MgO is the irradiation with γ-rays as the technique used in the present study is γ-attenuation technique. However, the values of density seem to have not been affected much by irradiation of γ-rays since the values of coefficient of linear thermal expansion at different temperatures obtained in the present work agree well with data reported in the literature from other methods [35–38] as shown in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. However, the results on variation of density and linear attenuation coefficient of the samples with temperature are not available from other methods for comparison. The uncertainty in the measured physical parameters depends on uncertainty in the furnace temperature and measurement of the mass attenuation coefficient, which has been estimated from errors in intensities , and thickness using the following relation [39–41]:

where , , and are the errors in the intensities , and thickness , respectively. In this experiment, the intensities and have been recorded for the same time and under the same experimental conditions. Estimated error in these measurements was around 2%.

5. Conclusions

The pellets were prepared with fine powder of CaO and MgO with a diameter of 20 mm with varying thicknesses with a die set by applying hydraulic press. The γ -ray attenuation measurements of CaO and MgO have been made using γ-beam of different energy sources on a γ -ray densitometer. The results on the variation of density and linear thermal expansion with temperature of both the pellets are found to be equal for all the γ-energy sources. The results on the variation of linear attenuation coefficient, density, and linear thermal expansion with temperature of these pellets have been reported and these variations have been represented by quadratic equations. The results on these pellets by using γ -ray attenuation technique are being reported for the first time.

Conflict of Interests

The authors hereby declare that there is no issue of any type of conflict of interests in any manner.

Acknowledgment

The authors thank University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, for the financial assistance through Special Assistance Programme (SAP) no. F.530/8/DRS/2009 (SAP-1).

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