International Journal of Spectroscopy

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 562160, 8 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/562160

Research Article

Binding of the Bi (III) Complex of Naringin with β-Cyclodextrin/Calf Thymus DNA: Absorption and Fluorescence Characteristics

Sameena Yousuf and Israel V. Muthu Vijayan Enoch

Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Humanities, Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114, India

Received 21 January 2014; Revised 1 April 2014; Accepted 23 April 2014; Published 5 June 2014

Academic Editor: Shigehiko Takegami

Copyright © 2014 Sameena Yousuf and Israel V. Muthu Vijayan Enoch. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Naringin-Bi (III) complex (Narb) was prepared and analysed by UV-Visible absorption and fluorescence measurements. The inclusion complex of Narb with β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) was characterized by the UV-Visible absorption, Infrared, scanning dlectron microscopic, and X-ray diffractometric techniques. The stoichiometry of the inclusion complex of Narb with β-CD was 1 : 1 with a binding constant of 5.18 × 10² mol⁻¹ dm³. The interaction of Narb with Calf Thymus DNA (ctDNA) was investigated in the presence and the absence of β-CD. The binding constants for the interaction of Narb with ctDNA in the absence and the presence of β-CD were 1.29 × 10⁵ mol⁻¹ dm³ and 6.89 × 10⁴ mol⁻¹ dm³, respectively. The Stern-Volmer constants for the interaction of Narb with ctDNA in the absence and the presence of β-CD were 1.25 × 10⁴ mol⁻¹ dm³ and 5.10 × 10³ mol⁻¹ dm³, respectively. The lowering of the binding affinity and the were observed for the interaction of Narb with ctDNA in the presence of β-CD.

1. Introduction

In vitro study on the binding of small molecules such as metal complexes, porphyrins, natural antibiotics, and simple aromatic carbons with DNA can contribute to the design of new promising anticancer agents for clinical use [1]. Such interaction is important for knowing the mechanism of drug action of specific DNA targeted drugs. This can lead to structural changes of DNA to accommodate complex formation [2]. Many flavonoid based small molecules have been studied for DNA binding due to their nontoxicity [3]. Among them, Naringin (Figure 1) is an important flavonoid. The role of Naringin in human metabolism has been reported [4].

Figure 1: Molecular structure of Naringin.

The importance of metal bound organic species resulted in the analysis for DNA binding. Adopting fluorescence spectroscopy can enlighten the analysis mainly in two ways, namely, (i) to know the fluorescence enhancement or quenching, (ii) investigating the dynamics of the molecules in solution. Very few results have been reported for the comparison on the fluorescence changes in organic species and its bismuth complexes interacting with ctDNA. For example the bismuth complex of Morin has been reported to bind differently with DNA compared to the binding of Morin [5]. It is reported that the stoichiometry on the binding with β-CD and the quenching type are affected by the Bismuth complexation with the organic fluorophore [6]. Bismuth forms stable complex with the nonpolar aliphatic, aromatic, acidic, and basic biologically relevant ligands. It is reported that the complexes of Bi (III) metal ion are stable even in strongly acidic solutions, over a wide pH range [7]. Bismuth is one of those rare elements that are considered to be safe because of being nontoxic and noncarcinogenic despite its heavy metal status and having high avidity for coordination with the biologically important molecules making them nonfunctional due to which serious circumstances may arise having negative impact on the biological system. Though the use of compounds of bismuth was banned in few developed countries after reports about toxicity of Bismuth in the 1970s, bismuth salts are still used in medicine [8–10]. Bismuth (Bi³⁺) compounds have been widely used in the clinic for centuries because of their high effectiveness and low toxicity in the treatment of a variety of microbial infections, including syphilis, diarrhea, gastritis, and colitis. Bismuth compounds exhibit anticancer activities; ²¹²Bi and ²¹³Bi compounds have also been used as targeted radiotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment and furthermore they have the ability to reduce the side effects of cisplatin in cancer therapy [7]. It is well known that the unique amphiphilic characteristics of Cyclodextrins make β-Cyclodextrin particularly important for the inclusion complexation studies especially with flavonoids to overcome the aqueous solubility/bioavailability problem. Moreover, it is employed as a host medium to study the interaction between flavonoid based small molecule and DNA [11]. The present work deals with the preparation of Bi (III) complex of Naringin and the analysis of the interaction of Bi (III) complex of Naringin with β-CD/ctDNA. The influence of β-CD encapsulation on the binding of Narb with ctDNA is investigated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Instrument

Absorption measurements were performed with a double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Jasco—V 630) using 1 cm path length cells. Fluorescence spectra were recorded on a Fluorescence spectrophotometer (Cary Eclipse) equipped with Xenon lamp. Both the excitation and the emission band widths were set up at 5 nm. An IR spectrum was recorded with KBr pellets on a Perkin-Elmer spectrum RXI, USA. Ultrasonicator PCI 9L 250H, India, was used for sonication. pH values were maintained using an Elico LI 120 pH meter, India. The solid inclusion complex surface topology was imaged by JEOL Model JSM 6360 scanning electron microscope (SEM), Japan. The diffraction pattern of the crystal structure of the inclusion complex was reported by Shimadzu XRD 6000 X-ray diffractometry, Japan.

2.2. Materials

Naringin(7-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one) was obtained from Sigma, India. ctDNA purchased from Genei (Merck), India, was used as such without further purification. The stock solution of ctDNA was prepared by diluting the ctDNA in 50 mmol of NaCl. The concentration of diluted ctDNA was analyzed by using the UV-Visible absorption spectroscopic technique. 10 mmol acetate buffers (pH, 3.5) were used to maintain the pH. The purity of ctDNA was in the range of 1.8 to 1.9. Bismuth (III) nitrate, obtained from Qualigens, India, was used as such. β-CD was purchased from HiMedia, India.

2.3. Naringin-Bi (III) Complex Synthesis

0.2290 gm of BiNO₃ was dissolved in concentrated HCl and made up to 50 mL by water. 1.7414 gm of Naringin was dissolved in 650 mL water, added to BiNO3 solution and kept for sonication for 2 to 3 hours. Its pH was fixed at around 3 with sodium hydroxide, heated to 60°C for one hour and kept for evaporation to half the volume and left at room temperature for 24 hours. The precipitate was then filtered out and recrystallized. The greenish yellow solid thus obtained was characterized by spectroscopic techniques.

2.4. Preparation of Inclusion Complex of Naringin-Bi (III) (Narb) with β-Cyclodextrin

Narb (0.01 mol dm⁻³) was prepared in methanol and an equimolar amount of β-CD was dissolved in doubly distilled water separately. A solution of Narb was added slowly to the solution of β-CD at room temperature in an Ultrasonicator and maintained for 30 min. Then the mixture was warmed to 60°C for 1 hour and kept at room temperature for two days. The solid thus obtained was collected and analyzed by UV-Visible, IR spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques.

2.5. Preparation of Working Solutions

Working solutions were prepared by an appropriate dilution of stock solutions of Narb, β-CD, and/or ctDNA. Owing to the poor solubility of Narb in water, the stock solution was made in methanol. The test solutions were having the concentration of methanol as 1%. All reagents and solvents used were of spectral grade which were used without further purification. Doubly distilled water was used throughout. All experiments were carried out at an ambient temperature of °C. The test solutions were homogeneous after all the additives were added and the absorption and the fluorescence spectra were recorded against the appropriate blank solutions.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Interaction between Naringin and Bi (III) Ions

The binding of Naringin (Narg) with ctDNA by using β-CD as an encapsulating molecule was studied [4]. It has been reported that the bismuth complexation of organic fluorophore influences the fluorophore-ctDNA binding [5, 6]. Narg possesses reactive centers for Bi [III] interaction, which might influence the normal binding of Narg moiety with ctDNA. The titration of Naringin with Bi (III) is carried out to find the ligand to metal ratio in solution using absorption measurements. The UV-Visible absorption spectra of Narg with increasing concentration of Bi (III) are shown in Figure 2. Narg showed two bands at 283 nm and 327 nm. At the addition of Bi (III), the absorbance of dihydrochromene-4-one peak of Narg increased gradually. The stoichiometry of the complex was determined using the mole ratio method [5]. (inset of Figure 2). The result of the method suggested the formation of 2 : 1 complexes between Narg and Bi (III). This is evidenced by the intersection at Bi (III)/[Narg] of 0.5. The initial absorbance shown at 0.4627 a.u. is due to the absorbance of Narg alone. The addition of Bi (III) resulted in the increase in the absorbance due to the complexation between Narg and Bi (III). The increase in absorbance at 283 nm is small when the ratio (Bi (III)/[Narg]) is below 1. The physical and chemical heterogeneity can affect the metal binding to ligand. Narg is polyfunctional molecule which contains different types of complexing sites. The degree of aggregation and coiling of the Naringin molecule limits the accessibility of some ligand sites to larger metal ions in the initial stages of interaction between Naringin and Bi (III), leading to the minor increase in the absorbance of the complex. Further increase in the absorbance of the complex might be due to the presence of excess of metal ions and its accessibility to Narg. An IR spectrum was recorded to validate the interaction between Narg and Bi (III). The comparison of the spectral data of Narg and Narb gave information about the formation of the metal complex. The infrared spectrum of Narg and its Bi (III) complex, Narb, were characterized with the added KBr pellets. The position of γ(C=O) is diagnostic for the coordination complexation with Bi ion, which shifts IR band towards a smaller wave number. The IR spectrum showed bands at 1645 cm⁻¹ (νCO) and 1298 cm⁻¹ (νC–O–C) for Naringin [12]. Upon binding to Bi (III) and forming complex Narb, these bands shifted to 1638 cm⁻¹ and 1289 cm⁻¹, respectively, suggesting an interaction of the Bi (III) ion with the condensed ring via the carbonyl group, in position 4, and by the oxygen of the hydroxyl group in position 5, in agreement with UV-Visible data (Figure 3). Moreover, there was formation of new bands found at 820, 490–510 cm⁻¹ in the Narb complex. The above observation might be due to the formation of M–O bond in the complex. The comparison on IR spectral bands of Narb and its inclusion complex is given in Table 1. It shows the changes in the frequency of Narb after interaction with β-CD. The changes in frequency of Narb suggested the interaction of Narb with β-CD.

Table 1: Comparison on the wave numbers of Naringin-Bi (III) and its -CD inclusion complex by infrared spectroscopy.

Type of bonds
Naringin-Bi (III)

Wave number (cm⁻¹)
-CD inclusion complex of Naringin-Bi (III)

Wave number (cm⁻¹)

O–H stretching vibration
3418
3375

Carbonyl bond C=O
1638
1641

1514

Aromatic C=C stretching
1510
—

1445
—

C–O stretching
1359
1383

1283
—

1192
—

Aliphatic C–H stretching
2924
—

2353
2360

2330
—

–C–OH stretching
1113
1032

1069
—

891
—

824
—

Deformation vibrations –C–H outside plane, related to substitution of aromatic rings of multiring compounds
629
616

561
495

469
482

451

Figure 2: Absorption spectra of Naringin with different concentrations of Bi (III) (inset: the plot of Bi (III)/[Naringin] against absorbance).

Figure 3: Absorption spectra of Naringin ( mol dm⁻³) and Naringin-Bi (III) complex ( mol dm⁻³).

The SEM images of Narg, Narg-β-CD, Narb, and the Narb-β-CD inclusion complex are given in Figures 4(a) and 4(d), respectively. The morphology of Narg, Narb, and its inclusion complex is significantly different from one another. The complex, Narb, and its inclusion complex are found to appear as rod-like structures in comparison with Narg and its inclusion complex. The solid inclusion complex was found to be readily soluble in water compared to that of Narg and Narb.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 4: Scanning electron microscope images of (a) Naringin, (b) Naringin-Bi (III) complex, (c) Naringin-β-CD inclusion complex, and (d) Naringin-Bi (III)-β-CD inclusion complex.

The XRD patterns of Narg, Narb, and the solid inclusion complex formed are given in Figure 5. It showed a number of intense peaks especially for Narg and Narb, indicating sharp crystal structures of the complex. The inclusion complexation of Narg and Narb resulted in the decrease of intense peaks. It is more pronounced in the case of inclusion complex of Narb-β-CD. The X-ray pattern of β-CD was referred to from the report by Farcas et al. [13]. This difference might be due to the formation of new phases with different degrees of crystallinity due to inclusion complexation with β-CD. Using Debye-Scherrer formula (as given in (1)), the average of the crystallite size of Narg, Narb, and its inclusion complexes was calculated as 228, 170, 202, and 337 nm, respectively. Consider

where is the size of the crystal, is the wavelength of the radiation (=1.5418 Å), is the diffraction angle, and is the broadening factor (half width measured at half its maximum intensity).

Figure 5: X-ray diffraction pattern of (a) Naringin, (b) Naringin-Bi (III) complex, (c) Naringin-β-CD inclusion complex, and (d) Naringin-Bi (III)-β-CD inclusion complex.

3.2. UV-Visible Absorption Analysis

The interaction of Narb with β-CD was carried out with the titration of Narb with varying concentrations of β-CD from 0 to  mol dm⁻³. This titration was done with the UV-Visible absorption technique. When the concentration of β-CD increased, the absorbance was found to be increasing slowly at the initial concentrations of β-CD (Figure 6). The absorption maximum of Narb, found at 282 nm at the 0 mol dm⁻³ concentration of β-CD, was shifted to 275 nm at the  mol dm⁻³ concentration of β-CD. This showed the inclusion complexation of Narb with β-CD. The absorbance changes of Narb at the initial concentration of β-CD up to  mol dm⁻³ are too low to determine the binding constant for the inclusion complexation of Narb with β-CD by adopting the Benesi-Hildebrand for

The interaction of Narb with ctDNA was analysed by the titration of Narb by varying concentration of ctDNA from 0 to  mol dm⁻³. As the concentration of ctDNA increases, the absorbance of Narb increases. The absorption maximum was shifted to 278 nm (Figure 7). This change in the absorption maximum of Narb with respect to ctDNA shows the strong electronic coupling of Narb with ctDNA. Equation (3) was utilized to find the binding constant for the interaction of Narb with ctDNA:

where and are the absorbance of the free quest and the apparent one and and are their absorption coefficients, respectively. The plot of versus 1/[DNA] following equation (3) is shown in the inset of Figure 7. The binding constant of Narb-ctDNA was calculated as  mol⁻¹ dm³. The binding constant of Naringin-ctDNA was determined as  mol⁻¹ dm³ [4]. The higher binding affinity was observed for Bismuth complexed Naringin than Naringin for ctDNA.

Figure 6: Absorption spectra of Naringin-Bi (III) in various concentrations of β-CD.

Figure 7: Absorption spectra of Naringin-Bi (III) in various concentrations of ctDNA (inset: the plot of against 1/[DNA] for the interaction of Naringin-Bi (III) in various concentrations of ctDNA).

The interaction of Narb with ctDNA was analysed by the titration of Narb-β-CD complex by varying concentration of ctDNA from 0 to  mol dm⁻³. As the concentration of ctDNA increased, the absorbance of Narb increased. The absorption maximum was shifted from 283 nm to 279 nm (Figure 8). This change in the absorption maximum of Narb with respect to ctDNA showed the interaction of Narb with ctDNA. Equation (2) was utilized to find the binding constant for the interaction of Narb with ctDNA. The binding constant calculated for the interaction of Narb with ctDNA was  mol⁻¹dm³ (inset of Figure 8). A decrease in the binding affinity of Narb-β-CD in comparison with Narb with ctDNA was observed. This might be due to the competition between β-CD and ctDNA for the interaction with Narb. Moreover, β-CD encapsulated form of Narb and Naringin showed no significant changes in their binding affinity with ctDNA.

Figure 8: Absorption spectra of Naringin-Bi (III)-β-CD in various concentrations of ctDNA (inset: the plot of against 1/[DNA] for the interaction of Naringin-Bi (III)-β-CD in various concentrations of ctDNA).

3.3. Fluorescence Analysis

The interaction of Narb with β-CD was studied by the titration of Narb with varying concentrations of β-CD from 0 to  mol dm⁻³. This titration was done by the fluorescence technique. When the concentration of β-CD increased, the fluorescence intensity increased. The emission maximum of Narb is found at 313 and 362 nm in water (Figure 9(a)). The second band was shifted to 339 nm at the  mol dm⁻³ concentration of β-CD. There was no considerable shift observed for the band observed at 313 nm. The following equation was utilized to find the binding constant for the Narb-β-CD inclusion complex [14]:

(a)

(b)

Figure 9: (a) Fluorescence spectra of Naringin-Bi (III) with different concentrations of β-CD, (b) Benesi-Hildebrand plot for Naringin-Bi (III)/β-CD complex formation.

The stoichiometry for the interaction of Narb with β-CD was of 1 : 1. The calculated binding constant was  mol⁻¹ dm³ for Narb-β-CD complex (Figure 9(b)). A 1 : 2 stoichiometric interaction was observed for Naringin and β-CD. This confirms the inaccessibility of chromen-4-one moiety of Naringin due to involvement with Bi (III) for metal complex formation.

The interaction of Narb with ctDNA was analysed by the titration of Narb by varying the concentration of ctDNA from 0 to  mol dm⁻³. As the concentration of ctDNA increased, the emission of Narb increased. The emission maximum shifted from 362 to 369 nm (Figure 10(a)). This change in the emission maximum of Narb with respect to ctDNA shows the interaction of Narb with ctDNA. The following equation [15] was utilized to find the Stern-Volmer quenching constant for the interaction of Narb with ctDNA:

(a)

(b)

Figure 10: (a) Fluorescence spectra of Naringin-Bi (III) in the presence of various concentrations of ctDNA, (b) the plot of against [DNA] for the interaction of Naringin-Bi (III) in various concentrations of ctDNA.

The Stern-Volmer quenching constant calculated for the interaction of Narb with ctDNA was of  mol⁻¹ dm³ (Figure 10(b)). The above quenching constant for interaction with ctDNA is lower than that of Naringin. The interaction of Narb with ctDNA was analyzed by the titration of Narb-β-CD complex by varying the concentration of ctDNA. As the concentration of ctDNA increased, the fluorescence of Narb increased. The emission maximum was not shifted significantly from 360 nm (Figure 11(a)). This change in the emission maximum of Narb with respect to ctDNA showed the interaction of Narb with ctDNA. Equation (5) was utilized to find the Stern-Volmer quenching constant for the interaction of Narb with ctDNA. The Stern-Volmer quenching constant calculated for the interaction of Narb with ctDNA was of  mol⁻¹ dm³ (Figure 11(b)). The quenching constant for the binding of Narb and ctDNA in the presence of β-CD does not show more alterations than that of Naringin and ctDNA binding in the presence of β-CD. This observation is in accordance with UV-Visible absorption measurements. The lowering of the binding affinity and the were observed for the binding of Narb with ctDNA in the presence of β-CD. This infers that the inclusion complexation of Narb with β-CD resulted in the weakening of the binding strength between Narb and ctDNA. A higher binding affinity was observed for Naringin-Bi (III) than Naringin for ctDNA, whereas there are no many changes in the binding strength of β-CD encapsulated Naringin/Naringin-Bi (III) towards ctDNA observed by both the UV-Visible absorption and fluorescence techniques.

(a)

(b)

Figure 11: (a) Fluorescence spectra of Naringin-Bi (III)-β-CD in various concentrations of ctDNA, (b) the plot of against [DNA] for the interaction of Naringin-Bi (III)-β-CD in various concentrations of ctDNA.

4. Conclusion

The 2 : 1 stoichiometric interaction between Naringin and Bi (III) was observed. The 1 : 1 inclusion complexation of Naringin-Bi (III) complex with β-CD was realized. This is in contrast to the reported 1 : 2 ratio for Naringin and β-CD. The lowering of the binding affinity and the were observed for the binding of Narb with ctDNA in the presence of β-CD. This infers that the inclusion complexation of Narb with β-CD resulted in the weakening of the binding strength between Narb and ctDNA. A higher binding affinity was observed for Naringin-Bi (III) than Naringin for ctDNA, whereas there are no many changes in the binding strength of β-CD encapsulated Naringin/Naringin-Bi (III) towards ctDNA observed. Thus the Bi (III) complexation with Naringin may have a significant role in deciding the stoichiometry of the Naringin-β-CD inclusion complex and in binding strength of Naringin with ctDNA in the absence and the presence of β-CD.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

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