Physics Research International
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 606727, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/606727

Research Article

Modified Hamiltonian Formalism for Regge-Teitelboim Cosmology

Pinaki Patra, Md. Raju, Gargi Manna, and Jyoti Prasad Saha

Department of Physics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, India

Received 22 July 2014; Revised 17 November 2014; Accepted 8 December 2014; Published 28 December 2014

Academic Editor: Ashok Chatterjee

Copyright © 2014 Pinaki Patra et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The Ostrogradski approach for the Hamiltonian formalism of higher derivative theory is not satisfactory because the Lagrangian cannot be viewed as a function on the tangent bundle to coordinate manifold. In this paper, we have used an alternative approach which leads directly to the Lagrangian which, being a function on the tangent manifold, gives correct equation of motion; no new coordinate variables need to be added. This approach can be used directly to the singular (in Ostrogradski sense) Lagrangian. We have used this method for the Regge-Teitelboim (RT) minisuperspace cosmological model. We have obtained the Hamiltonian of the dynamical equation of the scale factor of RT model.

1. Introduction

It is fairly well known that adding higher derivatives term in Lagrangian may improve the theory in some respects, like ultraviolet behavior [1, 2], gravity renormalization [3], or even making modified gravity asymptotically free [4]. Also, higher-derivative Lagrangians appear to be a useful tool to describe some interesting models, like relativistic particles with rigidity, curvature, and torsion [5–10].

The starting of the study of higher derivative theory was started long back. Classical dynamics of a test particle’s motion with higher-order time derivatives of the coordinates was first described in 1850 by Ostrogradski [11] and is known as Ostrogradski’s formalism which has been extensively studied by several authors for its wide applicability [12–30].

An interesting occurrence of higher derivative terms in the action appears in general relativity. In some cases, such terms are isolated as surface terms and dropped. However, in the case of gravity, the surface term is never ignorable, for example, the requirement of the Gibbons-Hawking term in the action. This is more so in the brane world scenario where the universe is viewed as a hypersurface immersed in a bulk. A classic model is due to Regge and Teitelboim (RT) [31], where gravitation is described as the world volume swept out by the motion of a three-dimensional brane in a higher dimensional Minkowski spacetime. Hamiltonian analysis of the model and its quantization was further explored in [32–35]. Unlike the Einstein gravity, in the RT model, the independent fields are the embedding functions rather than the metric. In the RT model, second derivatives of the fields appear in the action, and like general relativity these higher derivative terms may be clubbed in a surface term. In the usual formulation, this surface term is dropped [35], thereby reducing the original model to a first-order theory. However, this makes the Hamiltonian formulation of the model problematic [35]. These problems are bypassed by introducing an auxiliary field [35]. On the other hand, recently it has been pointed out that no such auxiliary field is needed if one includes the surface term in the RT model containing higher derivative terms [34]. Obviously, therefore, the Hamiltonian formulation of this model is far from closed. The analysis of the RT model in the ambit of higher derivative theory [34] was done from the Ostrogradski approach and this work was based on the minisuperspace model following from the RT theory. The minisuperspace model carries the reparametrization invariance of the original RT gravity which appears as gauge invariance in the Hamiltonian analysis.

However, the main disadvantage of the Ostrogradski approach is that the Hamiltonian, being a linear function of some momenta, is necessarily unbounded from below. In general, this cannot be cured by trying to devise an alternative canonical formalism. In fact, any Hamiltonian is an integral of motion, while it is by far not obvious that a generic system described by higher derivative Lagrangians possesses globally defined integrals of motion, except the one related to time translation invariance. Moreover, the instability of the Ostrogradski Hamiltonian is not related to finite domains in phase space, which implies that it will survive in the standard quantization procedure (i.e., it cannot be cured by the uncertainty principle). The Ostrogradski approach also has some other disadvantages. There is no straightforward transition from the Lagrangian to the Hamiltonian formalism.

Recently, Andrzejewski et al. [36] have proposed a modified formalism for the higher derivative theory which can cure some of the drawbacks of Ostrogradski formalism. Basic idea is the same as that of Ostrogradski. But the advantage of this approach is that the Legendre transformation can be performed in a straightforward way, though the Hamiltonian of the modified formalism is directly connected to the Hamiltonian obtained in Ostrogradski formalism through a canonical transformation.

In this paper, we have used the modified formalism proposed by Andrzejewski et al. [36] for the Regge-Teitelboim (RT) minisuperspace cosmological model.

2. Regge-Teitelboim Cosmological Model

The Regge-Teitelboim cosmological model has been studied in [37]. We include this section for the completeness of our paper and we used their notation. The RT model considers a -dimensional brane which evolves in an -dimensional bulk spacetime with fixed Minkowski metric . The world volume swept out by the brane is a -dimensional manifold defined by the embedding , where are the local coordinates of the background spacetime and are local coordinates for . The theory is given by the action functional

where has the dimension and is the determinant of the induced metric . denotes the cosmological constant and is the Ricci scalar. As has been already stated above, we will be confined to the minisuperspace cosmological model following from the RT model.

The standard procedure in cosmology is to assume that on the large scale the universe is homogeneous and isotropic. These special symmetries enable the four-dimensional world volume representing the evolving universe to be embedded in a five-dimensional Minkowski spacetime:

where is the metric for unit 3 sphere. To ensure the FRW case, we take the following parametric representation for the brane:

where is known as the scale factor.

After ADM decomposition [38, 39] with space-like unit normals ( is the lapse function)

the induced metric on the world volume is given by

Now, one can compute the Ricci scalar which is given by

With these functions, we can easily construct the Lagrangian density as

The Lagrangian in terms of arbitrary parameter can be written as [34]

where

is called the Hubble parameter.

Varying the action with respect to , we get the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equation:

Please note that the Lagrangian contains higher derivative terms of field . However, we can write it as [34]

If we neglect the boundary term, the resulting Lagrangian becomes the usual first-order one. However, the Hamiltonian analysis is facilitated if we retain the higher derivative term. Thus our Hamiltonian analysis will proceed from the above equation containing higher derivative term. Note that the higher-order model was also considered in [34], where the Hamiltonian analysis was performed following the Ostrogradski approach. We, on the contrary, will follow the equivalent first-order approach of Andrzejewski et al. [36].

3. Hamiltonian Formalism for Regge-Teitelboim Cosmological Model

Our concerned Lagrangian as mentioned in the previous section is

where

and the Hubble parameter which we are considering to be a constant in the present discussion is

We set, for the notational convenience,

Our Lagrangian is singular in Ostrogradski sense because

Now, we define such that

One possible choice is

Now, using the suggestions prescribed in [36], we define

The conjugate momenta corresponding to the coordinates are given by . In particular,

Equations (22) and (23) provide primary constraint. Equation (17) enables us to solve ’s in terms of momenta. These are explicitly given by

where

Therefore, reduces to

Now, the Dirac Hamiltonian () is given by

where are two Lagrange multipliers enforcing the “primary” constraints

The Hamiltonian explicitly reads

And the Hamilton equations of motion are given by

The secondary constraints read

that is,

To determine , usually one uses the stability condition of the secondary constraints:

But, for our system under consideration, in (16) has rank . This implies the existence of 2 linearly independent null vectors; so one cannot obtain the values of in this case. However, if we are interested in the dynamical equations for and , we can use the Hamiltonian

which is explicitly given by

If we promote it to quantization, it can easily be seen that is hermitian.

4. Conclusions

We have obtained the Hamiltonian structure for the scale factor of the RT model. In the modified formalism used in this paper, the Legendre transformation can be performed in a straightforward way. Summarizing, we have found modified Hamiltonian formulations of RT gravity which is equivalent to the Ostrogradski formalism in the sense that they are related to the latter by a canonical transformation.

The stability condition of constraint for the modified formalism proposed in [36] fails to determine the lagrange multipliers for the model discussed in this paper. In that sense, one can conclude that the modified formalism proposed in [36] is not always superior to the usual Ostrogradski formalism used in literature.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of the paper and for their valuable comments which made this paper in the present form. Pinaki Patra is grateful for CSIR, Government of India, for fellowship support; Gargi Manna is grateful for DST, Government of India, for DST-INSPIRE scholarship; and Jyoti Prasad Saha is grateful for DST-PURSE for financial support.

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