International Scholarly Research Notices
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 678408, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/678408

Research Article

The Translated Dowling Polynomials and Numbers

Mahid M. Mangontarum, Amila P. Macodi-Ringia, and Normalah S. Abdulcarim

Department of Mathematics, Mindanao State University, Main Campus, 9700 Marawi City, Philippines

Received 21 October 2014; Revised 2 December 2014; Accepted 3 December 2014; Published 22 December 2014

Academic Editor: Riccardo Dondi

Copyright © 2014 Mahid M. Mangontarum et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

More properties for the translated Whitney numbers of the second kind such as horizontal generating function, explicit formula, and exponential generating function are proposed. Using the translated Whitney numbers of the second kind, we will define the translated Dowling polynomials and numbers. Basic properties such as exponential generating functions and explicit formula for the translated Dowling polynomials and numbers are obtained. Convexity, integral representation, and other interesting identities are also investigated and presented. We show that the properties obtained are generalizations of some of the known results involving the classical Bell polynomials and numbers. Lastly, we established the Hankel transform of the translated Dowling numbers.

1. Introduction

In 1996, the classical Whitney numbers of the second kind of Dowling Lattices was introduced by Benoumhani [1]. satisfy the recurrence relation:

Other fundamental properties of these numbers were already established by Benoumhani in [1, 2]. The numbers can be shown to be a kind of generalization of the famous Stirling numbers of the Second kind when the parameter equals to 1. That is,

Recently, a translated version of the Whitney numbers of the second kind was introduced by Belbachir and Bousbaa [3] which they named translated Whitney numbers of the second kind, denoted by . actually counts the number of partitions of a set with elements into subsets such that the elements of each subset can mutate in ways, except the dominant one. To compute the first few values of these numbers, the following recurrence relation was obtained in [3]:

The classical Stirling numbers of the second kind can also be obtained from these numbers when . On the otherhand, the classical Dowling numbers are defined to be the sum of  . That is,

and can be computed using the explicit formula:

is known to be a generalization of the classical Bell numbers which is the sum of the Stirling numbers of the second kind . In this paper, we will define the translated Dowling numbers as the sum of . The content of this paper is summarized as follows. In Section 2, we will introduce some basic properties for the numbers . In Section 3, we will define the translated Dowling polynomials and numbers and derive some of their basic properties. In Section 4, we investigate convexity and integral representation of the translated Dowling polynomials and numbers. In Section 5, more properties of translated Dowling polynomials and numbers are presented, and in Section 6, we obtain the Hankel transform of the translated Dowling numbers.

2. Some Properties of

Interesting properties of can also be obtained parallel to those done in [1]. For instance, by induction on , the following horizontal generating function can easily be obtained through the aid of the recurrence relation in (3).

Proposition 1. The translated Whitney numbers of the second kind satisfy the following horizontal generating function:

where is the generalized factorial of of increment .

Also, note that (6) can be written as

where is the falling factorial of of order . By replacing with , we have

Finally, applying the binomial inversion formula (see [4])

gives us the following explicit formula.

Proposition 2. The translated Whitney numbers of the second kind can be expressed as

Note that when in (10), we have

which is the known explicit formula of the Stirling numbers of the second kind. Furthermore, we have the following exponential generating function.

Proposition 3. The numbers satisfy

Proof. Multiplying both sides of (8) by and summing over , gives us

Now, note that

The proof is completed by comparing the coefficients of in (13) and (14).

In 2010, Mező [5], introduced the -Whitney numbers of the second kind as coefficients in the expansion of

These numbers actually are equivalent to the -Stirling numbers defined by Corcino et al. [6]. That is,

Moreover, we have

where is the -Stirling numbers of the second kind by Broder [7]. This means that the identities (6), (10), and (12) for the numbers appear to be special cases of (see [5, 8]).

3. Translated Dowling Polynomials and Numbers

The well-known Bell polynomials is defined by the sum

which consequently yields the Bell numbers when . In line with this, we may define the translated Dowling polynomials as follows.

Definition 4. For nonnegative integers , , and , the translated Dowling polynomials are defined as

When ,

and is called the translated Dowling numbers.

Now, from (19) and (12),

Hence, we have the following theorem.

Theorem 5. The following exponential generating functions hold:

Remark 6. When in (22) and (23), we have

which are the exponential generating functions of the classical Bell polynomials and numbers, respectively.

Since represents the number of partitions of a set with elements into subsets such that the elements of each subset can mutate in ways, except the dominant one, then is the number of partitions of a set with elements such that the elements of each subset can mutate in ways, except the dominant one. The following theorem contains an explicit form for the polynomials and numbers .

Theorem 7. The following explicit formula holds:

Proof. Combining the explicit formula in (10) with (19) yields

Reindexing the sums and by further simplification,

Equation (26) is obtained by letting .

Remark 8. When in (25) and (26), we have

which are the known Dobinski identities.

To close this section, we will cite the -Dowling polynomials of Cheon and Jung [8] defined by

Properties of were already established in [8] and were further studied by Rahmani [9]. We note that the polynomials coincide with the -Bell polynomials of R. B. Corcino and C. B. Corcino [10]. That is, . Moreover,

where is the -Bell polynomials in [11].

4. Convexity and Integral Representation

A real sequence , is called convex [4] on an interval , where contains at least 3 consecutive integers, if

We will refer to (32) as convexity property. Convexity, among others, is an example of interesting global behaviours of combinatorial sequences of integers. The following theorem shows that the polynomials obey the convexity property.

Theorem 9. Let and . Then

for .

Proof. Since , then

Multiplying both sides by and summing over yields

Finally, multiplying both sides by and using (25) completes the proof.

The following beautiful integral representation of the Bell numbers was first obtained by Cesàro [12]:

This expression was generalized by Mező [11] using a kind of generalization of the classical Bell numbers called -Bell numbers . Equation (36) and Mező’s identity appears to be special cases of the integral representation of the -Bell polynomials by R. B. Corcino and C. B. Corcino [10]. That is and , respectively. The next theorem gives an integral representation for the translated Dowling polynomials.

Theorem 10. The translated Dowling polynomials have the following integral representation:

where .

Proof. From [13], we have the following integral identity:

Hence, combining this with the explicit formula in (10) yields

Furthermore, we have

which is the desired result.

Clearly, the integral representation in (37) boils down to Cesàro’s in (36) when and . Now, applying the explicit formula in (25) gives us the following.

Corollary 11. The following identity holds:

5. More Theorems on

It is known that the th exponential moment of a Poisson random variable , denoted by , is related to the Bell polynomials through the Dobinski’s formula. That is,

Also, the th factorial moment of with mean , denoted by , is given by

R. B. Corcino and C. B. Corcino [10] obtained a generalization of (42) using the -Bell polynomials as

when and . We note that identities (42), (43), and (44) can be shown to be particular cases of the generalized factorial moments by Mangontarum and Corcino [14] given by

by suitable assignments of the parameters , , , and . The following lemma is analogous to (42).

Lemma 12. The following identity holds:

where is a Poisson random variable with mean .

Proof. From (8),

Hence by (43),

Using the explicit formula in (10) and simplifiying further completes the proof.

If the mean of the Poisson random variable is , then we have

Now,

Using the explicit formula of the -Bell polynomials [10]

yields

Hence, we have the following.

Theorem 13. The following identities hold:

where is the classical Dowling numbers.

The next theorem is easily deduced from (22) and (46).

Theorem 14. The following exponential generating functions hold:

6. The Hankel Transform of

The Hankel matrix is a matrix whose entries are symmetric with respect to the main diagonal of the matrix. It had been previously studied by some mathematicians as well as its connections in some areas of mathematics, physics, and computer science. Among these mathematicians were de Sainte-Catherine and Viennot [15], Garcia-Armas and Sethuraman [16], Tamm [17], and Vein and Dale [18]. Further theories and applications of this matrix had been established including the Hankel determinant and Hankel transform. The determinant of the Hankel matrix is called Hankel determinant, while the sequence of Hankel determinants is called Hankel transform as defined by Aigner [19].

The Hankel determinants had been previously studied by some mathematicians, for instance, Radoux [20] and Ehrenborg [21]. On the other hand, the Hankel transform was first introduced in Sloane’s sequence [22] and was first studied by Layman [23]. Aigner [19] established the Hankel transform of the classical Bell numbers. A similar identity was obtained by Mező [11] for the Hankel transform of the -Bell numbers. In a recent paper, Corcino et al. [24] established the Hankel transform of the noncentral Bell numbers which is identical to that of the Bell and -Bell case. A more general case of Hankel transform can also be seen in [24], namely, the Hankel transform of the -Bell numbers. In this section, we are going to establish the Hankel transform of the Translated Dowling Numbers by using Aigner’s method.

Let be the infinite lower triangular matrix defined recursively by

where , , if , and if .

Using the reccurence relation in (55), we obtain

This implies that

With

the right-hand side of (57) yields

While the left hand side of (57) yields

This implies that the function

where , is a unique solution to the differential equation in (57). Hence, the exponential generating function of the th column of is given by

Hence, we have the following.

Lemma 15. Let be the exponential generating function of the th column of matrix . That is,

Then

where and That is, the 0-column entries of are the numbers , .

Remark 16. When in (64), we have

which is the exponential generating function in (23).

The next lemma is useful in establishing an identity for some matrices whose entries are .

Lemma 17. Let be the th row of . Define

Then

for all nonnegative integers and .

Proof. By induction of , if we have

Since ,

Suppose that holds for and all . Then by (55)

Reindexing the summation yields

By (55),

From the inductive hypothesis,

which is pricisely (67).

We are now ready to state the following Hankel transform of the translated Dowling numbers.

Theorem 18. The numbers have the Hankel Transform

Proof. Let be the lower triangular submatrix of consisting of the rows and columns numbered 0 to . Then is a matrix with diagonal 1. It follows that . This implies the determinant of the transpose of is one; that is, . Let . Then

By (67),

where . That is,

Thus,

This is the desired result.

Remark 19. Note that when , we recover from (74) the Hankel transform of the classical Bell numbers of Aigner [19], the Hankel transform of the -Bell numbers of Mező [11], and the Hankel transform of the noncentral Bell numbers in [24]. This makes (74) a generalization of the previously mentioned Hankel transforms. Also, the Hankel transform of the -Bell numbers [24] appears to be analogous to the Hankel transform of the translated Dowling numbers in (74).

Much is yet to be learnt regarding the translated Dowling polynomials and numbers. It is interesting to establish more properties for these polynomials and numbers parallel to the properties of the Bell polynomials and numbers, and their generalizations. The authors also recommend further study regarding the translated -Whitney numbers [3]. The results in this paper might be extended to translate -Dowling polynomials and numbers using the translated -Whitney numbers of the second kind. Another interesting topic can be found in [25] where Corcino et al. obtained the asymptotic formulas for the -Whitney numbers of the second kind as well as the range of validity of each formula. It would be compelling to do the same to the translated Whitney numbers of the second kind.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the academic editor for his invaluable role during the editorial workflow and to the referees for reading the paper and giving suggestions which helped improve the clarity of the paper. Special thanks also to Professor Moussa Benoumhani for providing some of the references used in this paper. This research is supported by the Office of the President of the Mindanao State University, Main Campus, Marawi City, Philippines, 9700.

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