Thrombosis
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 753780, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/753780

Research Article

Cardioembolic Sources in Stroke Patients in South of Brazil

Luiz Carlos Porcello Marrone, João Pedro Farina Brunelli, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Gustavo Henrique Tomasi, Bianca Cecchele Madeira, William Alves Martins, Robson Dupont Rohr, Ana Paula Heck, Luiz Ricardo Botton, Marilia Martins de Castro, Rodrigo Bodanese, Luiz Carlos Bodanese, Antônio Carlos Huf Marrone, and Jaderson Costa da Costa

Hospital São Lucas, Instituto do Cérebro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Room 220, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Received 30 June 2014; Revised 24 September 2014; Accepted 24 September 2014; Published 2 October 2014

Academic Editor: Thomas Kickler

Copyright © 2014 Luiz Carlos Porcello Marrone et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Background. Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability in Brazil and around the world. Cardioembolism is responsible for nearly 30% of the origins of ischemic stroke. Methods. We analyzed data of 256 patients with cardioembolic ischemic stroke (according to TOAST classification) who were admitted into the Hospital São Lucas-PUCRS from October 2011 to January 2014. The cardioembolic subtype was divided into six subgroups: arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, septal abnormalities, and intracardiac injuries. The prevalence of the most important cardiovascular risk factors and medications in use for prevention of systemic embolism by the time of hospital admission was analyzed in each patient. Results. Among 256 patients aged 60.2 +/− 6.9 years, 132 males, arrhythmias were the most common cause of cardioembolism corresponding to 50.7%, followed by valvular heart disease (17.5%) and coronary artery disease (16%). Hypertension (61.7%) and dyslipidemia (43.7%) were the most common risk factors. Less than 50% of patients with arrhythmias were using oral anticoagulants. Conclusions. Identifying the prevalence of cardioembolic stroke sources subgroups has become an increasingly important role since the introduction of new oral anticoagulants. In this study, arrhythmias (especially atrial fibrillation) were the main cause of cardioembolism.

1. Introduction

Stroke is the leading cause of mortality and disability in Brazil and South America. However, there is little knowledge about stroke epidemiology, stroke subtypes, and risk factors in Latin America [1–3].

Basically strokes can be divided into ischemic (85%) and hemorrhagic (15%). The clinical characteristics of stroke vary according to etiology and risk factors. To facilitate and standardize the classification of stroke subtypes, it was developed in 1993—the TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) classification which divides the ischemic stroke into five subtypes: large-artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, small-vessel occlusion, stroke of other determined etiology, and stroke of undetermined etiology. Knowledge of the etiology of ischemic events is essential for correct treatment and secondary prevention to improve the best patient outcomes [4, 5].

In the south of Brazil, the most important source of ischemic stroke is large-artery atherosclerosis followed by cardioembolism and small-vessel disease. Cardioembolism is responsible for nearly 30% of the origins of ischemic stroke [2, 6, 7]. Cardioembolism can be subdivided into six subgroups: arrhythmias (as atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter), valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease (within six weeks), septal abnormalities, and intracardiac injuries [1, 6, 7].

Currently, new therapies are being introduced and these are specific to certain cardioembolic diseases. Nowadays, new oral anticoagulants (NOAC) have been used to better control nonvalvular atrial fibrillation [8]. Because of this, it is important to know more specifically which subgroups of cardioembolic stroke are responsible for more cases in our population.

The objective of this paper is to describe the most common causes of cardioembolic stroke and its risk factors.

2. Materials and Methods

We reviewed data from 256 consecutive patients with acute cardioembolic ischemic stroke admitted to Hospital São Lucas in Porto Alegre (Brazil) between October 2011 and January 2014. Porto Alegre is a city in southern Brazil with a population of 1.4 million inhabitants, predominantly of European and African origin. We analyzed the prevalence of subgroups of cardioembolic stroke, which was defined according to TOAST.

Our study was carried out exclusively with patients admitted to the hospital’s emergency department. In this investigation, all patients were submitted to brain computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging, electrocardiography, chest radiography, and basic blood tests. The majority of patients also underwent transesophageal echocardiography, Doppler ultrasonography of the neck vessels, and/or magnetic resonance angiography.

We used TOAST classification to define the cardioembolic subgroup. The cardioembolic stroke was then divided into six subgroups: arrhythmias (like atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter), valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, septal abnormalities, and intracardiac injuries. We evaluated the following variables in each group: age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, and medications used for prevention of systemic embolism by the time of hospital admission.

Hypertension was defined on treatment of antihypertensive therapy or 2 measurements of systolic pressure >140 mm Hg and/or diastolic pressure >90 mm Hg. Diabetes mellitus was defined as a history of elevated serum glucose level (>100 mg/dL) on 2 independent readings before stroke or receipt of antidiabetic medications. Dyslipidemia was defined as a history of total cholesterol >200 mg/dL or triglycerides >200 mg/dL or receipt of lipid-lowering medications.

Patients who presented in the emergency department with previous stroke (without acute lesions) or who had been treated as outpatients were not included in the sample. The stroke subtype was identified after review of all imaging data. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).

According to TOAST classification, subgroups of cardioembolism could be divided into high and medium risk for stroke. The high risk includes mechanical prosthetic valve, mitral stenosis with AF, AF other than lone AF, left atrial/atrial appendage thrombus, sick sinus syndrome, recent myocardial infarction (<4 weeks), left ventricular thrombus, dilated cardiomyopathy, akinetic left ventricular segment, atrial myxoma, and infective endocarditis. The medium risk includes mitral valve prolapsed, mitral annulus calcification, mitral stenosis without AF, left atrial turbulence (smoke), atrial septal aneurysm, patent foramen ovale, atrial flutter, lone AF, bioprosthetic cardiac valve, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, congestive heart failure, hypokinetic left ventricular segment, and myocardial infarction >4 weeks and <6 months [4, 9].

3. Results

We analyzed data from 256 patients with mean age of 60.2 ± 6.9 years, 132 males (51.5%) and 124 females (48.4%).

In our series, arrhythmias were the most common cause of cardioembolism, followed by valvular heart disease and coronary artery disease. The arrhythmias subgroup was composed of 130 patients with mean age of 58.1 years and 96.1% of these patients had atrial fibrillation as the cause of ischemic stroke. Hypertension (61.7%) and dyslipidemia (43.7%) were the most common risk factors in all subgroups.

Table 1 shows the prevalence of each subgroup of cardioembolism and risk factors.

Table 1: Cardioembolic sources and risk factors.

Cardioembolic subtypes

%
Age
Male (%)
Hypertension (%)
Diabetes (%)
Smoking (%)
Dyslipidemia (%)

Arrhythmias
130
50.7
58.1
60 (46.1)
69 (53)
38 (29.2)
43 (33)
55 (42.3)

Valvular heart disease
45
17.5
61.2
27 (60)
31 (68.8)
11 (24.4)
19 (42.2)
19 (42.2)

Coronary artery disease
41
16
69.7
21 (51.2)
38 (92.6)
16 (39)
18 (43.9)
21 (51.2)

Cardiomyopathy
12
4.6
66.6
8 (66.6)
6 (50)
3 (25)
4 (33.3)
5 (41.6)

Septal abnormalities
24
10
53
14 (58.3)
11 (45.8)
6 (25)
8 (33.3)
10 (41.6)

Intracardiac injuries
4
1.5
44.2
2 (50)
3 (75)
1 (25)
2 (50)
2 (50)

Total
256
100
60.2
132 (51.5)
158 (61.7)
75 (29.2)
94 (36.7)
112 (43.7)

Evaluating 256 patients with cardioembolic subtype, only 120 (46.8%) were using anticoagulants for prevention of systemic embolism. Table 2 depicts the medications for prevention of systemic embolism that the patients were using by the time of their admission to our hospital.

Table 2: Prevention therapy for cardioembolic stroke in hospital admission.

Cardioembolic subtypes

Oral anticoagulants (%)
Antiaggregants (%)
None (%)

Arrhythmias
130
63 (48.4)
40 (30.7)
27 (20.7)

Valvular heart disease
45
37 (82.2)
6 (13.3)
2 (4.4)

Coronary artery disease
41
11 (26.8)
27 (65.8)
3 (7.3)

Cardiomyopathy
12
5 (41.6)
6 (50)
1 (8.3)

Septal abnormalities
24
4 (16.6)
16 (66.6)
4 (16.6)

Intracardiac injuries
4
0
1 (25)
3 (75)

Total
256
120 (46.8)
96 (37.5)
40 (15.6)

4. Discussion

Cardioembolic stroke predicts long-term mortality when compared to other ischemic stroke subtypes [10]. Moreover, this condition had great rates of reperfusion in patients treated with rt-PA; however hemorrhagic transformation is more common [11, 12]. The cardioembolic stroke is also associates with a large in-hospital mortality and worse prognosis [1].

In a previous paper of our group, we found that cardioembolism was the cause of ischemic stroke in 28.3% of the patients. Porcello Marrone et al. and Ihle-Hansen and colleagues found a very similar prevalence of cardioembolism of 31.4% analyzing 210 patients with ischemic stroke [1, 6].

In Spain, Capmany et al. described a prevalence of 20% of cardioembolic stroke. Furthermore, in this series 79.1% of patients had AF with or without structural cardiac disease associated with arrhythmias. The main correlation was found with AF and hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy; this finding is similar to that found in the present study. In our study, the prevalence of valvular heart disease was 17.5%, whereas in the Spanish study it was 12%. The same occurred in relation to coronary artery disease, where we found 16% and they found 20% [13]. Maybe what explains our high number of valvular heart disease is the increased prevalence of rheumatic fever in our midst [14].

Chagas disease is described as an important cause of cardioembolic stroke in some regions of Brazil. However, in Porto Alegre this disorder is not as common as in the central regions of Brazil and South America [15–17].

In our series, less than half of the patients with AF that arrived in our hospital due to a stroke were using anticoagulants.

Identifying the prevalence of cardioembolic stroke sources subgroups has become increasingly important since the introduction of NOAC for specific diseases related to that situation. Novel therapies—dabigatran (direct inhibitor of prothrombin) [8], rivaroxaban, and apixaban (direct Xa inhibitor) [18, 19]—proved to be at least as effective as warfarin to prevent stroke in patients with AF. Evaluating only dabigatran 150 mg twice a day, this drug proved to be superior in ischemic stroke prevention when compared to warfarin [8].

We know that this paper has some limitations, but some information described here can help neurologists and clinicians with their practice.

In summary, nearly 50% of cardioembolic stroke patients admitted to Hospital São Lucas-PUCRS are due to arrhythmias. Thus, a greater number of patients can make use of those NOAC once that only half of the patients who could benefit from anticoagulation are actually being treated, probably due to the poor safety profile of Warfarin [8]. Possibly, the number of strokes caused by atrial fibrillation is larger than that described in this paper, due to paroxysmal atrial fibrillation cases that may not have been diagnosed.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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