Journal of Metallurgy

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 827393, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/827393

Research Article

Microstructural Characterization and Corrosion Behavior of Electroless Ni-Zn-P Thin Films

Ionuţ Constantin

National R&D Institute for Nonferrous and Rare Metals (IMNR), 102 Biruinţei Boulevard, Pantelimon, 077145 Ilfov, Romania

Received 31 October 2013; Revised 17 December 2013; Accepted 17 December 2013; Published 27 January 2014

Academic Editor: Menahem Bamberger

Copyright © 2014 Ionuţ Constantin. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Ternary Ni-Zn-P alloy thin films were electrolessly deposited on a carbon steel substrate from sulphate alkaline baths. The effect of deposition bath composition and process duration on the physical-chemical and corrosion characteristics of the obtained thin films was investigated. The thin films were characterized by EDAX analysis techniques and scanning electronic microscopy. Corrosion tests were performed in 3.5% sodium chloride solution and the corrosion current values were determined to be 4–12 μA, comparative to 15 μA for the uncoated steel sample.

1. Introduction

Due to high corrosion resistance, cadmium is used extensively as an anticorrosive protection layer for steel components used in energetics, transportation, chemical equipment production, metallic constructions, and so forth [1]. However, cadmium plating presents major inconvenients due to metal toxicity and used salts as well as simultaneous discharge of hydrogen ions during the cadmiation process, making cadmiated parts susceptible of acid brittleness [2, 3]. These are the main reasons why, in the last decades, intense studies and researches were performed for finding replacements for Cd based anticorrosive protection coatings.

An efficient alternative for sacrificial layers acting as replacements for Cd is zinc and its alloys. Zinc presents a low electrode standard potential ( V, measured versus hydrogen normal electrode), thus being capable of acting as a sacrificial coating for plated steel parts [4]. The difference between the standard potentials of zinc and the substrate (iron) constitutes the corrosion force of the protection coating in corrosion conditions, and the high value of this difference leads to a rapid dissolution of zinc. The dissolution rate of the protective coating was considerably mitigated by alloying zinc with other elements (Ni, Co, Fe, etc.) that shifted the standard electrode potential of the alloy to values closer to the substrate [5]. Among these alloys, the best anticorrosive properties, similar to those of cadmium, are exhibited by the Zn-Ni alloy [6, 7].

Electrochemical deposition of Zn-Ni alloys is an anomalous process by nature. Although Ni is nobler than Zn, codepositing these metals results in obtaining large quantities of Zn in the deposited alloy. As an effect of the high Zn concentration, the alloy dissolution rate is also high in corrosive medium conditions. Various studies and researches were realized for decreasing the anomalous effect of the codeposition and increasing the Ni content in the alloy, resulting in decreasing the dissolution rate of the anticorrosive alloy coating. These researches focused mainly on using inert species in the deposition bath, to inhibit zinc codeposition, and on developing ternary anticorrosive alloys, such as Zn-Ni-X (X = Cd, Co, P, Si, etc.) [8, 9]. Among these, ternary Zn-Ni-P alloys attracted special consideration as an addition of 1–5% P considerably enhances the corrosion resistance [10, 11].

An efficient and low-cost alternative to the electrodeposition method was developed for obtaining ternary Zn-Ni-P alloy coatings and for increasing the Ni content in the deposited layer.

Electroless deposition is the process of autocatalytic reduction of metals (chemical deposition) in the presence of an oxidizing agent. This method was used for obtaining Zn-Ni-P coatings from sulphate and chloride solutions. The research performed indicated that the alloy deposition develops normally, obtaining high concentrations of 70–90% nickel and zinc concentrations of 10–25% in the cathodic deposit [12, 13]. At these elemental concentrations, although the deposited thin film exhibits excellent anticorrosive properties, it cannot be used as a sacrificial coating for steel parts.

The present study presents the experimental works effectuated for autocatalytic obtaining of Ni-Zn-P thin films on steel substrate from sulphate solutions. The effects of deposition bath concentrations and duration of deposition process on physical-chemical and corrosion characteristics of the films obtained are studied.

2. Experimental Details

Ni-Zn-P thin films were deposited on carbon steel samples (C = 0.28 wt.%), 50 × 25 × 0.6 mm in size. Prior to the electroless deposition process, the surface of the steel samples was prepared. This step is necessary because the adherence between the substrate and the coating, with favorable consequences on anticorrosive protection efficiency, can be provided only by adequate preparation of the sample surface. Preparing the substrate for film deposition consisted of polishing on abrasive paper increasing in granulation, acetone degreasing and rinsing in double distilled water, and sample etching, for removing traces of surface adherent oxide, with 50% H₂SO₄ solution at a temperature of 50–60°C, for 1-2 minutes, followed by washing with double distilled water. The experimental installation for the electroless deposition consisted of a 600 cm³ thermoresistant vessel and a magnetic heater-stirrer.

The chemical composition of the electroless deposition baths used for the experiments is given in Table 1.

Table 1: Composition of autocatalytic deposition baths.

Deposition bath
Chemical composition (g/L)

ZnSO₄·7H₂O
NiSO₄·6H₂O
NaH₂PO₂·H₂O
C₆H₅Na₃O₇·2H₂O
NH₄Cl

A
5
40
10
10
50

B
10
40
10
10
50

C
20
40
10
10
50

Sodium hypophosphite was used as a reducing agent for the autocatalytic process and also as a phosphorus source in the deposited film. The pH of the solutions was set and maintained at 10.5 with concentrated NaOH solution. The electrolytes were prepared using chemical purity solutions and double distilled water.

The thin film deposition was performed at a temperature of 85°C. The duration of the deposition process was of 1 and 2 h, for each deposition bath used. The deposition bath was stirred at a 30–40 rpm rate using a magnetic agitator.

The obtained thin films were characterized using dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDAX) for determining the concentration and distribution of the elements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for determining the morphology and microstructure. For increasing the accuracy of the elemental distribution assessment, the EDAX analysis was performed in various points situated along a diagonal of the steel parts. The analyses were performed using a XL-30-ESEM TMP type electronic microscope, fitted with an EDAX detection device.

For determining corrosion characteristics of obtained films, specific electrochemical analysis methods were used, which permitted the establishing of the corrosion potential (), determining polarization resistance, and plotting Tafel polarization curves [14, 15].

Corrosion studies were performed on the deposited samples (50 × 25 mm area) using a PARSTAT 2273 potentiostat and the obtained data was processed using specialized “PowerCorr” software. The tests were executed in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution at a 25°C temperature, in a three-electrode electrochemical cell. The steel samples coated with the electrolessly deposited thin film constituted the working electrode and a platinum sheet was used as the cell counter electrode. A saturated calomel electrode was used as reference electrode. The working electrode potential scanning rate was 0.166 mV/s.

The open circuit potential () was measured for samples analyzed for 30 minutes. During the open circuit experiments, the free currents generated by exposing the sample to the corrosive medium. were measured depending on time. The polarization resistance determination was effectuated by linear polarization with reduced signal.

The analyzed sample was scanned at ±20 mV versus open circuit potential . The determination time was 20–30 minutes. For determining Tafel polarization curves (with high signal), the potential was varied in steps, with a step size of 0.166 mV, in a ±250 mV versus interval, for 1-2 hours. The obtained data permitted the determination of kinetic parameters for the corrosion process of the studied thin films.

3. Results and Discussions

The elemental chemical composition of autocatalytic deposited thin films determined by EDAX is given in Table 2. The energy dispersive X-ray analyses revealed that the chemical composition is almost the same in different areas of the samples. The weight percentages of the thin film elements vary with the zinc content in the deposition bath. Figure 1 presents the EDAX specters recorded for samples ZNP 1 and ZNP 2 and it can be seen that only the Ni, Zn, P, and Fe elements are present, demonstrating the purity of the deposit. The Fe peak is caused by interference between the substrate and the coating [13].

Table 2: Elemental chemical composition of deposited thin films.

Sample
Deposition bath/deposition time
Coating thickness (μm)
Chemical composition (wt.%)

Zn
Ni
P

ZNP 1
A/1 hour
6.3
7.95
88.18
3.07

ZNP 2
A/2 hours
8.5
8.89
89.38
1.73

ZNP 3
B/1 hour
5.8
11.87
78.21
9.93

ZNP 4
B/2 hours
7.9
14.73
77.79
7.48

ZNP 5
C/1 hour
7.2
16.81
76.12
7.06

ZNP 6
C/2 hours
8.8
40.65
53.02
6.33

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: EDAX specters recorded for samples ZNP 1 (a) and ZNP 3 (b).

The SEM micrographs for the analyzed samples are presented in Figure 2. By evaluating the obtained results, it can be observed that the obtained Ni-Zn-P coating is light grey and that the surface morphology is homogenous, with uniform distribution of spherical conglomerates (Figures 2(a) and 2(c)). As reported elsewhere in literature [16, 17], the size of the rounded formations diminishes by increasing the deposition time, as shown in Figures 2(b) and 2(d). As the micrographs show, the deposited film also presents microfissures, gaps, and crevices.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 2: SEM micrographs for samples ZNP 1 (a), ZNP 2 (b), ZNP 5 (c), and ZNP 6 (d).

Table 3 contains the values of the potential measured in open circuit for the uncoated steel sample and the coated steel samples. The kinetic corrosion parameters are presented in Table 4, measured using the specialized “PowerCorr” software for the uncoated sample and the samples plated with Ni-Zn-P thin films. The Tafel curves plotted for the analyzed film samples and for the uncoated steel sample are presented in Figure 3.

Table 3: potentials measured in open circuit.

Sample
Steel sample
ZNP 1
ZNP 2
ZNP 3
ZNP 4
ZNP 5
ZNP 6

(mV)
−619
−529
−562
−520
−479
−408
−389

Table 4: Kinetic corrosion parameters for the steel substrate and studied samples.

Sample
(μA/cm²)
(V versus SCE)
(mV)
(mV)
(Ωcm²)
RC (mm/an)
E (%)

Steel
15.260
−0.554
368.48
44.93
3.768
0.358
0

ZNP 1
4.100
−0.532
11.60
21.42
74.646
0.096
+73.13

ZNP 2
5.630
−0.534
32.16
26.95
27.892
0.132
+63.10

ZNP 3
8.094
−0.387
48.32
39.84
13.035
0.192
+46.95

ZNP 4
8.201
−0.490
47.55
38.64
13.173
0.192
+46.26

ZNP 5
10.480
−0.411
75.94
41.27
12.352
0.245
+31.32

ZNP 6
12.130
−0.414
84.00
42.10
14.292
0.279
+25.36

: corrosion current.

: corrosion potential.

and : Tafel slopes (cathodic and anodic).

: polarization resistance.

RC: corrosion rate.

: corrosion protection efficiency.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3: Tafel curves for samples ZNP 2 (a), ZNP 4 (b), and ZNP 6 (c) (in blue, Tafel curves for uncoated steel sample).

From assessing the data obtained after corrosion tests, it can be observed that the coated samples exhibit higher values for the corrosion current and a more positive open circuit measured potential and corrosion potential than the value measured for the unplated steel sample. The calculated values for the corrosion rates, expressed in mm/year, are lower than the corrosion rate calculated for the uncoated sample and consequently the corrosion protection efficiency values are higher.

The samples with the highest nickel content in the autocatalytic deposited film, ZNP 1 and ZNP 2, present the highest values for corrosion protection efficiency.

4. Conclusions

The experimental results indicated a series of influences of the autocatalytic obtaining conditions on the composition, microstructure structure, and corrosion resistance of Ni-Zn-P thin films deposited on carbon steel substrates from alkaline sulphate baths. Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn: the presence of a high Ni content in the film, decreasing as the immersion time in the deposition bath increases; a zinc content increasing as the content of zinc sulphate in the bath and the time of immersion in the deposition bath increase.

The obtained thin films exhibit a homogenous surface morphology, with an uniform distribution of rounded formations. The conglomeration degree of the spherical formations decreases by increasing the immersion time in the deposition bath.

Steel samples plated with Ni-Zn-P thin films exhibit greater corrosion resistance than the unplated steel sample. The determined values of corrosion currents ranged in a 4–12 A interval, comparative to the corrosion current of the uncoated sample, 15 A. The highest values for the electrokinetic parameters characterizing the corrosion resistance were recorded for the samples with high Ni content.

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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