Journal of Operators

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 958656, 8 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/958656

Research Article

-Approximation by -Kantorovich Operators

Zoltán Finta

Department of Mathematics, Babeş-Bolyai University, 1 M. Kogălniceanu Street, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Received 10 February 2014; Accepted 21 March 2014; Published 15 May 2014

Academic Editor: Claudio H. Morales

Copyright © 2014 Zoltán Finta. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

For a new -Kantorovich operator we establish direct approximation theorems in the space via Ditzian-Totik modulus of smoothness of second order.

1. Introduction

Let . Then for each non-negative integer , the -integer and the -factorial are defined by ,, and ,. For integers , the -binomial coefficient is defined by

Further, we set

for and . Following Phillips [1], the operators defined by

are called -Bernstein operators. They quickly gained the popularity and were studied widely by a number of authors. A survey of the obtained results and references on the subject can be found in [2]. The -Bernstein operators are not defined for . For this reason we introduce the following operators based on -integers:

For , we recover the well-known Kantorovich operators [3]. In [4, 5] other Kantorovich type operators involving -integers are considered, which are defined with the aid of -Riemann integral (see [6]), and their rate of convergence are studied for only continuous functions on .

The aim of the paper is to establish direct approximation theorems for (4) in the space ,. To describe our results, we will give the definitions of Ditzian-Totik modulus of smoothness of second order and the corresponding K-functionals (cf. [7]). For , , and , , we set

where and means that is differentiable such that is absolutely continuous in every interval . It is known from [7] that , and are equivalent; that is, there exists such that

Here denotes a positive constant independent of and , but it is not necessarily the same in different cases. Finally, we define the modulus of continuity of by

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 some auxiliary results are established and in Section 3 we give the main results, establishing direct approximation theorems for (4) in , .

2. Auxiliary Results

In the sequel we need some lemmas.

Lemma 1. Let , , be defined by (4) and . Then , and .

Proof. By (4), we obtain

Recall some properties of the -Bernstein operators (see [1]):

Then, by (9) and (10), we find and

But implies that

for . Hence, by (10),

Further, by (9), (10) and (12), we have

because

Lemma 2. Let and let be given by (4). Then

(i), where , and there exists such that for all ;(ii), where .

Proof. By Riesz-Thorin theorem (see, e.g., [8]), we separate the proof for and .

Case   1 (). Because the -binomial coefficients are increasing functions of , we get for the polynomials and of degree that

Now let and . Then, in view of , , we obtain

Using [7, Theorem 8.4.8, page 108] translated from to , we find that

On the other hand , , implies that , . Hence, by (4) and (18), we get

Case   2 (). Due to (9) and (10), we have

Lemma 3. If is defined by (4), , and , then

where satisfies that there exists such that for all .

Proof. Consider the following cases.

Case   1 (). Because of [7, Lemma 9.6.1, page 140], we have . Then, by (4),

But

imply

Hence, by (22),

where is either or such that

Using the method in [7, pages 146-147], let

Then

For we prove that

To obtain (29), we need some useful estimations:

Indeed, for we have . Hence, by (15),

Further, for we have

taking into account (15) and , because of .

Now let and . By (15), we have . Then, in view of (30), (17), [7, Lemma 9.4.4, page 128], (15) and (31), we obtain

For , by (10), (15) and (31), we have

We now define

Then , where , because (23), (30) and the definition of imply that

Hence, by (29), (28) and (15), we get

Applying the estimate (see [7, (9.6.14), page 147])

for and recalling that , we have

Substituting this estimate in (38) for and following the procedure given in [7, page 147], we obtain the statement of our lemma, because of (25).

Case   2 (). Let . The function is concave on ; therefore

(see [9, (4)]). Then, by Lemma 1,

where is the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function. It is known that ,. Hence, by (42),

But , because of (31). Thus

which completes the proof.

Lemma 4. If is a polynomial of degree at most , where , then is also a polynomial of degree at most .

Proof. It is sufficient to prove that is a polynomial of degree at most . By (4), we have

Since is a polynomial of degree (see [1]), we obtain the assertion of the lemma.

3. Main Results

The direct approximation results are included in the following theorem.

Theorem 5. Let be arbitrary and let be given by (4).

(i)If , , and satisfies that for all , then

(ii)If satisfies that as , then

Proof. Let . By Taylor’s formula,

and Lemma 1, we obtain

Hence, for , we have

Using the estimate , (see [7, (a), page 135]), and Lemma 3, we get, in view of (50), that

On the other hand, the condition , , implies that and . Then . In conclusion

Finally, we follow the procedure given in [7, pages 118-119]. The definition of implies the existence of such that

Then, by (51), (53), (54) and (6), we get

Further, due to (54), (15) and (52), we have . Then, by [7, Theorem 7.3.1, page 84], we can choose to be the best th degree polynomial approximation in . Therefore, by (52) and (55), we obtain

Taking into account Lemma 4 and Theorem 8.4.8 of [7, page 108] translated from to and to , we obtain, using (56), that

Hence, due to Lemma 2, (53) and (6), we find

We introduce the operator

where . By Lemmas 1 and 2, we have and

Further, by (4) and (10), we obtain

Thus . Hence, in view of Taylor’s formula,

and (59), we get

But

Hence, by (63), (41), Lemma 1 and , we find

Now, from (59), (60), (65) and (64), we have

Taking the infimum on the right-hand side over all , and using the equivalence between and (see (7)), we obtain the statement of the theorem.

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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