Some Remarks on the Mathieu Series

Robert Frontczak Landesbank Baden-Württemberg (LBBW), Am Hauptbahnhof 2, 70173 Stuttgart, Germany Correspondence should be addressed to Robert Frontczak; robert.frontczak@lbbw.de Received 11 December 2013; Accepted 29 January 2014; Published 13 March 2014 Academic Editors: G. Fikioris and C.-H. Lien Copyright © 2014 Robert Frontczak. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The object of this note is to present new expressions for the classical Mathieu series in terms of hyperbolic functions.The derivation is based on elementary arguments concerning the integral representation of the series. The results are used afterwards to prove, among others, a new relationship between the Mathieu series and its alternating companion. A recursion formula for the Mathieu series is also presented. As a byproduct, some closed-form evaluations of integrals involving hyperbolic functions are inferred.


Introduction
The infinite series is called a Mathieu series.It was introduced in 1890 by É. L. Mathieu (1835-1890) who studied various problems in mathematical physics.Since its introduction the series () has been studied intensively.Mathieu himself conjectured that () < 1/ 2 .The conjecture was proved in 1952 by Berg in [1].Nowadays, the mathematical literature provides a range of papers dealing with inequalities for the series ().In 1957 Makai [2] derived the double inequality More recently, Alzer et al. proved in [3] that Here, as usual, () denotes the Riemann zeta function defined by () = ∑ ∞ =1 1/  , Re() > 1.The constants 1/(2(3)) and 1/6 are the best possible.Other lower and upper bound estimates for the Mathieu series can be found in the articles of Qi et al. [4] and Hoorfar and Qi [5].
An integral representation for the Mathieu series (1) is given by The integral representation was used by Elbert in [6] to derive the asymptotic expansion of (): (5) where  2 denote the even indexed Bernoulli numbers defined by the generating function See also [7] for a derivation.The Mathieu series admits various generalizations that have been introduced and investigated intensively in recent years.The generalizations include the alternating Mathieu series, the -fold generalized Mathieu series, Mathieu series, and Mathieu (, )-series [8][9][10][11].The generalizations recapture the classical Mathieu series as a special case.On the other hand, the alternating Mathieu series, although connected to its classical companion, is a variant that allows 2 ISRN Applied Mathematics a separate study.It was introduced by Pogány et al. in [11] by the equation It possesses the integral representation Recently derived bounding inequalities for alternating Mathieu-type series can be found in the paper of Pogány and Tomovski [12].The latest research article on integral forms for Mathieu-type series is the paper of Milovanović and Pogány [13].The authors present a systematic treatment of the subject based on contour integration.Among others, the following new integral representation for () is derived [13, Corollary 2.2]: In this note we restrict the attention to the classical Mathieu series.Starting with the integral form (4) new representations for () are derived.The derivation is based on elementary arguments concerning the integrand combined with related integral identities.The results are used afterwards to establish interesting properties of the series.Among others, a new relationship between the Mathieu series and its alternating variant is derived.A recursion formula for the Mathieu series is also presented.As a byproduct, some closed-form evaluations of integrals involving hyperbolic functions are inferred.Finally, a new proof is given for an exact evaluation of an infinite series related to ().

Main Results
In what follows we will use the following integral identities.The identities are well known and are stated without proof (see [14] for a reference).
Lemma 1.For  > 0 and Re() > 0 it holds that ) , (10) where csch() denotes the hyperbolic cosecant of  defined by Similarly, for  > 0 and  ⩾ 0 an integer where coth() denotes the hyperbolic cotangent of  defined by Finally, for  > 0, Re() > 0, and  ⩾ 0 an integer The main theorem of this note is stated next.It gives three expressions for the Mathieu series in a semi-integral form.
Proof.Let () = /(  − 1).The main argument in the proof is the observation that () satisfies the nonlinear differential equation which may be also written in the form Inserting the relation in (4) and using (12) with  = 0 give Since we see that Integration by parts gives which is easily evaluated using (10) with  = 1.Finally, the elementary relation establishes (15).Integrating ( 4) by parts results in Equations ( 18) and (10) give Let () denote the last component of (26); that is, Then, () can be evaluated in two different ways.First, the relation from (21) in combination with (10) shows that This proves (16).Finally, by the rule of l'Hospital, lim Splitting the integrand of () into two parts and integrating by parts in each case, we obtain In the last equation we have used the fact that lim Since () is equal to For the first integral we apply once more the result from (12) with  = 0. Direct calculation shows that the expression in brackets under the second integral sign is equal to 2  ()/(  − 1).This completes the proof.
The elementary relation in (18) seems to have been overseen in the literature.It allows to express () in terms of the hyperbolic sine and cosine functions, respectively.The representations may turn out to be useful to study the properties of ().For the remainder of this note, however, we will mainly work with (15).The equation will be used to infer interesting consequences, which we are going to present immediately.Additionally, in Section 3 it will be outlined that ( 18) is also useful to study some topics that are related to the evaluation of ().
It is clear that a successive repetition of integration by parts in Theorem 2 will produce a range of other expressions for ().Among others, from (15) and the fact that it is fairly easy to produce the following characterization: In the above characterization the sine and cosine functions appear simultaneously as integrands.Now, in view of the previous proof and (18) it is straightforward to get where we have used the relation  + () = (−).Furthermore, since direct computation verifies that the last integral may be written in the form A further interesting consequence of the previous theorem is the following new integral-type representation for the alternating Mathieu series  * ().
Proposition 4. The alternating Mathieu series  * () may be represented as with )  () sin () . (48) Proof.We start with the identity In view of (15) and applying the relation we obtain where For the second integral, a change of variable ( = 1/2) is used in combination with the multiple-angle formulas for the hyperbolic sine and cosine functions, respectively, to get and hence ) sin () . (54) Next, since () can be simplified to The relation shows that () = −() + ().The final formula follows from and the half-angle formula Corollary 5.It holds that Proof.We have lim  → 0 ( * () + ()) = 7/2(3).Additionally, using similar arguments as in Corollary 3, it can be shown that lim This proves the first expression.The second follows from combining (38) and (60).
The next assertion provides a recursion formula for the Mathieu series.Surprisingly, it is also a consequence of Proposition 4. Corollary 6.For  > 0 define the function () as where () is given in (48).Then, for  ⩾ 1 one has the recursion formula Proof.Combine (47) and (49) to get Successive repetition of the identity establishes the stated formula.

Evaluation of a Related Series
It is interesting to mention that (18) may be used to prove a result for a closed-form evaluation of an infinite series that is related to ().More precisely, if we define the function () for  ∈ R by the infinite series with Γ() being the Gamma function.Note first that Comparing the two equations we see that The function () admits an exact evaluation (see [7]) for which we can provide a new elementary proof applying the analytical structure of ().However, in contrary to the pervious section where we have focused on integral-type expressions, we change the point of view and work with summation-type representations of ().
Proposition 7. The function () can be evaluated exactly as Proof.Once more, let () = /(  − 1).We start with (18) and (26).Since we have Thus, after interchanging summation and integration and applying ( 14) where This gives From the identity we arrive at Next, we simplify the sums in the above equation for () further.Using the fact that ( + 1) = ( + 1) 2 − ( + 1) it is straightforward to show that The last identity is true since the first sum on the right-hand side of the equality telescopes.This gives which may be written as  2 ) . (83)

Conclusion
In this paper new expressions for the Mathieu series were derived in terms of hyperbolic functions.To derive the new identities, a basic property of the function /(  − 1) was utilized.Using a particular identity it was possible to prove a new relationship between the Mathieu series and the alternating variant.Also, a new recursion formula and some interesting closed-form evaluations of definite integrals involving hyperbolic functions were established.Finally, a new elementary proof for an evaluation of an infinite series related to the Mathieu series was presented.
It would be interesting to know whether the new identities can be used to derive new (double) inequalities for the series.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Numerical (graphical) illustrations of the results from Theorem 2.
then () and () are connected via the following relationship.Consider the (complex) function )