Journal of Thermodynamics
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 319704, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/319704

Research Article

Thermodynamic Modeling of Surface Tension of Aqueous Electrolyte Solution by Competitive Adsorption Model

Mohamad Javad Kamali,¹ Zakarya Kamali,² and Gholamhossein Vatankhah¹

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr Branch, Bushehr 751961955, Iran
²National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC), Fajr-e Jam Gas Company, Bushehr, Iran

Received 14 August 2015; Accepted 4 October 2015

Academic Editor: Marc D. Donohue

Copyright © 2015 Mohamad Javad Kamali et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Thermodynamic modeling of surface tension of different electrolyte systems in presence of gas phase is studied. Using the solid-liquid equilibrium, Langmuir gas-solid adsorption, and ENRTL activity coefficient model, the surface tension of electrolyte solutions is calculated. The new model has two adjustable parameters which could be determined by fitting the experimental surface tension of binary aqueous electrolyte solution in single temperature. Then the values of surface tension for other temperatures in binary and ternary system of aqueous electrolyte solution are predicted. The average absolute deviations for calculation of surface tension of binary and mixed electrolyte systems by new model are 1.98 and 1.70%, respectively.

1. Introduction

For studying the aqueous electrolyte solution in porous media, distillation, extraction process, and liquid-liquid dispersion, the calculation of surface tension of aqueous solutions is required [1]. So different equations have been developed to calculate surface tension of mineral salts. Ariyama [2], Lorenz [3], Young and Grinstead [4], and Gleim and Shelomov [5] formulated useful equations as group contribution method for calculation of surface tension of some limited binary electrolyte-water systems. Oka [6] proposed an equation for calculation of surface tension based on the concentration of solution, electronic charge, dielectric constant of water, ionic charge, and Avogadro’s constant. Later Hovarth [7] developed this equation by introducing the ionic strength and degree of dissociation into Oka’s model [6]. Onsager and Samaras [8] obtained a relation based on the temperature, dielectric constant of water, and concentration of solution for calculation of surface tension of electrolyte solution. Schmutzer [9] considered the osmotic coefficient as an important factor for calculation of surface tension of electrolyte solution. Adding a proportional factor of anion concentration to the surface tension of water, the surface tension of aqueous electrolyte solution was determined by Abramazon and Gaukhberg [10]. This parameter was considered as a function of the inverse of square of ionic radius and anion charge. Li et al. [1] developed a new model for calculation of surface tension of single and mixed electrolyte solution. In this model, the surface layer is considered as a distinct phase where the electrolytes could be entered into it from other phases. The surface tension was obtained using the proportion of molality of salt in surface layer to liquid bulk phase. While this model had satisfactory results in low concentration of electrolytes, in high concentration the calculated surface tension was not in good agreement with experimental data. Yu et al. [11] combined Li et al. [1] model with modified mean spherical approximation (MSA) as osmotic coefficient model. The results showed that the calculated surface tension in highly concentrated regions was improved. Furthermore, the Langmuir gas-solid adsorption model was used at equilibrium condition for calculation of surface tension of mineral salts by Li and Lu [12]. The results indicated the satisfactory agreement with experimental data. Sadeghi et al. [13] used the combination of MSA model [14] with the Ghotbi and Vera [15] and the Mansoori et al. [16] equations of state, for correlation of the surface tension of single aqueous solution. Also the surface tension of different mixed aqueous solutions was predicted by this approach. The results indicate the satisfactory agreement between calculated and experimental data [13].

In this paper, a new model for calculation of surface tension of the electrolyte systems is developed using the Langmuir adsorption equation and E-NRTL [17] model. The adjustable parameters of this model are obtained by experimental data of surface tension at single temperature. Then the model is verified by prediction of surface tension of 65 binary electrolyte-water systems and 17 ternary electrolyte systems.

2. Thermodynamic Modeling

For calculation of surface tension of electrolyte system, the aqueous electrolyte solution-vapor system is supposed as three different phases: bulk vapor phase, surface phase, and bulk liquid phase (Figure 1). The surface phase is considered as distinct layer for adsorption of electrolyte from liquid phase. In this system, the chemical potential of water in liquid bulk phase and surface would be defined as follows [1]:

where , , , and represent the chemical potential, activity, partial molar area, and surface tension of solution. The subscripts , , , , and refer to water, liquid phase, surface phase, reference state of liquid phase, and reference state of surface phase, respectively.

Figure 1: Different phases in aqueous electrolyte solution-vapor system [1].

At equilibrium condition, the chemical potential of water in surface and liquid phase is equal. So we have

Rewriting the above equation for pure water, it yields the following equation:

It would be worth noting that the activity of pure water is unity and the partial molar area for pure water is equal to the molar area.

Substituting the above equation into (2) results in the following equation:

It is assumed that in the above equation the partial molar area and molar area of water are equal. The molar area of water is calculated by [18]

where and are molar volume of water and Avogadro number.

Using the osmotic definition () instead of activity of water, (4) converts to the following equation:

where is molality of electrolyte in aqueous solution and is stoichiometric coefficient. For calculation of the molality of electrolyte in surface phase (), the fraction of adsorbed electrolyte () on the interface between vapor and liquid phases could be related to the excess area () as [12]

where superscript means saturated condition. On the other hand, the excess area is defined as moles of electrolyte in surface per area of surface [19]. So,

where is mole number and superscript indicates the surface phase. The saturated molality of surface phase is considered as fraction of molality of liquid bulk phase or

where is liquid bulk phase and is a constant.

Using the Langmuir gas-solid adsorption [20] and equality of adsorption and desorption rate for an electrolyte in surface phase [21], the adsorbed fraction of electrolyte on the surface phase is obtained as [12]

Combining (6)–(8), the molality of electrolyte in surface phase would be obtained as

where .

So, substituting (11) into (6), the surface tension of pure aqueous electrolyte solution is calculated. It is mentioned that the two adjustable parameters and are obtained from fitting the experimental surface tension data to the calculated values (see (6)) at single temperature.

For mixed electrolyte solution the surface tension would be calculated by the following equation:

Assuming competitive adsorption between electrolytes in surface phase [12], the molality of surface phase is

3. Result and Discussion

For studying the surface tension of electrolyte solution, 65 binary electrolyte systems and 17 ternary electrolyte systems are selected. The surface tension of these electrolyte solutions is obtained by competitive adsorption model (see (6) or (12)). In this model, for calculation of osmotic and activity coefficients, E-NRTL [17] model is used. Using the regression of model with experimental surface tension of binary electrolyte-water system, the adjustable parameters of competitive adsorption model (, ) are optimized. The objective function is defined as follows:

where AAD, , and superscripts cal and exp are average absolute deviation, number of data points, and calculated and experimental data of surface tension, respectively. The results for different binary electrolyte system are given in Table 1. So, at single temperature for each salt which is given in Table 1, the surface tension is correlated.

Table 1: The optimized values for adjustable parameters (, ) of competitive adsorption model. Experimental data are from [10].

System
(°C)

AAD%

AgNO₃
20
4
6.99 × 10⁻²
6.16 × 10¹⁴
0.23

Al₂(SO₄)₃
30
12
8.95 × 10⁻¹
3.93 × 10²²
0.46

BaCl₂
30
5
0
4.53 × 10⁴
0.61

CaCl₂
30
11
6.60 × 10⁻¹
4.27 × 10⁴
0.81

CdCl₂
20
5
7.34 × 10⁻¹
2.19 × 10¹
0.08

CdSO₄
20
2
7.47 × 10⁻¹
3.62 × 10⁻²
9.15 × 10⁻⁷

CoCl₂
20
2
6.20 × 10⁻¹
7.51 × 10⁻⁵
1.05 × 10⁻⁴

CsCl
25
15
1.30 × 10⁻¹
1.65 × 10¹⁶
0.43

CsI
25
11
1.91 × 10⁻⁶
1.91 × 10⁻⁶
0.45

CuSO₄
30
3
7.83 × 10⁻¹
5.64 × 10¹⁴
0.22

HBr
18
2
1.09 × 10⁰
1.86 × 10¹⁶
0.07

HCl
20
7
1.05 × 10⁰
1.53 × 10¹
0.94

HClO₄
25
10
1.06 × 10⁰
2.86 × 10¹⁴
2.13

HNO₃
20
7
1.42 × 10⁰
6.03 × 10¹⁴
2.38

KBr
20
5
2.36 × 10⁻¹
6.02 × 10¹⁴
0.21

KC₂H₃O₂
30
3
1.14 × 10⁰
9.27 × 10⁻²
0.40

KCNS
25
12
9.36 × 10⁻¹
4.71 × 10⁰
0.34

KCl
20
10
1.07 × 10⁻¹
1.96 × 10¹⁶
0.33

K₂CrO₄
30
15
2.49 × 10⁻¹
1.14 × 10¹⁸
0.35

K₃Fe(CN)₆
25
16
1.91 × 10⁻⁶
1.91 × 10⁻⁶
0.67

KI
25
12
1.91 × 10⁻⁶
1.91 × 10⁻⁶
3.17

KNO₃
25
6
1.66 × 10⁻¹
2.73 × 10¹⁵
0.38

KOH
20
4
3.07 × 10⁻¹
8.46 × 10¹⁵
0.35

K₂SO₄
25
12
1.91 × 10⁻⁶
1.91 × 10⁻⁶
0.72

LiBr
30
4
6.40 × 10⁻¹
9.99 × 10⁻²
0.34

LiCl
25
7
4.70 × 10⁻¹
1.31 × 10¹
0.61

LiI
18
2
6.54 × 10⁻¹
1.31 × 10⁰
2.99 × 10⁻⁶

LiOH
20
4
1.28 × 10⁻¹
5.96 × 10¹⁴
0.40

Li₂SO₄
18
2
4.36 × 10⁻¹
3.57 × 10⁻²
0.15

MgCl₂
20
12
7.28 × 10⁻¹
2.50 × 10⁻¹
1.13

MgSO₄
10
12
8.31 × 10⁻¹
5.43 × 10⁻³
0.75

MnCl₂
18
6
6.44 × 10⁻¹
7.20 × 10⁻³
0.23

NH₄Cl
25
6
2.90 × 10⁻¹
5.68 × 10¹⁴
0.10

NH₄NO₃
20
9
5.20 × 10⁻¹
6.42 × 10⁻²
0.32

(NH₄)₂SO₄
30
4
5.77 × 10⁻¹
6.08 × 10⁰
0.48

NaBr
20
4
4.85 × 10⁻¹
1.77 × 10⁻²
0.21

NaCHO₂
30
12
3.71 × 10⁻¹
1.86 × 10¹⁶
0.29

NaC₂H₃O₂
30
12
1.12 × 10⁰
2.04 × 10¹⁶
1.04

NaC₃H₅O₂
30
12
1.91 × 10⁰
1.27 × 10¹⁸
0.26

NaC₄H₇O₂
30
12
3.28 × 10⁰
1.94 × 10¹⁶
0.77

NaCl
20
9
2.22 × 10⁻¹
2.05 × 10¹⁶
0.66

NaClO₃
15
2
1.38 × 10⁰
4.31 × 10⁻¹
0.03

NaClO₄
25
3
8.61 × 10⁻¹
2.16 × 10¹⁶
0.17

Na₂CrO₄
30
4
4.23 × 10⁻¹
1.59 × 10⁻²
0.27

NaI
25
8
6.15 × 10⁻¹
9.07 × 10¹⁴
0.16

NaNO₃
20
4
2.59 × 10⁻¹
1.16 × 10¹⁵
0.21

NaOH
18
6
3.47 × 10⁻¹
2.46 × 10⁻³
0.46

Na₂SO₄
30
3
1.50 × 10⁻¹
5.63 × 10¹⁷
0.22

Na₂S₂O₃
40
4
4.48 × 10⁻¹
9.00 × 10⁻³
0.21

NiSO₄
15
2
7.14 × 10⁻¹
8.60 × 10⁻²
1.75 × 10⁻⁷

Pb(NO₃)₂
20
3
1.91 × 10⁻⁶
1.91 × 10⁻⁶
3.77

RbCl
25
11
1.94 × 10⁻¹
9.65 × 10¹⁵
0.36

SrCl₂
20
9
5.95 × 10⁻¹
4.41 × 10⁻³
0.49

Sr(NO₃)₂
18
8
3.39 × 10⁻¹
8.14 × 10¹⁴
0.50

UO₂SO₄
30
12
8.70 × 10⁻¹
1.23 × 10¹
0.32

Zn(NO₃)₂
40
5
7.67 × 10⁻¹
1.27 × 10⁻¹
0.37

Overall

404

0.55

As it is shown in Table 1, when the first adjustable parameter () tends to zero or small positive value or the second adjustable parameter () becomes a large number, the molality of electrolyte system in surface phase is close to zero. Moreover, when is lower than unity and is not moderately large number, the molality of electrolyte in surface phase decreases with respect to the liquid bulk phase. In these cases, which point out to the mineral salts, the rate of adsorption in surface layer would be lower than desorption rate and surface tension of electrolyte solution is increased with respect to the surface tension of water. Strong inorganic acids, organic acetates, and propionates which have high vapor pressure tend to escape from liquid phase to surface phase and consequently the concentration of these components in surface phase would be greater than liquid phase [11]. For these electrolytes, the first adjustable parameter is higher than unity and so the molality of electrolyte in surface phase becomes greater than the liquid bulk phase and consequently the surface tension of aqueous electrolyte solution increases with respect to the liquid bulk phase.

For other temperatures, the value of surface tension of electrolyte aqueous solution is predicted and the results are given in Table 2. Using the competitive adsorption model, the experimental and predicted values of surface tension of aqueous binary electrolyte system are illustrated in Figures 2–8. These figures indicate the agreement between predicted and experimental values of surface tension values for AgNO₃, BaCl₂, CaCl₂, KBr, HNO₃, NaCl, and UO₂SO₄ using E-NRTL [17] model.

Table 2: The absolute average deviation percent (AAD%) in prediction of surface tension using the competitive adsorption model for binary systems. Experimental data are from [10].

System
(°C)
Molality

AAD%

AgNO₃
100
1.03–13.16
10
3.81

BaCl₂
10–80
0.01–5.96
51
1.10

CaCl₂
10–100
0.1–7.37
122
1.38

CsCl
20–30
0.06–8.88
28
0.52

CuSO₄
10–80
0.33–1.11
21
2.12

HCl
25–90
0.3–3
18
3.82

HClO₄
15–50
0.51–25.92
23
2.56

HNO₃
30–80
1.55–46.86
66
3.71

KBr
10–90
0.44–5.6
40
1.15

KC₂H₃O₂
0–80
0.5–23.78
36
4.82

KCl
25–80
0.71–5.16
56
1.03

K₃Fe(CN)₆
12.35–20.8
0.29–0.62
4
0.76

KI
20–60
0.01–0.12
55
4.45

KNO₃
18–100
0.1–2.63
27
1.28

KOH
30–95
4.77–13.28
22
4.39

LiBr
10–90
1.28–17.27
48
1.52

LiCl
10–90
1.19–15.73
79
1.97

MgCl₂
10–70
0.55–3.5
23
2.90

NH₄Cl
19–60
1.02–7.21
39
1.01

NH₄NO₃
40–95
0.61–29.43
29
1.21

(NH₄)₂SO₄
18–95
0.7–5.61
33
2.07

NaBr
10–90
0.0007–6.48
58
3.14

NaC₂H₃O₂
0–25
0.50
6
0.94

NaC₄H₇O₂
0–50
0.50
10
1.63

NaCl
10–200
0.71–9.42
81
1.73

NaI
20–50
0.33–8.81
32
0.89

NaNO₃
18–100
1.02–11.77
42
1.59

NaOH
20–70
0.49–6.25
26
1.30

Na₂SO₄
10–193.4
0.2–1.24
62
2.87

RbCl
20–30
0.11–6.93
22
0.59

SrCl₂
10–25
0.48–1.92
7
1.24

UO₂SO₄
20–75
0.18–2.34
48
0.81

Zn(NO₃)₂
21
2.62
1
1.10

Overall

1215
1.98

Figure 2: Prediction of surface tension of AgNO₃-water binary system at 283.15 K using the competitive adsorption model. Experimental data are taken from [10].

Figure 3: Prediction of surface tension of BaCl₂-water binary system using the competitive adsorption model. Experimental data are taken from [10] (⧫: = 298.15 K, ▲: = 323.15 K, and ■: = 353.15 K).

Figure 4: Prediction of surface tension of CaCl₂-water binary system using the competitive adsorption model. Experimental data are taken from [10] (■: = 283.15 K, ▲: = 333.15 K, and ⧫: = 373.15 K).

Figure 5: Prediction of surface tension of HNO₃-water binary system using the competitive adsorption model. Experimental data are taken from [10] (⧫: = 303.15 K, ▲: = 323.15 K, and ■: = 343.15 K).

Figure 6: Prediction of surface tension of KBr-water binary system using the competitive adsorption model. Experimental data are taken from [10] (⧫: = 283.15 K, ▲: = 323.15 K, and ■: = 363.15 K).

Figure 7: Prediction of surface tension of NaCl-water binary system using the competitive adsorption model. Experimental data are taken from [10] (▲: = 291.15 K, ■: = 313.15 K, ●: = 333.15 K, ⧫: = 393.15 K, □: = 423.15 K, and ○: = 443.15 K).

Figure 8: Prediction of surface tension of UO₂SO₄-water binary system using the competitive adsorption model. Experimental data are taken from [10] (⧫: = 293.15 K, ■: = 318.15 K, ▲: = 333.15 K, and ●: = 348.15 K).

For ternary systems, the surface tension of the aqueous solutions is predicted in vast range of temperatures and molalities. The values of AAD for prediction of surface tension of 16 ternary systems by competitive adsorption model are shown in Table 3. The overall AAD for prediction of surface tension of mixed electrolyte solutions is 1.7%.

Table 3: The absolute average deviation percent (AAD%) in prediction of surface tension using the competitive adsorption model for ternary systems. Experimental data are from [10].

Ternary system

(°C)

AAD%

BaCl₂-HCl
0.45–1.13
0.10
25
3
0.47

CaCl₂-HCl
0.37–1.48
0.10
25
4
1.92

LiCl-HCl
0.55–4.88
0.10
25
5
2.23

SrCl₂-HCl
0.48–1.92
0.10
25
4
1.13

KBr-KCl
0.35–2.08
0.34–1.89
18
10
0.65

KBr-NaBr
0.44–3.57
0.51–4.2
10.1–90.8
45
2.59

KNO₃-NH₄NO₃
0.52–2.43
0.12–19.54
18–30
143
6.93

KNO₃-Pb(NO₃)₂
0-1
0-1
20
33
2.66

KNO₃-Sr(NO₃)₂
0.23–1.3
0.19–1.17
18
10
0.92

NH₄Cl-(NH₄)₂SO₄
0.51–2.86
0.33–2.04
18
10
0.63

NH₄NO₃-Pb(NO₃)₂
0.33
0–0.333
35
6
2.07

NaNO₃-Sr(NO₃)₂
0.71–3.48
0.25–1.17
18
9
1.24

NaClO₄-HCl
0.5–1.34
0.10
25
3
0.70

KNO₃-NH₄Cl
0.23–1.3
0.49–2.86
18
10
1.06

NH₄Cl-Sr(NO₃)₂
0.51–2.86
0.19–1.17
18
10
0.91

(NH₄)₂SO₄-NaNO₃
0.33–2.04
0.56–3.47
18
9
1.03

Average

314
1.70

The predicted values of surface tension of NH₄NO₃-KNO₃-water, KBr-KCl-water, and NH₄Cl-(NH₄)₂SO₄-water systems by new surface tension model and experimental values are illustrated in Figures 9, 10, and 11, respectively. The agreement between predicted and experimental values in these figures represents the satisfactory results of the competitive adsorption model.

Figure 9: Prediction of surface tension of NH₄NO₃-KNO₃-water ternary system using the competitive adsorption model with noncompetitive approach (KNO₃ molality = 0.52). Experimental data are taken from [10] (⧫: = 291.15 K, ■: = 298.15 K, and ▲: = 303.15 K).

Figure 10: Prediction of surface tension of KBr-KCl-water ternary system using the competitive adsorption model at 291.15 K (KBr molality/KCl molality = 1). Experimental data are taken from [10].

Figure 11: Prediction of surface tension of NH₄Cl-(NH₄)₂SO₄-water ternary system using the competitive adsorption model at 291.15 K (NH₄Cl molality/(NH₄)₂SO₄ molality = 1.5). Experimental data are taken from [10].

4. Conclusion

Based on the Gibbs thermodynamic and distinct area for surface phase, a new model for calculation of surface tension of single and mixture electrolyte is developed. The molality in surface phase is calculated using Langmuir gas-solid adsorption theory for electrolytes. The osmotic coefficient model in the competitive adsorption model is E-NRTL model. The adjustable parameters of the model are obtained by correlating the experimental values of surface tension of binary electrolyte solution in single temperature. For other temperatures and ternary systems, competitive adsorption model could predict the surface tension of aqueous solution. The agreement between experimental and calculated values of the competitive adsorption model could introduce this new model as effective one.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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