Advances in Epidemiology
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 649184, 5 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/649184

Research Article

Prevalence and Predictors of Undiagnosed Hypertension in an Apparently Healthy Western Indian Population

Anand N. Shukla,¹ Tarun Madan,¹ Bhavesh M. Thakkar,¹ Meena M. Parmar,¹ and Komal H. Shah²

¹Cardiology Department, U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre (UNMICRC), Asarwa, Ahmedabad 380016, India
²Research Department, U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre (UNMICRC), Asarwa, Ahmedabad 380016, India

Received 31 July 2014; Revised 19 January 2015; Accepted 16 February 2015

Academic Editor: Peter N. Lee

Copyright © 2015 Anand N. Shukla et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This epidemiological study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of undetected hypertension in an apparently healthy western Indian population having no history of major illness. 3629 individuals of 18 years of age were included in the study. Hypertension (HTN) was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg and prehypertension (PHTN) as SBP ≥ 120–139 mmHg or DBP ≥ 80–89 mmHg, but without HTN. The prevalence of undiagnosed HTN in the total population was 26% and was 11% and 40% in the young (40-year) and old (40-year) populations, respectively. The prevalence of PHTN, 40% in the overall population, was nearly the same in the young (39%) and the old population (42%). The risk factor most strongly associated with PHTN and HTN was obesity, showing the highest odds ratio in the overall (PHTN 2.14; 95% CI 1.20–3.81; HTN 2.72; 95% CI 1.53–4.85), the young (PHTN 2.29; 95% CI 1.25–4.21; HTN 2.92; 95% CI 1.59–5.35), and the old (PHTN 1.13; 95% CI 0.65–1.96; HTN 1.38; 95% CI 0.79–2.4) populations. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases which must not be ignored, especially in the western Indian population.

1. Introduction

Hypertension (HTN), being a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is an important issue of medical and public health. It is the most common condition seen in primary care which leads to myocardial infarction, stroke, renal failure, and death if not detected early and treated appropriately. The western Indian population is more susceptible to CVDs, being affected at a younger age (≤40 years of age), with risk factors possibly also starting to show up at an early age period [1]. Prevalence of HTN increases with increasing age which could be used as a measure of its future CVD burden. More than half of the individuals of 60–69-year age group had HTN whereas in 70-year and older folks three quarters of the population are affected [2].

Some observational studies (a few with a study size of more than 1 million) indicate that death from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke increases progressively and linearly from a blood pressure (BP) level as low as 115 mmHg of systolic BP (SBP) and 75 mmHg of diastolic BP (DBP). For every 20 mmHg SBP or 10 mmHg DBP increase, the rate of mortality doubles, mainly affecting individuals of the 40–89-year age group [3, 4]. Reports also suggest that the prevalence of HTN is rapidly increasing in developing countries and is one of the leading causes of death and disability [5]. Risk of cardiovascular events in Asian Indians is higher at relatively lower level of BP. In terms of attributable death, raised BP is one of the leading behavioral and physiological risk factors to which 13% of global deaths are attributed. Hypertension is reported to be the fourth contributor to premature death in developed countries and the seventh in developing countries [6].

Ethnic differences in HTN had been reported in various populations, including Indians [7] and hence the assessment of risk factors contributing to HTN in particular community is worth evaluating. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and predictors of undiagnosed HTN in a western Indian population who is apparently healthy and disease free.

2. Material and Methods

This cross-sectional study, conducted at the U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research center from September-October 2013, was approved by the institutional ethics committee (UNMICRC/CARDIO/2014/57). Overall 4166 healthy individuals participated in the study.

2.1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Individuals of ≥18 yrs of age and apparently with no history of any major illness were included in the study. Individuals with known HTN, diabetes, or ischemic heart disease or receiving drugs for these diseases currently or in the past, as well as pregnant women, were excluded from the study. Out of 4166 individuals, 3629 individuals were found to be eligible for the study. All patients had normal baseline electrocardiography (ECG) and 2D echocardiography. The details of demographic data, ethnicity, family history of HTN, sedentary life style, and smoking were collected for each individual with the help of prestandardized questionnaire. The family history of HTN was defined as any first-degree family member diagnosed with and/or receiving drug therapy for HTN.

2.2. Measurements

The accurate measurement of BP was a sine qua non for this study. The mercury equipment, properly prepared and positioned with the auscultatory method of BP measurement, was used. Participants were asked to rest for at least five minutes in a chair with feet on the floor and arm supported at the heart level. The standard cuff, large bladder for the fat arm and small bladder for the asthenic arm were used [2]. For measurement, the bladder was quickly inflated to 20 mmHg higher than the point of disappearance of the radial pulse, and the bladder was deflated slowly at 2 mmHg every second. JNC-VII criteria were used to diagnose HTN. The obesity was defined according to body mass index (BMI) (weight in kilogram/the square of height in meters) categories designed according to the WHO standards [8].

2.3. Blood Pressure Classification

Participants were divided into three categories on the basis of their BP as per JNC VII:

(1)normal BP (N): systolic <120 mmHg and diastolic <80 mmHg;(2)prehypertension (PHTN): either systolic BP 120 to 139 mmHg or diastolic 80 to 89 mmHg, but not qualifying for HTN;(3)hypertension (HTN): either systolic ≥140 mmHg or diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg.

2.4. Risk Factor Definition

Positive family history was considered when a person had first-degree relatives (a parent, grandparent, or sibling) diagnosed with HTN. An individual performing physical activity for “less than 25–30 minutes per day” was considered to have a sedentary life style. Type A personality was assessed according to the Bortner classification scale [9], with current smoking status taken into account to categorize a person as smoker.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

The statistical calculations were performed using SPSS software v 20.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). Quantitative data were expressed as mean ± SD and qualitative data were expressed as a percentage. Univariate analysis of the continuous data was performed using Student’s -test, with the chi-square test used for the categorical data. The relationship of a particular risk factor to PHTN and HTN was assessed and expressed as odds ratio.

3. Results

Out of total 3629 eligible participants of the study, 1735 (48%) were ≤40 years of age. The overall prevalence of HTN and PHTN was 26% and 40%, respectively. The prevalence of HTN was approximately 11% in the age group ≤40 years whereas in the older population (>40 years) it was found to be 40% (Table 1).

Table 1: Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in the total, young, and old populations.

(%)
≤40 yrs.
>40 yrs.

Normal (N)
1204 (33%)
865 (50%)
339 (18%)

Prehypertension (PHTN)
1472 (40%)
684 (39%)
788 (42%)

Hypertension (HTN)
953 (26%)
186 (11%)
767 (40%)

Total
3629
1735
1894

The risk factors associated with the PHTN and HTN were analyzed in the study population. The main factors associated with PHTN were sedentary life style (64.5%), obesity (48.8%), a positive family history for HTN (38.6%), and smoking (11.14%) whereas sedentary life style (64.6%) and obesity (54.7%) were the main associates of HTN (Figure 1). In the young population greater prevalence of sedentary life style (61.5%), obesity (42.3%), HTN family history (31.3%), and smoking (9.7%) was found in prehypertensive individuals. Similarly in hypertensive young population high frequency of sedentary life style (59.6%), obesity (48.3%), and family history (39.7%) was found (Figure 2). The frequency of risk factors associated with PHTN and HTN in older individuals is presented in Figure 3. Both sedentary life style (67.1% and 65.8%) and obesity (50.6% and 56.3%) were considerably high in the older population with undiagnosed PHTN and HTN, respectively. The prevalence of HTN was also studied by 10- year age groups. It was approximately 10% in the ≤40-year age group which increases up to three times (30%) in the 41–50-year age group and was more than 50% in the 61–70-year age group (Figure 4).

Figure 1: Frequency of risk factors associated with HTN in the normal, prehypertensive, and hypertensive populations.

Figure 2: Frequency of risk factors associated with HTN in the normal, prehypertensive, and hypertensive populations for age ≤ 40.

Figure 3: Frequency of risk factors associated with HTN in the normal, prehypertensive, and hypertensive populations for age > 40.

Figure 4: Prevalence of HTN by age.

As presented in Table 2 only obesity showed the significant positive association with PHTN (2.14; 95% CI 1.20–3.81) and HTN (2.72; 95% CI 1.53–4.85) in the overall population. Similarly in the young obesity also showed the highest odds ratio for both PHTN (2.29; 95% CI 1.25–4.21) and HTN (2.92; 95% CI 1.59–5.35) (Table 3). In the older individuals the odds ratios (PHTN 1.13; 95% CI 0.65–1.96; HTN 1.38; 95% CI 0.79–2.4) were also highest for obesity, though less clearly elevated (Table 4).

Table 2: Odds ratio of factors associated with PHTN and HTN in overall population.

Variables
PHTN
HTN

Odds ratio
95% CI
Odds ratio
95% CI

F/H/O HTN
1.49
0.83–2.68
0.82
0.44–1.52

Obesity
2.14
1.20–3.81
2.72
1.53–4.85

Sedentary life style
1.35
0.76–2.38
1.35
0.76–2.38

Smoking
1.42
0.55–3.69
1.28
0.48–3.38

Type A personality
0.91
0.50–1.65
1
0.55–1.80

F/H/O HTN = family history of HTN, CI = confidence interval.

Table 3: Odds ratio of factors associated with PHTN and HTN in young population.

Variables
PHTN
HTN

Odds ratio
95% CI
Odds ratio
95% CI

F/H/O HTN
1.21
0.66–2.24
1.8
0.99–3.27

Obesity
2.29
1.25–4.21
2.92
1.59–5.35

Sedentary life style
1.34
0.76–2.35
1.23
0.7–2.15

Smoking
1.74
0.61–4.98
1.36
0.45–4.1

Type A personality
0.95
0.52–1.73
1.25
0.69–2.24

F/H/O HTN = family history of HTN, CI = confidence interval.

Table 4: Odds ratio of factors associated with PHTN and HTN in old population.

Variables
PHTN
HTN

Odds ratio
95% CI
Odds ratio
95% CI

F/H/O HTN
0.8
0.45–1.44
0.51
0.27–0.94

Obesity
1.13
0.65–1.96
1.38
0.79–2.40

Sedentary life style
0.91
0.50–1.65
0.95
0.53–1.73

Smoking
1
0.42–2.34
0.82
0.33–1.98

Type A personality
0.91
0.50–1.63
0.95
0.53–1.73

F/H/O HTN = family history of HTN, CI = confidence interval.

4. Discussion

CVD is the largest cause of deaths in males (20.3%) and females (16.9%) and leads to 2 million deaths annually. The Atlas of heart disease and stroke has demonstrated a sustained increase in mean BP level from a low 120 mmHg to 130 mmHg in 1997 as compared to 1942. Further modeled data project predicts that 107.3 million men and 106.2 million women will suffer from HTN by the year 2025 [10].

Hypertension was the leading attributable risk factor in the INTERSTROKE study for thrombotic or hemorrhagic strokes (34.6%) while it is the fourth attributable risk factor for acute myocardial infarction as per INTERHEART study. The overall prevalence of HTN varies from low of 4.3% in 1963 to as high as approximately 50% in some specific communities of Rajasthan and Kerala [11].

As HTN is a well-known modifiable risk factor for CVD, awareness regarding its early diagnosis and optimal management is “the need of the hour.” Timely identification is often a crucial step and most important factor for the therapeutic management of HTN. Furthermore, classification of blood pressure values at progressive levels is used mainly to help in the clinical management of individual patients. A comprehensive strategy for reduction in complications, thus mortality and morbidity due to HTN, must include prevention strategies, increased awareness, early detection, adequate treatment, and strict control of blood pressure. This can be achieved only if the general public is aware of the risk factors, presenting features, and complications of HTN. Due to the multifactorial nature of HTN the management of risk factors contributing to its development also plays a vital role in the disease management.

To the best of our knowledge this is the first large study to evaluate the prevalence of undiagnosed HTN in apparently healthy Western Indian population. The main finding of our study is the 26% prevalence of undiagnosed HTN in apparently healthy Western Indian population. The incidence of HTN has increased in both urban and rural populations. Rajasthan exhibited the highest prevalence in the rural population, while prevalence in the urban population did not vary greatly in different regions. Metropolitan cities such as Mumbai had the highest prevalence of HTN, contrary to less populated cities, where prevalence of HTN was curtailed [12–16]. Age group wise prevalence (10-year difference) indicates progressive increase from approximately 11% in <40 years of age to more than 50% at 60–69-year age group [17–20]. The results from our study also show that the prevalence of HTN increases with age.

In our study a significant positive association between obesity and HTN was observed in the overall and young population as supported by several other reports also [21, 22]. Often this relationship which is “two-way street” in nature needs to be addressed early to prevent micro- and macrovascular complications. According to Framingham investigators an obese individual possesses higher risk of developing HTN as 10% rise in BMI is associated with 7 mmHg rise in SBP [23]. The same study also revealed that tendency of gaining weight is significantly higher in hypertensive population as compared to their normotensive counterparts [24] and hence by developing awareness of exercise and prevention of obesity, the prevalence of HTN can be reduced.

5. Conclusion

From the study results we conclude that the prevalence of undetected HTN and PHTN is alarmingly high in an apparently healthy western Indian population. Major risk factor for the development of HTN was found to be obesity which is a modifiable risk factor and could be worked upon by following an active lifestyle and keeping an eye on BMI scores.

Limitation of the Study

(1)The majority of participants belonged to the urban class, so the HTN prevalence reflects this.(2)Moreover, another limitation is moderate study size.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. S. B. Dalal: respected mentor, Dr. R. K. Patel: Director of U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Gujarat, and Ms. Priyanka Patel: Research Assistant.

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