Influence of Cross-Diffusion on Slip Flow and Heat Transfer of Chemically Reacting UCM Fluid between Porous Parallel Plates with Hall and Ion Slip Currents

The present paper deals with the Hall and ion slip currents on an incompressible unsteady free convection flow and heat transfer of an upper convected Maxwell fluid between porous parallel plates with Soret and Dufour effects by considering the velocity slip and convective boundary conditions. Assume that there are periodic injection and suction at the lower and upper plates, respectively. The temperature and concentration at the lower and upper plates change periodically with time.Theflowfield equations are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformations and a semi-analytical-numerical solution has been obtained by the differential transformmethod.The velocity components, temperature distribution, and concentration with respect to different fluid and geometric parameters are discussed in detail and presented in the form of graphs. It is observed that the Biot number increases the temperature and concentration of the fluid. Further, the concentration of the fluid is enhanced whereas the temperature decreases with increasing slip.The present results are compared with the existing literature and are found to be in good agreement.


Introduction
The flow through porous channels is of great importance in both engineering and biological flows. Examples of this are found in aerodynamic heating, electrostatic precipitation, soil mechanics, food preservation, polymer technology, petroleum industry, the mechanics of the cochlea in the human ear, the flow of blood in the arteries, and artificial dialysis. The flows due to the periodic injection/suction at the boundary are of immense importance because of their wide range of applications. Several researchers have studied the incompressible laminar fluid flow between two porous parallel plates due to its mathematical simplicity and the flows can be analyzed easily in theoretical and experimental studies. Berman [1] examined the incompressible viscous fluid flow in a two-dimensional uniformly porous channel and a series solution was obtained for small values of the Reynolds number. Later, White Jr. et al. [2] considered the steady incompressible laminar viscous fluid flow between porous parallel plates with uniform suction or injection and the problem was analyzed for a wide range of suction Reynolds number. Walker and Davies [3] analyzed the mass transfer in an incompressible laminar viscous fluid flow between permeable parallel plates and a confluent hypergeometric function was used to obtain the solution. Hamza [4] investigated an incompressible laminar viscous fluid flow between two parallel rectangular as well as circular plates and obtained an approximate analytical solution by regular perturbation technique. The unsteady micropolar fluid flow between two parallel porous plates with periodic suction and injection was inspected by Srinivasacharya et al. [5]. The steady flow of chemically reacting micropolar fluid through a permeable channel was studied by Sheikholeslami et al. [6] and an analytical solution was obtained by using the homotopy perturbation method. Chen and Zhu [7] considered the slip effects on a Couette Poiseuille flow of a Bingham fluid between porous parallel plates and the reduced flow field equations are solved analytically. Singh and Pathak [8] analyzed the Hall currents and thermal radiation effects on unsteady MHD slip flow in a vertical rotating 2 Journal of Computational Engineering porous channel. Bhat and Mittal [9] inspected the Hall and ion slip currents on an electrically conducting viscous fluid flow through a parallel plate channel in the presence of uniform magnetic field and observed that the temperature of the fluid is reduced by Hall currents. Srinivasacharya and Kaladhar [10] examined analytically the Hall and ion slip currents on the mixed convective flow of couple stress fluid through a vertical parallel plate channel. Singh and Gorla [11] investigated the effects of thermal diffusion and heat source on free convection flow of a viscous fluid past an infinite vertical porous plate with Hall currents. Raptis et al. [12] studied the effects of Grashof number and permeability parameter on the free convection flow of a viscous fluid through a porous medium between two parallel plates. Abdulaziz and Hashim [13] investigated the heat and mass transfer of free convective flow of micropolar fluid in a vertical porous parallel plate channel and observed that the velocity decreases for increasing of Reynolds number. Makinde and Aziz [14] considered the convective boundary conditions for a MHD mixed convection fluid flow experiencing a firstorder chemical reaction over a vertical plate embedded in a porous medium and a numerical solution is obtained by using shooting technique along with a sixth-order Runge-Kutta integration. Yao et al. [15] analyzed an incompressible laminar viscous fluid flow and heat transfer over a stretching/shrinking sheet with convective boundary conditions and have found that the convective boundary condition results in a temperature slip at the wall. RamReddy et al. [16] studied an incompressible laminar free convective micropolar fluid flow along a permeable vertical plate with the convective boundary condition and obtained a numerical solution using spectral quasilinearization method. Postelnicu [17] examined the effects of Soret and Dufour on a two-dimensional steady stagnation point flow of a free convective Darcian fluid with suction/injection and the governing partial differential equations are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and then solved by the Keller box method. Hayat et al. [18] investigated the threedimensional flow of a chemically reacting viscous fluid over exponentially stretching sheet with Soret and Dufour effects and observed that the thermal boundary layer increases for higher Dufour number while concentration boundary layer was increased for higher Soret values. Chamkha and Rashad [19] have numerically investigated the unsteady heat and mass transfer of an electrically conducting mixed convective chemically reacting viscous fluid flow over a rotating vertical cone with thermal-diffusion and diffusion-thermo effects. The MHD mixed convective heat and mass transfer of couple stress fluid through a porous channel with periodic suction and injection in the presence of cross-diffusion effects was considered by Ojjela and Naresh Kumar [20] and the reduced governing equations are solved numerically by the method of quasilinearization. The systematic framework of rate type viscoelastic fluids was developed by Oldroyd [21]. The unsteady three-dimensional flow of time dependent UCM fluid over a stretching sheet was studied by Awais et al. [22] and the series solution was obtained by HAM. Choi et al. [23] considered the two-dimensional steady incompressible laminar suction flow of a UCM fluid in a porous channel with the combined effects of inertia and viscoelasticity and obtained both analytical and numerical solutions. Hayat et al. [24] found an analytical solution for an electrically conducting Maxwell fluid peristaltic flow in a porous space. Abbas et al. [25] studied an incompressible magnetohydrodynamic two-dimensional boundary layer flow of UCM fluid through a rectangular porous channel using the homotopy analysis method. Mukhopadhyay and Gorla [26] analyzed the two-dimensional MHD flow and mass transfer of UCM fluid over an unsteady stretching sheet with first-order constructive/destructive chemical reaction and obtained a numerical solution by shooting method. Hayat and Abbas [27] inspected the effects of Deborah's number, Schmidt number, and chemical reaction parameter on velocity and concentration fields in the flow of chemically reacting UCM fluid between porous parallel plates. The unsteady MHD flow of Maxwell fluid over an impulsively stretching sheet was analyzed by Alizadeh-Pahlavan and Sadeghy [28] and the flow field equations are solved by the homotopy analysis method. Differential transform method is first used by Zhou [29] in solving circuit problems. The theory of two-dimensional differential transform method was proposed by Chen and Ho [30]. Ayaz [31] studied the solutions of differential equations using differential transform method in a three-dimensional platform. Recently, several researchers have obtained solutions for various problems in fluid mechanics by differential transform method due to its simplicity and high accuracy. Mosayebidorcheh et al. [32] have investigated the effect of mass transfer on an incompressible laminar upper convected Maxwell fluid in a porous channel with high permeability medium and the reduced flow field equations are solved by differential transform method. Sheikholeslami et al. [33] have considered an incompressible steady nanofluid flow and heat transfer between two horizontal parallel plates with thermophoresis and Brownian motion under the influence of uniform magnetic field and the governing equations are reduced into nondimensional ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation and then solved by differential transform method. Sheikholeslami and Ganji [34] have studied the effect of Brownian motion on a nanofluid in the presence of variable magnetic field and the solution is obtained by differential transform method. Hatami and Jing [35] have analyzed two different problems, the unsteady two-dimensional squeezing nanofluid flow and heat transfer between two parallel plates and a non-Newtonian free convective nanofluid flow, and heat transfer between two vertical flat plates and obtained a solution for both by differential transform method and the results are compared with Runge-Kutta fourth-order method. Esmail and Taha [36] have found a solution to the atmospheric dispersion equation by using DTM and the results are shown to be in good agreement with field data.
In the present paper, the effects of chemical reaction and Hall and ion slip currents on an unsteady incompressible free convective slip flow of an upper convected Maxwell fluid through a porous channel with Soret and Dufour in the presence of the convective boundary condition are considered. The reduced governing nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved by differential transform method (DTM). The effects of various fluid and geometric parameters on nondimensional velocity components, temperature distribution, and concentration are discussed in detail and shown in the form of graphs. The present results are compared with Bujurke et al. [37] for the Newtonian fluid and presented in the form of a table.

Formulation of the Problem
Consider an unsteady incompressible slip flow of an electrically conducting upper convected Maxwell fluid between two parallel plates which are separated by "ℎ." Assume 1 and 2 are periodic injection and suction at the lower and upper plates, respectively. Also the temperature at the upper plate is maintained with 2 , while the lower plate is governed by convective boundary condition and the concentrations at the lower and upper plates are 1 and 2 , respectively, as shown in Figure 1. The equations governing the heat and mass transfer of a UCM fluid flow in the presence of strong magnetic field and in the absence of body forces are [22,28] [ [ The associated boundary conditions are as in (6) ( , , ) = 0, 4 Journal of Computational Engineering The governing equations are reduced to nondimensional equations using the following similarity transformations [20]: where ( ), 1 ( ), 2 ( ), 1 ( ), and 2 ( ) are unknown functions to be determined. Substituting (7) in (2), (3), (4), and (5), we have where prime denotes the differentiation with respect to and the nondimensional boundary conditions in terms of , 1 , 2 , 1 , and 2 are

Solution of the Problem
The nonlinear equations (8) along with the boundary conditions (9) are transformed into recurrence equations (11)- (15) and initial values (16) using the transformations in (10) Journal of Computational Engineering     The transformed equations of the boundary conditions are The values in (16) are used in the recurrence relations (11)-(15) and 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 are calculated such that they satisfy the boundary conditions at = 1; then we obtain nondimensional velocity components, temperature distribution, and concentration for various parameters by substituting these constants into the respective Taylor series.

Results and Discussion
In order to understand the flow characteristics in a better way, the numerical results for the nondimensional velocity components, temperature, and concentration with respect to various fluid and geometric parameters such as Weissenberg number Wi, slip parameter Sl, Biot number , Soret number Sr, Dufour number Du, Hall parameter , ion slip parameter , and Prandtl number Pr are calculated in the domain [0, 1] and presented in the form of graphs. A comparative study for the case of Newtonian fluid has been studied and the skin friction values using differential transform method and long series with polynomial coefficients as reported by Bujurke et al. [37] are presented in Table 1.  The effect of Weissenberg number Wi on velocity components, temperature distribution, and concentration is presented in Figure 2. It is observed that as Wi increases the radial velocity and concentration also increase towards the upper plate and the velocity in -direction increases towards the center of the plates and then decreases. However, the temperature decreases near the lower plate and then increases towards the upper plate. It is a known fact that for low Reynolds number flows (0 < Re < 5) the viscoelastic effect dominates the inertial effect. Figure 3 gives the effect of slip parameter Sl on velocity components, temperature, and concentration. It is evident that as Sl increases, the velocity components and concentration are following the similar trend of Wi whereas the temperature is decreasing. It is due to the fact that the specific permeability decreases the velocity components of the fluid.
The effect of Biot number on velocity components, temperature, and concentration is displayed in Figure 4. It is noticed that the radial velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are decreasing with increasing and the axial velocity is decreasing towards the center of the plates and then increases. Since is inversely proportional to the thermal conductivity of the fluid, the heat transfer between the plates is decreased.
The effect of Soret number Sr on velocity components, temperature distribution, and concentration is studied in Figure 5. As Sr increases, the axial velocity decreases up to the center of the channel and then increases towards the upper plate, whereas the radial velocity and concentration of the fluid decrease towards the upper plate. However, the temperature distribution increases initially and then decreases. This is because of the fact that the mean heat transfer between the plates decreases with the increasing of thermal diffusion.
The effect of Dufour number Du on the velocity components, temperature, and concentration is shown in Figure 6. It is inferred that as Du increases, the radial velocity and concentration also increase whereas the temperature decreases. However the axial velocity increases towards the center of the channel and then decreases towards the upper plate. This is due to the fact that the concentration of the fluid is enhanced with diffusion in the temperature.
The effect of Hall parameter on velocity components, temperature distribution, and concentration is shown in Figure 7.
increases the radial velocity and concentration also increases towards the upper plate, whereas the axial velocity increases towards the middle of the channel and then decreases. However, the temperature decreases near the lower plate and then increases towards the upper plate. This is because the effective conductivity decreases the damping force on the flow field. Figure 8 represents the effect of ion slip parameter on velocity components, temperature, and concentration. It is observed that as increases, the velocity components, temperature, and concentration are following the opposite trend of . This is because the increase in the ion slip scales down the effect of Lorentz force [38].
The effect of Prandtl number Pr on velocity components, temperature, and concentration is presented in Figure 9. It is analyzed that as Pr increases the axial velocity decreases towards the center of the plates and then increases, whereas the radial velocity and concentration are decreasing from the lower plate to the upper plate. However, the temperature increases near the lower plate and then decreases towards the upper plate. Physically, if Pr increases the thermal diffusivity decreases and this leads to the reduction in the heat transfer ability at the thermal boundary layer.

Conclusions
The effects of thermal-diffusion and diffusion-thermo on an unsteady free convective chemically reacting upper convected Maxwell fluid flow between two porous parallel plates with Hall and ion slip currents under the influence of slip and convective boundary conditions are considered. The flow field equations are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformations and then solved by differential transform method. The results are obtained for the nondimensional velocity components, temperature, and concentration distributions with respect to various fluid and geometric parameters such as Wi, Sl, , Sr, Du, , , and Pr and we observe the following: (iv) The Hall and ion slip parameters exhibit reverse trend on temperature and concentration distributions.
(v) The present results are compared with the previously published work [37] and are found to be in good agreement.
These results have possible applications in science and technology such as fermentation, biorheology, geophysics, polymer industry, composite processing, food processing, and petroleum industries.