Advances in Orthopedic Surgery
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 9256540, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9256540

Clinical Study

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Displaced Supracondylar Fracture of Late Presentation in Children: A Preliminary Report

Ram K. Shah,¹ Raju Rijal,² Rosan P. Shah Kalawar,² Sujit R. Shrestha,¹ and Niraj Kumar Shah³

¹Nepal Medical College, Jorpati, Kathmandu, Nepal
²B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
³Department of General Surgery, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Received 5 October 2015; Revised 24 November 2015; Accepted 10 December 2015

Academic Editor: Werner Kolb

Copyright © 2016 Ram K. Shah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Background. In late presentation of cases there is dilemma whether to wait for osteotomy later or do open reduction on arrival. The purpose of this prospective multicentric study is to evaluate the functional outcome of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with crossed Kirschner wires fixation and early joint motion in the late presentation of supracondylar fractures in children. Methods. A total of 21 children, with an average delay of 20.3 days, with displaced type III Gartland supracondylar fracture, were treated by ORIF with crossed Kirschner wires fixation and early joint motion. Average follow-up was 12 months. Results. Flynn’s criteria were used to evaluate the outcome. All of them had more functional range of motion of the injured elbow than the published reports. Conclusions. Most of the surgeons in the developing world prefer ORIF for optimal results. Thus it appears to be justifiable to go for ORIF with K-wires even in the late presentation of supracondylar fractures. The overall results are encouraging. However, the small number of cases and lack of control group are the limitations of this study. The study is ongoing and so the full report with more cases will be presented later.

1. Introduction

Supracondylar fractures are one of the most common elbow fractures seen in paediatric orthopaedic clinics worldwide [1]. These fractures comprise 55% to 75% of elbow fractures and approximately 3% of all fractures in children [2, 3]. Between 10% and 20% of cases report late for treatment in developing countries [4]. Late presentation is defined as roughly more than 2 days after injury [5] and objectively is defined as when a callus is visible in X-rays, but a fracture line is still visible.

A delay in presentation for treatment at a proper hospital may result from poor transportation, ignorance, and/or inability of the child’s parents. Sometimes, lack of skilled personnel or suitable resources can delay or deny suitable treatment in a hospital in poor countries. In developing countries, the percentage of late presentation is much higher because of poor health care delivery systems and patients reaching the tertiary care centre late from a long distance [6].

Malunion resulting in cubitus varus is common in 10%–30% of cases regardless of the method of treatment. This deformity does not improve with remodelling [5].

The treatment modalities implicated in late presenting cases are as follows:

(i)Continuous traction of the arm to gradually reduce the fracture, which avoids the risk of vascular complications and iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury but has the disadvantage of prolonged hospital stay [7].(ii)Early wedge osteotomy 1–4 months after injury but before adolescence [8].(iii)Open reduction and internal fixation [9, 10].

There is not much literature regarding specific treatment guidelines for late presentation of supracondylar fracture in children, so the treatment method remains controversial.

2. Materials and Methods

This is a prospective and multicentric study in Nepal with follow-up at 2, 4, 12, and 24 weeks and finally at 1 year. Average follow-up was 1 year. Between August 2012 and January 2014, a total of 21 patients sought treatment with a delay between 15 and 30 days (average 20.3 days) after the injury. The reason for the delay was inadequate treatment in 18 patients and ignorance in 3 patients. A total of 110 cases of displaced type III Gartland supracondylar fracture were treated at these centres within the study period in the years from 2012 to 2014. Out of 110 cases only 21 (19.1%) cases were included in the study.

Patients who had a callus but a visible fracture line on their radiograph were included in the study. Those with open fracture, intra-articular fracture, stable supracondylar fracture (Gartland type I), or fracture with a callus without a visible fracture line were excluded from the study.

Detailed examination of the neurological and vascular status of the limb was performed. Anteroposterior and lateral radiograph of the elbow were obtained from the injured and normal elbows, and the Baumann angle was measured.

Open reduction using a posterior approach with midline triceps split was performed. All visible calluses were removed to clean and recreate the fracture. Then, the anatomic reduction of fracture fragments was stabilized with crossed K-wires and checked under an image intensifier for reduction and stability. In one patient, more than one K-wire was inserted for laterally better stability. K-wires were buried under the skin, which reduces the chance of infection and lowers the risk of early removal of an infected K-wire and subsequent displacement of fracture fragments [11].

Skin sutures were removed at 2 weeks, and the back slab was removed for early mobilization of the elbow when it is pain-free. The buried K-wires were removed at 12 weeks after fracture consolidation.

All patients were discharged 48 hours after the surgery. At 12 weeks, the range of motion and carrying angle were measured with a goniometer and graded according to Flynn’s criteria (Table 1). The Baumann angle was measured for radiological assessment [12]. The patients were also evaluated for functional range of motion of the injured elbow, which is established as 75–120 degrees of flexion with an arc of motion of 45 degrees necessary for feeding and toilet purposes [13].

Table 1: Flynn’s criteria for grading [14].

Result
Rating
Cosmetic factor (carrying angle loss)
(degrees)
Functional factor (motion loss)
(degrees)

Satisfactory
Excellent
0–5
0–5

Good
5–10
5–10

Unsatisfactory
Fair
10–15
10–15

Poor
Over 15
Over 15

3. Results

All fractures united. All the cases were followed up for one year. Two patients were lost to follow-up after 6 weeks and so they were excluded from the study.

The average age of the patients was 7.4 years (range: 5–10 years) with 9 males and 12 females with left elbow being the predominant injury side, 12 out of 21. All injuries were Gartland type III injuries and closed fractures.

The average delay time of presentation to us was 20.3 days (range: 15–30 days).

The average range of motion loss of the injured elbow compared to the normal elbow was 42.1 degrees (range: 5–70 degrees) and the average carrying angle loss was 16.4 degrees (range: 0–30 degrees). The mean Baumann angle of the injured elbow was 78.1 degrees (range: 70–85 degrees) compared to 72.8 degrees (range: 70–80 degrees) for the normal elbow. Cubitus varus was seen in 12 patients (57.1%), 3 patients had carrying angle gain (14.3%), three had carrying angle loss but the elbow was in the valgus position (14.3%), and 3 patients had no varus deformity (14.3%).

Patients were graded according to Flynn’s criteria, which take into account range of motion loss (functional factor) and carrying angle loss (cosmetic factor) [14]. The overall rating is made on the basis of greater clinical loss of functional or cosmetic factors. Three patients (14.3%) had an excellent rating and a satisfactory result, and 18 patients (85.7%) had poor ratings and unsatisfactory results (Table 2).

Table 2: Overall grading of patients according to Flynn’s criteria [14].

Grading
Cosmetic factor (carrying angle loss)
Functional factor (motion loss)
Overall number (%)

Satisfactory

    Excellent
0°–5°
0°–5°
3 (14.3%)

    Good
5°–10°
0°–5°

    Fair
10°–15°
10°–15°

Unsatisfactory

    Poor
Over 15°
Over 15°
18 (85.7%)

All patients had painless and useful range of motion at the last follow-up. The flexion of the elbow ranged from 110 to 145 degrees (average of 127.1 degrees). The extension ranged from 0 degrees to limitation of full extension by 40 degrees (average of 22.8 degrees lag). All of our patients had a more functional range of motion of the injured elbow than established by Vasen et al. [13] (Table 3).

Table 3: Functional range of motion obtained.

Number of cases
Flexion (degrees)
Extension (degrees)
Arc of motion (degrees)
Useful arc of motion (%)
(compared with Vasen et al. [13])

3
125
35 lag
90
200

3
140
15 lag
95
277.8

3
115
45 lag
70
155.5

3
145
5 lag
140
311.1

3
130
0
130
288.9

3
105
20 lag
85
188.9

3
130
40 lag
90
200

Functional elbow range of motion established as 75–120° flexion with arc of motion of 45°.

Three patients had iatrogenic ulnar nerve palsy due to technical error, which spontaneously recovered after the medial buried K-wire was removed, as it had impinged the ulnar nerve, which was observed when the K-wires were removed. Beyond this, no other intraoperative complications or postoperative complications were observed in the study. There was no radiographic evidence of heterotopic ossification in our study.

Eighteen parents were satisfied regarding the useful range of movement and appearance of the elbow, while 3 parents were unsatisfied regarding the appearance of the elbow (Figure 1).

(a) 4-week-old fracture with callus formation

(b) Open reduction, removal of callus, and internal fixation with crossed K-wires

(c) Final healing of fracture after 6 months

(d) Functional result after 6 Months

(e) Functional result after 6 Months

Figure 1: Clinical result of a case.

4. Discussion

The prognosis of displaced supracondylar humeral fracture with late presentation in children is unfavourable if the child presents one day after injury [15] (Table 4).

Table 4

Study
Year
Journal
Number
Presentation
Mean delay
Hospital stay
Treatment
Mean follow-up
Complications
Functional outcome

1
Lal and Bhan [8]
1991
Int. Orthop. 1991; 15: 189–191.
20
11–17 days

35% varus

2
Leet et al. [23]
1994–1999
J Pead. Ortho. 2002; 22: 203–207
158
2.7 hrs–6.6 days
21 hrs
26 min–6 days
CRIF/ORIF with crossed K-wires
16.7 wks
1.26% varus
<1% pin-tract infection

3
Devnani [5]
Jan. 1990–Dec. 2001
Cl Ortho. 2005; 431: 36–41
28
2–21 days
5.6 days
14 days
CRIF/ORIF with crossed K-wires
24 mths
18%. >10 deg. varus
good 71%, fair 4%, poor 25%

4
Mahaisavariya [7]
1994 through 2004
Techniques in Orthopaedics
2006; 21 (2): 150–157
9
1–4 mths
3.2 mths

Simple wedge osteotomy and fixation
by 2 K-wires combined with TBW loop
13.3 mths (5–48)

5
Tiwari et al. [22]
Feb. 2002–June 2003
J. of Ortho. Surg. 2007; 15 (2): 177–82
40
2–12 days
4 days
41 hrs
CRIF/ORIF with crossed K-wires
18 mths
5% >15 deg. varus
10% nerve palsy (5% R, 2.5% M, U each)
5% Trochlear necrosis
7.5% stiffness ROM loss > 15 deg.
88%, Flynn’s criteria

6
Eren et al. [6]
Jan. 1992 to Feb. 2005
J. Child Orthop. (2008) 2: 21–27
31
2–19 days
6 days
2 days
ORIF with crossed K-wires
4 yrs (2–11 yrs)
22.5% cubitus varus
6.5% pin-tract infections

7
Dua et al. [24]
July 2003–June 2007
Chinese J. of Traumatology, 2011; 14 (1): 14–19
40
12 hrs–3 days
17.55 hrs
12 hrs
CRIF with crossed K-wires
15 mths (12–24)
5% mild myositis
95% excellent Flynn’s criteria

According to Flynn’s criteria [14], 14.3% (3 cases) of patients had satisfactory results and 85.7% (18 cases) had unsatisfactory results. The incidence of cubitus varus was 57.1% (12 patients). However, all our patients obtained more than double the functional range of motion established by Vasen et al. [13] for activities of daily living (Table 3).

Lal and Bhan [8] obtained 35% incidence (20 patients) of cubitus varus among patients who had open reduction 11–17 days after the injury, but 70% of them (14 patients) had an arc of motion of less than 90 degrees. Compared with this study, our results had a higher incidence of cubitus varus (57.1%), but the arc of motion achieved was more. Only 2 patients (28.6%) had an arc of motion of less than 90 degrees compared to 14 patients (70%) in their study. Ali et al. [11] reported 12% poor results after open reduction because of limited movement. Reitman et al. [10] reported cubitus varus in 13 of 52 patients (25%) after open reduction and K-wire fixation. Mahaisavariya [7] included children presenting up to 3 weeks after injury. Lal and Bhan [8] included children up to 4 months after the injury in their series but for early wedge osteotomy rather than open reduction and internal fixation.

To the best of our knowledge, there has not been any study beyond 3 weeks of delay, so we took up the task to operate on injured elbows and evaluate the functional and cosmetic outcome in those children with callus formation but a visible fracture line on a radiograph, which included children with delays up to 30 days after injury.

Some authors [16] prefer to let the fracture malunite and later perform a corrective osteotomy to avoid myositis ossificans and stiffness. Theoretically, the fracture should be left alone until solid union occurs and the patient regains full range of motion of the elbow to full extension, and then corrective osteotomy is scheduled [8]. However, in our part of the world, the parents of the children want treatment upon presentation and do not accept corrective osteotomy at a later date. Moreover, the patients are not compliant and are lost to follow-up when such advice is given. Considering these circumstances, we feel that it is justified to offer them treatment by open reduction and internal fixation of displaced fractures with crossed K-wires.

The Flynn et al. [14] grading system is more severe than that of Aronson and Prager [17], and loss of range of motion greater than 15 degrees compared to the normal elbow is graded as an unsatisfactory result. However, clinically, the patient has a useful range of motion for activities of daily living.

In all of our patients anatomical reduction was achieved. However, the resulting deformity at the elbow made it difficult to predict the outcome. Displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus almost always unite, but malunion resulting in cubitus varus is common. Its reported incidence ranges from 10 to 57% regardless of the method of treatment [18, 19]. The deformity does not improve with time, as seen in our study [20].

In our study the range of motion of the injured elbow improved with time. There was improvement in the range of motion at the 6-month follow-up relative to the 3-month follow-up. The initial decrease in range of motion could be due to the posterior approach, which provides adequate exposure but results in scarring of posterior soft tissue and increased elbow stiffness [21]. However, movement of the elbow nearly always recovers after healing of a supracondylar fracture in children [12].

Open reduction and internal fixation are a better treatment option in displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in patients presenting even late after injury in our set-up. This approach minimises the risk of complications and the need for continuous traction or corrective osteotomy [22].

Disclosure

This is a Level 1 prospective study as all patients were enrolled within the same duration with more than 80% follow-up for the investigation of the effect of the treatment on the outcome.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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