Population Aspects of Fishes in Geba and Sor Rivers, White Nile System in Ethiopia, East Africa

This study was carried out to assess the diversity, condition factor, length-weight relationship, and sex ratio of fishes in Geba and Sor Rivers located in Baro-Akobo Basin,White Nile systemwithin Ethiopia. Fish samples were collected in one wet and one dry season. The length-weight relationships were fitted using power equation for the most abundant species. A total of 348 fish specimens were collected using gillnets and hooks. These were identified into eight species and one Garra sp. representing seven genera and four families. Family Cyprinidae was the most dominant with six species (66.7%). Labeobarbus intermedius, Labeobarbus nedgia, and Labeo cylindricus were the most abundant fish species, respectively, with 60.72%, 16.83%, and 14.66% index of relative importance (IRI). The diversity index was higher for Geba River (H󸀠 = 1.50) than for Sor River (H󸀠 = 1.10). All the three most abundant species had negative allometric growth. Seasonal variations in the mean Fulton condition factor (FCF) were statistically significant for L. cylindricus (p < 0.05). There was variation in the sex ratio with the females dominating in all the three most abundant species. Further investigation into the fish diversity, food, feeding, and reproductive behaviors of fish species especially in the tributaries of these rivers and their socioeconomic aspects is recommended.


Introduction
Ethiopia could be called the "water tower of northeastern Africa" on a continent where aridity is the rule.Ethiopia is rich in inland water bodies with diversified fish species composed of Nilo-Sudanic, East African, and endemic forms [1,2].A review by Tedla [3] listed 93 fish species for the entire Ethiopian freshwater system.A survey by Getahun and Stiassny [4] identified 65 species belonging to 19 genera and 9 families.Later on, reviews by Getahun [5,6] listed up to 153 valid indigenous fish species and subspecies in 25 families for the Ethiopian freshwater systems.A more recent survey by Golubstov and Darkov [7] provided a basin-wide summary of the nation's ichthyofaunal diversity.According to this work, the nation's major basins, namely, Baro-Akobo (White Nile within Ethiopia), Abay (Blue Nile within Ethiopia), Omo-Turkana, Tekeze-Atbara, Shebelle-Genale, and Rift Valley basins, respectively, have 113, 77, 76-79, 34, 33, and 28-31 fish species.Even so, a study on the diversity of the Ethiopian fish fauna still remains far from complete largely owing to the large expanse of its geography (i.e., 1.1 million km 2 total area) and limited surveys.Many of the drainage basins, especially the rivers, are not exhaustively explored [6].Geba and Sor Rivers are among such rivers that lack exhaustive studies on the diversity and associated biological characters of their fish fauna.Thus, the present study was undertaken to address this gap, and as such it represents a baseline study on the diversity, relative abundance, and some biological characteristics of fishes in the rivers addressed in the present study, in an effort to contribute to any conservation attempts of their fish fauna.  of Ilu Aba-Bor Zone, Oromia Regional State in southwestern Ethiopia (Figure 1).The districts are located at 550 km and 600 km southwest of the capital Addis Ababa, respectively.The annual temperature ranges from 14.13 to 29.07 ∘ C and 11.21 to 27.33 ∘ C for Yayu and Metu Districts, respectively.The mean annual rainfall is 1563 mm/year for Yayu District and 1427.17mm/year for Metu District, with high variation from year to year.The rainfall patterns of the districts are unimodal, with low rainfall during January and February and the highest rainfall between June and August [8].Ficus species, Coffea arabica, Croton macrostachyus, and Schefflera abyssinica are among the frequently observed vegetation in the area.

Sampling Sites.
Eight sampling sites were selected from both rivers based on flow nature and accessibility (Figure 1).The basic habitat characteristics and geographical locations of the sampling sites are summarized in Table 1.The Sor River sampling sites are located relatively at higher altitude (>1500 m above sea level) than the Geba River sites which are located below 1300 m above sea level.The channel diameter of the sampling sites ranged from 29 to 40 m with a mean value of 33.21 m.All the sampling sites, except the Hora site on Sor River (S1), had clear water with sandy, gravel, and rocky bottom.Hora site was turbid with largely muddy bottom.Most parts of the Sor River were highly irrigated and had less vegetation cover.

Fish Sampling and
Identification.Fish samples were collected during one wet season and one dry season between October 2012 and March 2013.Fish specimens were collected using gillnets of various mesh sizes (12,16,20, and 24 cm stretched mesh) and hooks.Gillnets were set late in the afternoon and collected early in the morning the next day.The same extent of fishing effort was used across the seasons and sites.Field-level identification of the fish specimens was made to species level using relevant taxonomic literature [3,[9][10][11][12].Total length (TL) and total weight (TW) measurements were taken, to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.1 g, respectively.Ultimately, voucher specimens from each species were preserved in 10% formalin solution and transported to the Department of Biology, Jimma University, where they are deposited.

Data Analysis.
Shannon diversity index (  ) [13] was used for assessing the diversity of fish species for each sampling site and the rivers as follows: where ∑ is the sum from species 1 to ; ni is the number of individuals of species "";  is the total number of individuals of all species;  is species richness.Estimation of the relative abundance of fishes in the study rivers was made by comparing the relative catch in number and weight in the total sampling.An index of relative importance (IRI), which is a measure of the relative abundance or commonness of the species based on number and weight of individuals in catches, as well as their frequency of occurrence [14,15], was computed as where  is 1 to ; %   and %   are percentage weight and number of each species of total catch, respectively; %   is percentage frequency of occurrence of each species in total samplings; %   and %   are percentage weight and number of total species of total catch, respectively; %   is percentage frequency of occurrence of total species in total number of samplings; and  is the total number of species.The relationship between total length and total weight of the dominant fish species, namely, Labeobarbus intermedius, Labeobarbus nedgia, and Labeo cylindricus, was fitted using power function [16] as where TW is total weight (g), TL is total length (cm), and "" and "" are the constant and power coefficients, respectively, of the regression line.
The well-being of fishes of the study rivers was investigated for the three most abundant species using Fulton condition factor (FCF) [16,17], computed as where TW is total weight (g) and TL is total length (cm).The sex ratio for the three dominant species was determined using the equation Sex ratio = number of females number of males .
Significant variation in FCF between seasons was tested using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), whereas significant variation in sex ratio was tested using Chi-square at 5% level of significance in SPSS for Windows (ver.16).

Results and Discussion
3.1.Fish Species Diversity and Distribution.A total of eight species and one Garra sp.representing seven genera and four families were identified from Geba and Sor Rivers during the study period (Figure 2).The identity of a single Garra specimen collected from Sor River could not be determined using the existing keys [3,[9][10][11][12].This specimen has much resemblance to the Garra specimens reported from the same river by Golubtsov et al. [18] and discussed as being potentially undescribed.It thus calls for further collection of sufficient samples for possible description in the future.Labeo forskalii, Raiamas senegalensis, Bagrus docmak, and Mormyrus hasselquistii were collected only from Geba River while Oreochromis niloticus and Garra sp. were collected only from Sor River.Labeobarbus intermedius, Labeobarbus nedgia, and Labeo cylindricus were recorded from both rivers.There was variation in diversity between the two rivers as the Shannon diversity index was higher for Geba River (  = 1.50) and lower for Sor River (  = 1.10).The diversity of fish fauna identified from the studied rivers contains a mixture of Nilo-Sudanic (L.forskalii, L. cylindricus, B. docmak, and M. hasselquistii) and East African forms (L.intermedius, L. nedgia, O. niloticus, and Garra sp.).The Nilo-Sudanic forms were the dominant forms in terms of diversity and are represented by a large number of species found in the Baro-Akobo Basin [6].This could be probably because of the connection between the White Nile and the two rivers [2,7,10].Only one species endemic to Ethiopia (L.nedgia) was recorded from the two rivers and it is the first report for Baro-Akobo Basin.

Relative Abundance.
A total of 348 fish specimens were collected from eight sampling sites during the study period.
Of the total specimens collected, 116 were caught during the wet season and 232 specimens were caught during the dry season.Labeobarbus intermedius was the most abundant species in number (47.13%) during both the wet and the dry seasons followed, respectively, by L. cylindricus (21.84%),L. forskalii (12.36%), and L. nedgia (12.36%).Raiamas senegalensis, M. hasselquistii, and Garra sp. were the least abundant fish species in number represented by one specimen each (Table 2).Based on the index of relative importance (IRI), which more or less concurred with the numeric abundance, the most important species in the total catches were L. intermedius (48.62%),L. nedgia (16.81%), and L. cylindricus (14.76%) (Table 2).
In both rivers, the weight and number of fish specimens were higher in the dry season than in the wet season (Table 3).That fewer fish were caught during the wet season might be due to high turbidity, speedy run-off, and low temperature [19].There is also higher water discharge during the wet season, so fishes could be highly dispersed in the large volume of water, than during the dry season, and it thus becomes difficult to catch them [20].In addition, the variation in gillnet efficiency might have contributed to variation in the catches between wet and dry seasons.Moreover, leaves, logs, and roots that were brought by flooding could decrease the efficiency of gillnets during the wet season.
The number and weight of fish specimens in Geba River are higher than in Sor River.The difference in number and weight of fish specimens in these rivers might be attributed to the less vegetation cover and widespread irrigation development in most parts of Sor River.This, in turn, may have contributed to the lack of good habitats with diverse riparian vegetation.

Length-Weight Relationship.
Length-weight relationship of the three most abundant species, L. intermedius, L. nedgia, and L. cylindricus, showed negative allometric growth.The -value for L. cylindricus (2.72) is comparable with the value (2.76) reported from Angereb and Sanja Rivers, Tekeze Basin [20].The -values are relatively lower for L. intermedius (2.50) and L. nedgia (2.65) (Table 4) when compared with the values reported for these species from Angereb River (L. intermedius: 2.96; L. nedgia: 2.94) [20] and from Arno-Garno River (L. intermedius: 2.95; L. nedgia: 2.98) [21].The variations in the results between the present study and those studies could be ascribed to the differences in the number of samples, the differences in food availability, stage of fish gonad development, and spawning period [16].

Fulton Condition Factor (FCF).
Fish conditions depend on biological factors such as the age and environmental or geographical and temporal factors such as the season of the year when samples are collected [22][23][24].Generally, higher condition is associated with high energy content, adequate food availability, reproductive potential, and favorable environmental conditions [25].The mean FCF value for L. intermedius (1.21) (Table 5) is comparable to the value (1.23) reported for Borkena River in Awash Basin [26].The mean FCF value for L. nedgia (1.05) from Geba and Sor Rivers was lower than the value (1.48) reported for Angereb and Sanja Rivers in Tekeze Basin [20].However, the FCF values for L. intermedius were higher than the value (1.0) reported for the same species from Beles and Gilgel-Beles Rivers [27] as well as the value (1.12) reported from Guang, Ayima, Gendwuha, and Shinfa Rivers [28].The mean FCF value for L. cylindricus (1.21) was higher than the value (1.18) reported for Angereb and Sanja Rivers in Tekeze Basin [20].The main reason for the differences observed in the mean FCF between the present and past studies might relate to the variation in the extent of sampling or variations in the factors such as food quantity and quality, water level and flow rate, feeding rate, health, and reproductive activity of fishes in the study areas [29,30].Statistically significant seasonal variation was observed for L. cylindricus (Table 5).

Sex Ratio.
The sex ratio for the three most abundant fish species, namely, L. intermedius, L. nedgia, and L. cylindricus, is provided in Table 6.There was variation in sex ratio with the females dominating in all the three species.However, the Chisquare test showed that there was no significant difference Area.The study was conducted in Geba and Sor Rivers located in Yayu and Metu Districts Town Geba and Sor sampling site Rivers District boundary

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Map of the study sites and rivers.

Table 2 :
Summary of the percent number (% ), percent weight (% ), and % index of relative abundance (% IRI) of fish species of Geba and Sor Rivers.Total number of specimens () = 348.

Table 3 :
Summary of the weight (g) of fish species for each season.

Table 4 :
Length-weight relationship of the most common fish species of Geba and Sor Rivers (ANOVA,  < 0.05);  = total number of specimens.