The aim of this research was to investigate possible phenotypic variation profile of
Semanggi Surabaya itself is a popular dish from East Java Province and prepared from steamed semanggi leaves served with a special peanut sauce [
Further investigation was carried out using a fraction of n-hexane leaf extract to study its antiosteoporotic activity in osteoporotic mice. Result showed improvement in trabecular femur and vertebrae bone masses of osteoporotic mice [
Further isolation and characterization of terpenoid compounds in n-hexane and petroleum ether leaf extracts were conducted [
In vitro study of n-hexane leaf extract using cell lines showed its antiosteoporotic activity [
The plant also contained various vitamins and minerals, such as calcium, iron, magnesium, Fe, and vitamins A and C [
A study was conducted on the plant grown in murky and contaminated waters in the rice field at Benowo District, East Java Province, and found high lead and mercury contents in the leaves. This was certainly caused by its phytoremediation property [
Result showed the ability of
But, further study is still needed to find right cultivation techniques, in order to obtain pollutant-free plants.
The objective of the research was to study phenotypic variation profiles of
Plants were harvested from water and soil cultivations in April 2016. Plants harvested from the rice field at Benowo District, East Java Province, were being used as a control.
Determination was conducted at Purwodadi Botanical Garden, East Java, Indonesia.
Leaves were dried in an oven at 50°C and powdered and extracted with 96% ethanol in a sonic bath for 20 minutes.
Cultivation was conducted in South Surabaya City, East Java Province, Indonesia, in January 2016. Seeds were obtained from Benowo District, Surabaya. In water, cultivation was conducted in concrete pots size 58 × 49 × 16 cm filled with ready-made mixtures of soil and composts up to half height of the pots. Water was added to fill up the surface of the pots to provide muddy water as in their original habitat. It allowed settling for 24 hours before plant seedling was planted. In the soil, cultivation was conducted in clay pots size 63 × 26 × 18 filled with ready-made mixtures of soil and composts. Plants were watered twice a day (morning and afternoon).
All pots were exposed under full sunlight during their entire growth as in their original habitat in rice fields.
Phenotypic profiles were studied through morphological and anatomical examinations. Morphological examination was conducted on leaf, petiole, stem, and root of the plant. Anatomical examination of the plant was conducted by observing the cross sections of leaf, petiole, and stem using light microscope.
Phytochemical screening was conducted by thin layer chromatography technique to study the terpenoid constituents of the leaves.
96% ethanol extract of powdered leaves from water and soil cultivations was used to detect terpenoid contents using n-hexane : ethyl acetate (4 : 6) as mobile phase. Anisaldehyde sulphuric acid was used as spray reagent.
Cultivation in concrete pots was shown in Figure
Cultivation in water in concrete pots.
Cultivation in soil in clay pots.
Cultivation and harvest in the rice field at Benowo District, East Java Province.
The plant has pinnately compound leaves with 4 cuneate leaflets, petioles rounded and finely hairy on the surface (Table
Morphology of leaves, petioles, stems, and roots of
Leaf type | Compound, 4 leaflets on top of each petiole, cuneate, leaf tip truncate, leaf base acute/obtuse, margin integer |
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Petiole | Round, fine surface hair, light green |
Stem | Round, fine surface hair, brown, grown above or just below the soil surface |
Roots | Fibrous, appearing from each node, brown |
Morphological differences of leaves, petioles, and roots of
Plant part | Observation | ||
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Cultivation in water in concrete pots | Cultivation in the soil | Cultivation in water in rice field | |
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Color | Light green | Light green | Light green |
Diameter of compound leaves | 3.5 × 3.5 cm | 4.5–5 × 4.5–5 cm | 3.0 × 3.0 cm |
Size of leaf tip | 1.7 cm | 2.2 cm | 1.7 cm |
Size of leaf base | 0.5 cm | 0.7 cm | 0.4 cm |
Thickness | Thin | Thin | Thin |
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Length | 12–15 cm | 20–24 cm | 11.5–15.5 cm |
Diameter | Greater | Smaller | Greater |
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Long, vigorous, dense |
Short and sparse |
Short and sparse |
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Distance between nodes of stems | 1–3 cm | 0.5–1 cm | 5–5.5 cm |
Figure
Petioles, stems, and roots of
All cultivation methods yielded different distances between nodes of stems. Figure
Roots of cultivated
Roots of cultivated
Root of cultivated
Both cultivations in water showed same diameter of the petioles and stems (Figures
Stem, root, and petiole of
Stem, root, and petiole of cultivated
Stem, root, and petiole of cultivated
Leaf size of both water cultivations was shown to be relatively smaller in diameter and length compared to soil cultivation (Figure
Leaves of
Anatomical examination through cross-section of the leaf, petiole, and stem was studied. Results showed that there were not any differences in anatomical profiles of
Cross section of
Cross section of the petiole of
Cross section of the stem of
Phytochemical screening was conducted using thin layer chromatographic technique to study the terpenoid constituents of 96% ethanol extract of the leaves. Results showed that all ethanol extracts showed some violet spots of terpenoid compounds with the same Rf values, where soil cultivated leaves showed more intensive colors of spots with Rf values of 0.98, 0.93, and 0.43 (Figure
Thin layer chromatogram of 96% ethanol extracts of powdered leaves of
Research found a phenotypic variation profile caused by different cultivation methods of
Since major profile change did not occur, it is indicated that
It is concluded that
The authors stated that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
This work was supported by Research Grant of Faculty of Pharmacy Airlangga University 2016 (Dean Decree no. 67/UN3.1.5./2016).