Abstract and Applied AnalysisVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 486193, 10 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/486193

Research Article

The Approximate Solution of Fractional Fredholm Integrodifferential Equations by Variational Iteration and Homotopy Perturbation Methods

Abdelouahab Kadem¹ and Adem Kilicman²

¹L.M.F.N Mathematics Department, University of Setif, Algeria²Department of Mathematics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Received 2 February 2012; Revised 20 February 2012; Accepted 23 March 2012

Academic Editor: Bashir Ahmad

Copyright © 2012 Abdelouahab Kadem and Adem Kilicman. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Variational iteration method and homotopy perturbation method are used to solve the fractional Fredholm integrodifferential equations with constant coefficients. The obtained results indicate that the method is efficient and also accurate.

1. Introduction

The topic of fractional calculus has attracted many scientists because of its several applications in many areas, such as physics, chemistry, and engineering. For a detail survey with collections of applications in various fields, see, for example, [1–3].

Further, the fractional derivatives technique has been employed for solving linear fractional differential equations including the fractional integrodifferential equations; in this way, much of the efforts is devoted to searching for methods that generate accurate results, see [4, 5]. In this work, we present two different methods, namely, homotopy perturbation method and variational iteration method [6], for solving a fractional Fredholm integro-differential equations with constant coefficients. There is a vast literature, and we only mention the works of Liao which treat a homotopy method in [7, 8].

For the nonlinear equations with derivatives of integer order, many methods are used to derive approximation solution [9–14]. However, for the fractional differential equation, there are some limited approaches, such as Laplace transform method [3], the Fourier transform method [15], the iteration method [16], and the operational calculus method [17].

Recently, there has been considerable researches in fractional differential equations due to their numerous applications in the area of physics and engineering [18], such as phenomena in electromagnetic theory, acoustics, electrochemistry, and material science [3, 16, 18, 19]. Similarly, there is also growing interest in the integrodifferential equations which are combination of differential and Fredholm-Volterra equations. In this work, we study these kind of equations that have the fractional order usually difficult to solve analytically, thus a numerical method is required, for example, the successive approximations, Adomian decomposition, Chebyshev and Taylor collocation, Haar Wavelet, Tau and Walsh series methods.

This note is devoted to the application of variational iteration method (VIM) and homotopy perturbation method (HPM) for solving fractional Fredholm integrodifferential equations with constant coefficients: under the initial-boundary conditions where is constant and and is the fractional derivative operator given in the Caputo sense. For the physical understanding of the fractional integrodifferential equations, see [20]. Further, we also note that fractional integrodifferential equations were associated with a certain class of phase angles and suggested a new way for understanding of Riemann’s conjecture, see [21].

Outline of this paper is as follows. Section 2 contains preliminaries on fractional calculus. Section 3 is a short review of the homotopy method and Section 4 variational iteration method. Sections 5 and 6 are devoted to VIM and HPM analysis, respectively. Concluding remarks with suggestions for future work are listed in Section 7.

2. Description of the Fractional Calculus

In the following, we give the necessary notations and basic definitions and properties of fractional calculus theory; for more details, see [3, 13, 16, 22].

Definition 2.1. A real function , is said to be in the space , if there exists a real number , such that , where . Clearly, , if .

Definition 2.2. A function , is said to be in space , , if .

Definition 2.3. The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order for a function is defined as in particular .

Definition 2.4. The Caputo fractional derivative of , , is defined as Note that(i), , , ,(ii) , , , (iii), , , (iv)(v), .

Definition 2.5 (see [3, 16]). The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator of order for a function is defined as having the properties According to the Caputo’s derivatives, we obtain the following expressions:

Lemma 2.6. If , , , , then the following two properties hold:

In fact, Kılıçman and Zhour introduced the Kronecker convolution product and expanded to the Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals of matrices by using the Block Pulse operational matrix as follows: where see [23].

In our work, we consider Caputo fractional derivatives and apply the homotopy method in order to derive an approximate solutions of the fractional integrodifferential equations.

3. Homotopy Method

To illustrate the basic ideas of this method, we consider the following nonlinear differential equation: with boundary conditions where is a general differential operator, is a boundary operator, is a known analytical function, and is the boundary of the domain , see [24].

In general, the operator can be divided into two parts and , where is linear, while is nonlinear. Equation (3.1), therefore, can be rewritten as follows:

By using the homotopy technique that was proposed by Liao in [7, 8], we construct a homotopy of (3.1) which satisfies or where is an embedding parameter and is an initial approximation which satisfies the boundary conditions. By using (3.4) and (3.5), we have

The changing in the process of from zero to unity is just that of from to . In a topology, this is also

known deformation, further and are homotopic.

Now, assume that the solution of (3.4) and (3.5) can be expressed as The approximate solution of (3.1), therefore, can be readily obtained: The convergence of the series of (3.8) has been proved in the [25, 26].

4. The Variational Iteration Method

To illustrate the basic concepts of the VIM, we consider the following differential equation: where is a linear operator, is a nonlinear operator, and is an nonhomogenous term; for more details, see [19].

According to the VIM, one construct a correction functional as follows: where is a general Lagrange multiplier, which can be identified optimally via the variational theory, and the subscript denotes the order of approximation, is considered variation [6, 27], that is, .

5. Analysis of VIM

To solve the fractional integrodifferential equation (1.1) by using the variational iteration method, with boundary conditions (1.2), one can construct the following correction functional: where is a general Lagrange multiplier and and are considered as restricted variations, that is, and .

Making the above correction functional stationary, the following conditions can be obtained: having the boundary conditions as follows: The Lagrange multipliers can be identified as follows:

Substituting the value of from (5.4) into correction functional of (5.1) leads to the following iteration formulae: by applying formulae (2.4), we get

The initial approximation can be chosen in the following manner which satisfies initial boundary conditions (1.2)-(1.3):

We can obtain the following first-order approximation by substitution of (5.7) into (5.6) Substituting the constant value of and in the expression (5.8) results in the approximation solution of (1.1)–(1.3).

6. Analysis of HPM

This section illustrates the basic of HPM for fractional Fredholm integrodifferential equations with constant coefficients (1.1) with initial-boundary conditions (1.2).

In view of HPM [25, 26], construct the following homotopy for (1.1):

In view of basic assumption of HPM, solution of (1.1) can be expressed as a power series in : If we put in (6.2), we get the approximate solution of (1.1): The convergence of series (6.3) has been proved in [28].

Now, we substitute (6.2) into (6.1); then equating the terms with identical power of , we obtain the following series of linear equations: with the initial-boundary conditions

We can also take the initial approximation in the following manner which satisfies initial-boundary conditions (1.2)-(1.3):

Note that (6.4) can be solved by applying the operator , which is the inverse of operator we approximate the series solution of HPM by the following -term truncated series [29]: which results, the approximate solutions of (1.2)-(1.3). For further analysis, the variational iteration method, see [30] and the algorithm by the homotopy perturbation method, see [31].

7. Conclusion

The proposed methods are used to solve fractional Fredholm integrodifferential equations with constant coefficients. Comparison of the results obtained by the present method with that obtained by other method reveals that the present method is very effective and convenient. Unfortunately, the disadvantage of the second method is that the embedding parameter is quite casual, and often enough the approximations obtained by this method will not be uniform. So, in our future work we expect to study this kind of equation by using a combination of the variational iteration method and the homotopy perturbation method which has shown reliable results in supplying analytical approximation that converges very rapidly. However, we note that the papers [32, 33] suggest alternative ways for similar problems.

Acknowledgments

The first author would like to thank Professor Juan J. Trujillo for the very helpful discussion. The authors also acknowledge that this research was partially supported by University Putra Malaysia under the Research University Grant Scheme  05-01-09-0720RU.

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