Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 890574, 10 pages

doi:10.1155/2012/890574

Research Article

Travelling Wave Solutions to the Benney-Luke and the Higher-Order Improved Boussinesq Equations of Sobolev Type

Ömer Faruk Gözükızıl and Şamil Akçağıl

Department of Mathematics, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey

Received 12 September 2012; Accepted 28 November 2012

Academic Editor: Dragoş-Pătru Covei

Copyright © 2012 Ömer Faruk Gözükızıl and Şamil Akçağıl. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

By using the tanh-coth method, we obtained some travelling wave solutions of two well-known nonlinear Sobolev type partial differential equations, namely, the Benney-Luke equation and the higher-order improved Boussinesq equation. We show that the tanh-coth method is a useful, reliable, and concise method to solve these types of equations.

1. Introduction

The term “Sobolev equation” is used in the Russian literature to refer to any equation with spatial derivatives on the highest order time derivative [1]. In other words, they are characterized by having mixed time and space derivatives appearing in the highest-order terms of the equation and were studied by Sobolev [2]. Equations of Sobolev type describe many physical phenomena [3–7]. In recent years considerable attention has been paid to the study of equations of Sobolev type. For more details we refer the reader to [8] and references therein.

The Benney-Luke equation is as follows:

where and are positive numbers, such that is a Sobolev type equation and studied for a very long time. The dimensionless parameter is named the Bond number, which captures the effects of surface tension and gravity force and is a formally valid approximation for describing two-way water wave propagation in the presence of surface tension [9]. In [10] Pego and Quintero studied the propagation of long water waves with small amplitude. They showed that in the presence of a surface tension, the propagation of such waves is governed by (1.1), originally derived by Benney and Luke [11]. There are many studies concerning with this equation. Amongst them the stability analysis [9, 12], Cauchy problem [13–15], existence and analyticity of solutions [16], and travelling wave solutions [17] can be mentioned.

In [18], Schneider and Wayne showed that in the longwave limit the water wave problem without surface tension can be described approximately by two decoupled KdV equations. They considered a class of Boussinesq equation which models the water wave problem with surface tension as follows:

where and . Duruk et al. investigated the well posedness of the Cauchy problem

and showed that under certain conditions the Cauchy problem is globally well posed [19]. Nevertheless, several types of the improved Boussinesq equation were investigated by many researchers and found exact solutions by using exp-function method [20], modified extended tanh-function method [21], sine-cosine method [22], improved G’/G-expansion method [22], the standard tanh and the extended tanh method [23], and so forth.

The tanh-coth is a powerful and reliable technique for finding exact travelling wave solutions for nonlinear equations. This method has been used extensively, and it was subjected by some modifications using the Riccati equation. The main features of the tanh-coth method will be outlined in the subsequent section, and this method will be applied to the the Benney-Luke and the Higher-order improved Boussinesq equations. The main purpose of this work is to obtain travelling wave solutions of the above-mentioned equations and to show that the tanh-coth method can be easily applied to Sobolev type equations. Throughout the work, Maple is used to deal with the tedious algebraic operations.

2. Outline of the Tanh-Coth Method

Wazwaz has summarized the tanh method in the following manner.

(i)First consider a general form of nonlinear equation

(ii)To find the traveling wave solution of (2.1), the wave variable is introduced, so that

Based on this one may use the following changes:

and so on for other derivatives. Using (2.3) changes the PDE (2.1) to an ODE as follows:

(iii)If all terms of the resulting ODE contain derivatives in , then by integrating this equation and by considering the constant of integration to be zero, one obtains a simplified ODE.(iv)A new independent variable

is introduced that leads to the change of derivatives:

where other derivatives can be derived in a similar manner.(v)The ansatz of the form

is introduced where is a positive integer, in most cases, that will be determined. If is not an integer, then a transformation formula is used to overcome this difficulty. Substituting (2.6) and (2.7) into the ODE, (2.4) yields an equation in powers of .(vi)To determine the parameter , the linear terms of highest order in the resulting equation with the highest order nonlinear terms are balanced. With determined, one collects the all coefficients of powers of in the resulting equation where these coefficients have to vanish. This will give a system of algebraic equations involving the and , (), , and . Having determined these parameters, knowing that is a positive integer in most cases, and using (2.7) one obtains an analytic solution in a closed form.

3. The Benney-Luke Equation

The Benney-Luke equation can be written as

where and are positive numbers such that ( is named the Bond number). In order to solve (3.1) by the tanh-coth method, we use the wave transformation with wave variable ; (3.1) takes on the form of an ordinary differential equation as follows:

Balancing the order of with the order of in (3.2) we find . Using the assumptions of the tanh-coth method (2.5)–(2.7) gives the solution in the form

Substituting (3.3) into (3.2), we obtain a system of algebraic equations for , , , and in the following form:

From the output of the Maple packages we find three sets of solutions:

where is left as a free parameter. The travelling wave solutions are as follows:

4. The Higher-Order Improved Boussinesq Equation

We consider the Higher-order improved Boussinesq equation as follows:

where and are arbitrary non zero real constants.

Using the wave transformation with wave variable then by integrating this equation and considering the constant of integration to be zero, we obtain the ODE as follows:

Balancing the first term with the last term in (4.2) we find . Using the assumptions of the tanh-coth method (2.5)–(2.7) gives the solution in the form

Substituting (4.3) into (4.2), we obtain a system of algebraic equations for , and in the following form:

Using Maple gives six sets of solutions:

The travelling wave solutions are as follows:

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