Abstract and Applied AnalysisVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 934219, 13 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/934219

Research Article

Adaptation of Differential Transform Method for the Numeric-Analytic Solution of Fractional-Order Rössler Chaotic and Hyperchaotic Systems

Asad Freihat and Shaher Momani

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 1194, Jordan

Received 20 November 2011; Accepted 15 December 2011

Academic Editor: Muhammad Aslam Noor

Copyright © 2012 Asad Freihat and Shaher Momani. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A new reliable algorithm based on an adaptation of the standard generalized differential transform method (GDTM) is presented. The GDTM is treated as an algorithm in a sequence of intervals (i.e., time step) for finding accurate approximate solutions of fractional-order Rössler chaotic and hyperchaotic systems. A comparative study between the new algorithm and the classical Runge-Kutta method is presented in the case of integer-order derivatives. The algorithm described in this paper is expected to be further employed to solve similar nonlinear problems in fractional calculus.

1. Introduction

Mathematical modelling of complex processes is a major challenge for contemporary scientists. In contrast to simple classical systems, where the theory of integer-order differential equations is sufficient to describe their dynamics, complex systems are characterized by the variability of structures in them, multiscale behavior, and nonlinearity in the mathematical description of the mutual relationship between parameters [1]. Recent investigations have shown that many complex physical and biological systems can be represented more accurately through fractional derivative formulation [2]. Fractional derivatives provide an excellent instrument for the description of memory and hereditary properties of various complex materials and systems. Therefore, the number of scientific and engineering problems involving fractional derivatives is already very large and still growing, and perhaps the fractional calculus (i.e., derivatives and integrals of any real or complex order) will be the calculus of the twenty-first century [1–10].

Chaotic systems have a profound effect on its numerical solutions and highly sensitive to time step sizes. It will be beneficial to find a reliable analytical tool to test its long-term accuracy and efficiency. Also, the hyperchaotic systems have more complex dynamical behaviors that is because it is defined as a chaotic system with two positive Lyapunov exponents. Li and Chen [11] have studied the dynamics of both the fractional-order generalizations of the well-known Rössler equation and Rössler hyperchaos equation. They key finding of their study is that chaotic behavior exists in the fractional-order Rössler equation of order as low as 2.4, and hyperchaos exists in the fractional-order Rössler hyperchaos equation of order as low as 3.8. Moaddy et al. [12] used the nonstandard finite difference method to study the dynamic behaviors in the fractional-order Rössler chaotic and hyperchaotic systems. They found that the lowest value to have chaos in this system is 2.1 and hyperchaos exists in the fractional-order Rössler system of order as low as 3.8.

In this paper, we intend to obtain the approximate solution of the fractional-order Rössler chaotic and hyperchaotic systems via a reliable algorithm based on an adaptation of the generalized differential transform method (GDTM) [13–16], called the multistep generalized differential transform method (MSGDTM). It can be found that the corresponding numerical solutions obtained by using GDTM are valid only for a short time while the ones obtained by using the MSGDTM are more valid and accurate during a long time [17, 18].

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present some necessary definitions and notations related to fractional calculus. In Section 3, the proposed method is described. In Sections 4 and 5, the method is applied to the problems (4.1) and (4.6) and numerical simulations are presented graphically, respectively. Finally, the conclusions are given in Section 6.

2. Fractional Calculus

There are several approaches to define the fractional calculus, for example, Riemann-Liouville, Grünwald-Letnikov, Caputo, and Generalized Functions approach. Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative is mostly used by mathematicians, but this approach is not suitable for real-world physical problems since it requires the definition of fractional order initial conditions, which have no physically meaningful explanation yet, Caputo introduces an alternative definition, which has the advantage of defining integer-order initial conditions for fractional order differential equations.

Definition 2.1. A function is said to be in the space if it can be written as for some where is continuous in , and it is said to be in the space if , .

Definition 2.2. The Riemann-Liouville integral operator of order with is defined as

Properties of the operator can be found in [3, 19–21]. We only need here the following. For ,  ,  ,  , and , we have where is the incomplete beta function which is defined as The Riemann-Liouville derivative has certain disadvantages when trying to model real-world phenomena with fractional differential equations. Therefore, we shall introduce a modified fractional differential operator proposed by Caputo in his work on the theory of viscoelasticity.

Definition 2.3. The Caputo fractional derivative of of order with is defined as for , , , .

The Caputo fractional derivative was investigated by many authors; for , , and , we have For mathematical properties of fractional derivatives and integrals, one can consult the mentioned references.

3. Multistep Generalized Differential Transform Method (MSGDTM)

Although the generalized differential transform method (GDTM) is used to provide approximate solutions for nonlinear problems in terms of convergent series with easily computable components, it has been shown that the approximated solution obtained is not valid for large for some systems [13–16]. Therefore, we use the multistep generalized differential transform method (MSGDTM), which offers accurate solution over a longer time frame compared to the standard generalized differential transform method [17, 18].

For this purpose, we consider the following initial value problem for systems of fractional differential equations subject to the initial conditions where is the Caputo fractional derivative of order , where , for . Let [] be the interval over which we want to find the solution of the initial value problem (3.1)-(3.2). In actual applications of the generalized differential transform method (GDTM), the th-order approximate solution of the initial value problem (3.1)-(3.2) can be expressed by the finite series where satisfied the recurrence relation , and is the differential transform of function for . The basic steps of the GDTM can be found in [12, 15].

Assume that the interval [] is divided into subintervals [], of equal step size by using the nodes . The main ideas of the MSGDTM are as follows.

First, we apply the GDTM to the initial value problem (3.1)-(3.2) over the interval [], we will obtain the approximate solution , , using the initial condition , for . For and at each subinterval , we will use the initial condition and apply the GDTM to the initial value problem (3.1)-(3.2) over the interval . The process is repeated and generates a sequence of approximate solutions , , for . Finally, the MSGDTM assumes the following solution: The new algorithm, MSGDTM, is simple for computational performance for all values of . As we will see in the next section, the main advantage of the new algorithm is that the obtained solution converges for wide time regions.

4. Solving the Fractional-Order Rössler Chaotic and Hyperchaotic Systems Using the MSGDTM Algorithm

To demonstrate the effectiveness of this scheme, we consider two kinds of systems: the fractional-order Rössler chaotic and hyperchaotic systems. These examples are considered because approximate numerical solutions are available for them using other numerical schemes. This allows one to compare the results obtained using this scheme with solutions obtained using other schemes.

4.1. The Fractional-Order Rössler Chaotic System

Consider a fractional-order generalization of the Rössler [22]. In this system, the integer-order derivatives are replaced by the fractional-order derivatives, as follows: where are the state variables, are positive constants, and , , are parameters describing the order of the fractional time-derivatives in the Caputo sense. The general response expression contains parameters describing the order of the fractional derivatives that can be varied to obtain various responses. Obviously, the classical integer-order Rössler system can be viewed as a special case from the fractional-order system by setting , which chaotic when , and for the fractional case, the parameter is allowed to be varied. In other words, the ultimate behavior of the fractional system response must converge to the response of the integer-order version of the equation.

Applying the MSGDTM algorithm to (4.1) gives where , and are the differential transformation of , and , respectively, and equals 1 when and equals 0 otherwise. The differential transform of the initial conditions is given by , , . In view of the differential inverse transform, the differential transform series solution for the system (4.1) can be obtained as According to the multistep generalized differential transform method, the series solution for the system (4.1) is suggested by where , , and for satisfy the following recurrence relations: such that , , and .

Finally, we start with , , and , using the recurrence relation given in (4.5), then we can obtain the multistep solution given in (4.4).

4.2. The Fractional-Order Rössler Hyperchaotic System

The fractional-order Rössler hyperchaotic system [23] is given by where are the state variables, are positive constants, and , are parameters describing the order of the fractional time-derivatives in the Caputo sense. In the case of (), the fractional system reduces to the classical Rössler hyperchaotic system, and it exhibits a hyperchaotic behavior when , , , and .

Following the same procedure as the previous system and applying MSGDTM algorithm to (4.6) yield where , , , and are the differential transformation of , , , and , respectively. The differential transform of the initial conditions is given by , , , and . In view of the differential inverse transform, the differential transform series solution for the system (4.6) can be obtained as Now, according to the MSGDTM algorithm, the series solution for the system (4.6) is suggested by where , , and for satisfy the following recurrence relations: such that , , , and .

Starting with , , , and using the recurrence relation given in (4.10), we can obtain the multistep solution given in (4.9).

5. Numerical Results

We shall demonstrate the accuracy of the MSGDTM against the Mathemtica’s built-in fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) procedure for the solutions of both Rössler chaotic and hyperchaotic systems in the case of integer-order derivatives. The MSGDTM is coded in the computer algebra package Mathematica. The Mathematica environment variable digits controlling the number of significant digits are set to 20 in all the calculations done in this paper. The time range studied in this work is and the step size .

Figures 1 and 2 show the phase portrait for the classical Rössler chaotic system using the multistep generalized differential transform method and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method (RK4). From the graphical results in Figures 1 and 2, it can be seen the results obtained using the multistep generalized differential transform method match the results of the RK4 very well, which implies that the multistep generalized differential transform method can predict the behaviour of these variables accurately for the region under consideration. Figures 3 and 4 show the phase portrait for the fractional Rössler chaotic system using the multistep generalized differential transform method. From the numerical results in Figures 3 and 4, it is clear that the approximate solutions depend continuously on the time-fractional derivative , . The effective dimension of (4.1) is defined as the sum of orders . We can see that the chaos exists in the fractional-order Rössler system with order as low as 2.0 as shown in Figure 4.

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(b)

Figure 1: Phase plot of chaotic attractor in the space, with and : (a) MSGDTM, (b) RK4.

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Figure 2: Phase plot of chaotic attractor in the space, with and : (a) MSGDTM, (b) RK4.

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Figure 3: Phase plot of chaotic attractor in the space, with : (a) , (b) .

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Figure 4: Phase plot of chaotic attractor in the space, with , , : (a) , , , (b) , , .

Simulations were performed for the classical integer-order Rössler hyperchaotic system in Figure 5. This system has a hyperchaotic attractor when . Figure 6 shows that the hyperchaos exists in the fractional-order Rössler hyperchaotic system with order as low as 3.64.

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Figure 5: Phase plot of hyperchaotic attractor in the and spaces, with , , , , and .

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Figure 6: Phase plot of chaotic attractor in spaces, with , , , : (a) , , (b) , , , .

6. Conclusions

In this paper, the multistep generalized differential transform method was utilized successfully to find accurate approximate solutions of fractional-order Rössler chaotic and hyperchaotic systems. The approximate solutions obtained by MSGDTM are highly accurate and valid for a long time. The reliability of the method and the reduction in the size of computational domain give this method a wider applicability. Many of the results obtained in this paper can be extended to significantly more general classes of linear and nonlinear differential equations of fractional order.

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