Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 147409, 9 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/147409

Research Article

The Existence and Attractivity of Solutions of an Urysohn Integral Equation on an Unbounded Interval

Mohamed Abdalla Darwish,¹ Józef Banaś,² and Ebraheem O. Alzahrani³

¹Mathematics Department, Science Faculty for Girls, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

²Department of Mathematics, Rzeszów University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland

³Mathematics Depertment, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Received 21 August 2013; Accepted 4 September 2013

Academic Editor: Mohammad Mursaleen

Copyright © 2013 Mohamed Abdalla Darwish et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We prove a result on the existence and uniform attractivity of solutions of an Urysohn integral equation. Our considerations are conducted in the Banach space consisting of real functions which are bounded and continuous on the nonnegative real half axis. The main tool used in investigations is the technique associated with the measures of noncompactness and a fixed point theorem of Darbo type. An example showing the utility of the obtained results is also included.

1. Introduction

The theory of nonlinear functional integral equations creates an important branch of the modern nonlinear analysis. The large part of that theory describes a lot of classical nonlinear integral equations such as nonlinear Volterra integral equations, Hammerstein integral equations, and Urysohn integral equations with solutions defined on a bounded interval (cf. [1–4]).

Nevertheless, more important and simultaneously, a more difficult part of that theory is connected with the study of solutions of the mentioned integral equations defined on an unbounded domain. Obviously, there are some known results concerning the existence of solutions of those integral equations in such a setting but, in general, they are mostly obtained under rather restrictive assumptions [2, 4–8].

On the other hand, the use of some tools of nonlinear analysis enables us to obtain several valuable results under less restrictive assumptions (cf. [1, 9–15]). It turns out that the technique of measures of noncompactness creates a very convenient tool for the study of the solvability of nonlinear functional integral equations of various types. It is caused by the fact that the approach to the study of solutions of those equations with the use of the technique of measures of noncompactness gives not only the possibility to obtain existence results, but also allows us to look for solutions of mentioned equations having some desired properties such as monotonicity, attractivity, and asymptotic stability (cf. [16–19], for instance).

In the paper, we will use the above described approach associated with the technique of measures of noncompactness in order to obtain a result on the existence of solutions of a quadratic Urysohn integral equation. Applying the mentioned technique in conjunction with a fixed point theorem of Darbo type, we show that the equation in question has solutions defined, continuous, and bounded on the nonnegative real half axis which are uniformly attractive (asymptotic stable) on .

The results obtained in this paper generalize several results obtained earlier in numerous papers treating nonlinear functional integral equations, which were quoted above. Particularly, we generalize the results concerning the Urysohn or Hammerstein integral equations obtained in the papers [9, 10, 20].

2. Notation, Definitions, and Auxiliary Facts

In this section, we establish some notations, and we collect auxiliary facts which will be used in the sequel.

By the symbol we denote the set of real numbers, while stands for the half axis . Further, assume that is a given real Banach space with the zero element . For and for a fixed , denote by the closed ball centered at and with radius . We write in order to denote the ball .

Moreover, if and are nonempty subsets of and , then we denote by , , the usual algebraic operations on sets. If is a subset of then the symbols and denote the closure and closed convex hull of , respectively. Apart from this, we denote by the family of all nonempty and bounded subsets of and by its subfamily consisting of all relatively compact sets.

In what follows, we will accept the following definition of the concept of a measure of noncompactness [21].

Definition 1. A mapping is said to be a measure of noncompactness in if it satisfies the following conditions.

(1°)The family is nonempty and .(2°).(3°).(4°) for .(5°)If is a sequence of closed sets from such that for and if , then the intersection set is nonempty.

The family appearing in 1° is called the kernel of the measure of noncompactness  .

Observe that the set from the axiom 5° is a member of the family . Indeed, since for any natural number , we infer that . Consequently, . This simple observation will be essential in our further investigations.

Now, we formulate a fixed point theorem of Darbo type which will be used further on [21].

Theorem 2. Let be a nonempty, bounded, closed, and convex subset of the Banach space , and let be a continuous mapping. Assume that there exists a constant such that for any nonempty subset of . Then, has a fixed point in the set .

Remark 3. Denote by the set of all fixed points of the operator belonging to . It can be easily seen [21] that the set belongs to the family .

In what follows, we will work in the Banach space consisting of all real functions defined, continuous, and bounded on . This space will be endowed with the standard supremum norm

Now, we recall the construction of a measure of noncompactness in the space which was introduced in [21]. To this end, fix a nonempty and bounded subset of the space and positive numbers , . For , denote by   the modulus of continuity of the function on the interval ; that is,

Next, we put

Further, for a fixed number let us put

Finally, let us consider the function defined on the family by the formula

It can be shown [21] that the function is a measure of noncompactness in the space . Moreover, the kernel of this measure consists of all nonempty and bounded subsets of such that functions from are locally equicontinuous on , and the thickness of the bundle formed by functions from tends to zero at infinity. This property in combination with Remark 3 permits us to characterize solutions of the integral equation considered in the sequel.

For further purposes, we introduce now the concept of attractivity (stability) of solutions of operator equations in the space . To this end, assume that is a nonempty subset of the space . Moreover, let be an operator defined on with values in . Let us consider the operator equation of the form

Definition 4. We say that solutions of (6) are attractive (or locally attractive) if there exists a ball in the space such that , and for arbitrary solutions , of (6) belonging to the set we have that

In the case when limit (7) is uniform with respect to the set , that is, when for each there exists such that

for all being solutions of (6) and for any , we will say that solutions of (6) are uniformly attractive (or asymptotically stable).

Notice that the previous definition comes from [16, 19].

3. Main Result

We will consider the existence and asymptotic behaviour of solutions of the quadratic Urysohn integral equation having the form

for .

In our study, we will impose the following assumptions.

(i).(ii) is a continuous function, and the function is a member of the space .(iii)The function satisfies the Lipschitz condition with respect to the second variable; that is, there exists a constant such that

for and .(iv) is a continuous function, and there exists a continuous function and a continuous, nondecreasing function with , such that

for and .(v)For each , the functions and are integrable and

Moreover, the function is bounded on .(vi)The following equalities hold:

Let us observe that in view of assumptions (ii) and (v) we can define the following finite constants:

Remark 5. It is worthwhile mentioning that in the theory of improper Riemann integral with a parameter there has been considered the concept of the uniform convergence of the improper integral with respect to that parameter (cf. [22]). In order to recall this concept, suppose that there is a given function such that the improper integral

does exist for every fixed .

We say that the integral (15) is uniformly convergent with respect to if

uniformly with respect to .

Equivalently (cf. [10]), the integral (15) is uniformly convergent with respect to if

Let us observe that if integrals appearing in assumption (v), that is, the integrals

are uniformly convergent with respect to , then the inequalities from assumption (vi) are satisfied (cf. [10]). Indeed, this conclusion follows easily from the inequalities

which are valid for any .

It may be also shown that the converse implications are, in general, not valid [10].

Remark 6. It can be also shown [10] that the requirements concerning the function imposed in assumption (v) are independent, that is, there exist functions such that for each there exist the integrals and such that the integral is uniformly convergent but while , but the integral is not uniformly convergent.

Now, we formulate our last assumption.

(vii)The inequality

has a positive solution such that

Remark 7. Assume that satisfies the first inequality from assumption (vii); that is,

Then, we obtain

Thus, the second inequality from assumption (vii) is satisfied provided at least one of the quantities , , and does not vanish.

Now, we are prepared to formulate our main result.

Theorem 8. Under assumptions (i)-(vii), (9) has at least one solution in the space . Moreover, all solutions of (9) are uniformly attractive.

Proof. Consider the operator defined on the space by the formula

Notice that in view of assumptions (i), (ii), (iv), and (v), the function is well defined on the interval . We show that this function is continuous on . To this end, fix arbitrarily and . Next, take arbitrary numbers with . Then, in view of imposed assumptions we obtain

where we denoted

Obviously, in the previous performed calculations we should put in place of .

Further, let us notice that in view of assumptions (ii) and (iv), the function is uniformly continuous on the set , while the function is uniformly continuous on the set . Hence, we derive that and as . Next, let us observe that based on assumption (vi) we can choose a number so large that the last terms in estimate (25), that is, the integrals

are sufficiently small. The same is also true with regard to the integral

Thus, taking into account the all facts established above and estimate (25), we infer that the function is continuous on the whole interval for each being big enough. This implies that is continuous on the whole interval .

In what follows, we show that the function is bounded on . Indeed, keeping in mind our assumptions, for an arbitrary fixed , we get the following estimates:

Hence, we obtain the following evaluation

which implies that the function is bounded on . Combining this fact with the continuity of the function on , we conclude that the operator transforms the space into itself.

Further, observe that from (30) we get

Linking the previous inequality with assumption (vii), we deduce that the operator maps the ball into itself, where is a number indicated in assumption (vii).

Now, let us take a nonempty subset of the ball .

Fix numbers and and choose an arbitrary function . Then, in virtue of estimate (25), for an arbitrary we obtain

Hence, we derive the following estimate

Further, keeping in mind the properties of the terms of the right hand side of the perviously obtained inequality, which were mentioned earlier (cf. assumptions (ii) and (iv)), we deduce that the following estimate holds

Consequently, in view of assumption (vi) we have

In what follows assume, as previously, that is a fixed nonempty subset of the ball . Next, take arbitrary elements . Then, for an arbitrarily fixed , in virtue of imposed assumptions, we obtain:

Hence, we get

Taking into account assumption (v), from the previous inequality we derive the following one:

Obviously, the previous inequality implies the following estimate:

Finally, let us observe that by combining (35) and (39) we have

where is the measure of noncompactness defined by formula (5).

In the last step of our proof, we show that the operator is continuous on the ball . To this end, fix an arbitrary number and take such that . Then, from estimate (36) we obtain

The previous inequality in conjunction with assumption (iv) implies that the operator is a continuous self-mapping of the ball .

Finally, using the above established facts and (40) and taking into account assumption (vii) and Theorem 2, we infer that the operator has at least one fixed point in the ball . Obviously, every function being a fixed point of the operator , is a solution of (9). Moreover, keeping in mind Remark 3, we conclude that the set Fix of all fixed points of the operator belonging to the ball (equivalently: the set Fix of all solutions of (9) belonging to the ball ) is a member of . Hence, in view of the description of the kernel given in Section 2 we infer that all solutions of (9) belonging to the ball are uniformly attractive (asymptotically stable).

The proof is complete.

It is worthwhile mentioning that the above result generalizes those obtained in [3, 5, 8, 10, 17, 20], among others.

Now, we are going to illustrate the result contained in Theorem 8 by an example.

Example 9. Let us consider the following quadratic Urysohn integral equation:

where and are positive constants.

Observe that this equation is a special case of (9) if we put

It is easily to check that for the previous functions there are satisfied assumptions of Theorem 8. Indeed, the function is an element of the space and . This means that there is verified assumption (i). Next, notice that is continuous on and . Thus, the function belongs to , and there is satisfied assumption (ii). Moreover, we have that . Apart from this, for and for we obtain

This implies that the function satisfies assumption (iii) with .

Further, let us note that the function is continuous on the set . For arbitrarily fixed , and we obtain

Hence, using the inequality (cf. [9])

which is satisfied for all and for any fixed , , we obtain

This implies that the function satisfies assumption (iv) with and . Obviously, the function and is continuous and increasing on , while the function transforms into and is continuous on .

Moreover, we get

Thus, the function is integrable over . Next, we obtain

Apart from this, in view of (48) we can easily to obtain that

Further, let us fix arbitrarily a number . Then, similarly as above, we get

This allows us to deduce the following equality:

Finally, let us take into account the function

Calculating the indefinite integral of the function , we obtain

Hence, we get

Hence, taking into account that

we derive the following equality:

Now, fix arbitrarily a number . Then, from (54) we get

This allows us to derive the following estimate:

Consequently, this yields that the following equality holds:

Next, observe that taking into account (48), (52), (55), and (60), we conclude that the functions and satisfy assumptions (v) and (vi).

Now, we are coming to the last assumption of Theorem 8, that is, assumption (vii). Notice, that in the case of our Equation (42), in view of estimates (44), (50), and (55), the first inequality from assumption (vii) has the form

Hence, after some simplification, we obtain

Thus, if for fixed positive and there exists a number satisfying inequality (62), then the second inequality from assumption (vii) is automatically satisfied. Indeed, it is an immediate consequence of Remark 7. In such a case (42) has solutions belonging to the ball which are uniformly attractive.

For example, it is easy to check that if we take then the number satisfies inequality (62). This means that (42) with has solutions belonging to the ball being uniformly attractive.

Acknowledgment

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under Grant no. (470/363/1433). The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR technical and financial support.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests in the submitted paper.

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