Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 381715, 9 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/381715

Research Article

Some Convergence Theorems for Contractive Type Mappings in CAT(0) Spaces

Kyung Soo Kim

Graduate School of Education, Mathematics Education, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Kyungnam 631-701, Republic of Korea

Received 9 September 2013; Accepted 22 October 2013

Academic Editor: Sehie Park

Copyright © 2013 Kyung Soo Kim. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We establish theorems of strong convergence, for the Ishikawa-type (or two step; cf. Ishikawa, 1974) iteration scheme, to a fixed point of a uniformly L-Lipschitzian asymptotically demicontractive mapping and a uniformly L-Lipschitzian hemicontractive mapping in CAT(0) space. Moreover, we will propose some open problems.

1. Introduction

Let be a metric space. One of the most interesting aspects of metric fixed point theory is to extend a linear version of known result to the nonlinear case in metric spaces. To achieve this, Takahashi [1] introduced a convex structure in a metric space . A mapping is a convex structure in if

for all and . A metric space together with a convex structure is known as a convex metric space. A nonempty subset of a convex metric space is said to be convex if

for all and . In fact, every normed space and its convex subsets are convex metric spaces but the converse is not true, in general (see, [1]).

Example 1 (see [2]). Let , for all , , and . We define a mapping by

and define a metric by

Then we can show that is a convex metric space, but it is not a normed linear space.

A metric space is a space (the term is due to Gromov [3] and it is an acronym for E. Cartan, A. D. Aleksandrov, and V. A. Toponogov) if it is geodesically connected and if every geodesic triangle in is at least as “thin” as its comparison triangle in the Euclidean plane (see, e.g., [4], page 159). It is well known that any complete, simply connected Riemannian manifold nonpositive sectional curvature is a space. The precise definition is given below. For a thorough discussion of these spaces and of the fundamental role they play in various branches of mathematics, see Bridson and Haefliger [4] or Burago et al. [5].

Let be a metric space. A geodesic path joining to (or, more briefly, a geodesic from to ) is a mapping from a closed interval to such that , , and , for all . In particular, is an isometry and . The image of is called a geodesic (or metric) segment joining and . When it is unique, this geodesic is denoted by . The space is said to be a geodesic space if every two points of are joined by a geodesic, and is said to be uniquely geodesic if there is exactly one geodesic joining and for each . A subset is said to be convex if includes every geodesic segment joining any two of its points.

A geodesic triangle   is a geodesic metric space that consists of three points (the vertices of ) and is a geodesic segment between each pair of vertices (the edges of ). A comparison triangle for the geodesic triangle in is a triangle in such that for . Such a triangle always exists (see, [4]).

A geodesic metric space is said to be a   space if all geodesic triangles of appropriate size satisfy the following comparison axiom.

Let be a geodesic triangle in and let be a comparison triangle for . Then is said to satisfy the   inequality if for all and all comparison points ,

Complete spaces are often called Hadamard spaces (see, [6]). If are points of a space and if is the midpoint of the segment , which we will denote by , then the inequality implies

This inequality is the (CN) inequality of Bruhat and Tits [7]. In fact, a geodesic space is a space if and only if it satisfies the (CN) inequality (cf. [4], page 163). The previous inequality has been extended by Khamsi and Kirk [8] as

for any and . The inequality also appeared in [9].

Let us recall that a geodesic metric space is a space if and only if it satisfies the inequality (see, [4], page 163). Moreover, if is a metric space and , then for any , there exists a unique point such that

for any and . In view of the previous inequality, space has Takahashi's convex structure . It is easy to see that for any and ,

As a consequence,

Moreover, a subset of space is convex if for any , we have .

Definition 2. Let be a nonempty subset of a metric space . Let denote the fixed point set of . Let .

(1) A mapping is said to be -strict asymptotically pseudocontractive with sequence if for some constant , and

 for all ,  . If , then is said to be asymptotically nonexpansive with sequence , that is,

(2) A mapping is said to be asymptotically demicontractive with sequence if for some constant , , and

 for all ,  . If , then is said to be asymptotically quasi-nonexpansive with sequence , that is,

(3) A mapping is said to be asymptotically pseudocontractive with sequence if and

 for all ,  .(4) A mapping is said to be asymptotically hemicontractive with sequence if and

 for all ,  .(5) A mapping is said to be uniformly  -Lipschitzian if for some constant ,

 for all .

Liu [10] has proved the convergence of Mann and Ishikawa iterative sequence for uniformly -Lipschitzian asymptotically demicontractive and hemicontractive mappings in Hilbert space (cf. [11]). The existence of (common) fixed points of one mapping (or two mappings or family of mappings) is not known in many situations. So the approximation of fixed points of one or more nonexpansive, asymptotically nonexpansive, or asymptotically quasi-nonexpansive mappings by various iterations have been extensively studied in Banach spaces, convex metric spaces, spaces, and so on (see, [2, 6, 8, 9, 12–27]).

In this paper, we establish theorems of strong convergence for the Ishikawa-type (or two step, cf. [28]) iteration scheme to a fixed point of a uniformly -Lipschitzian asymptotically demicontractive mapping and a uniformly -Lipschitzian asymptotically hemicontractive mapping in space. Moreover, we will propose some open problems.

2. Preliminaries

We introduce the following iteration process.

Let be a nonempty convex subset of a space and let be a given mapping. Let be a given point.

Algorithm 3. The sequences and defined by the iterative process

is called an Ishikawa-type iterative sequence (cf. [28]).

If , then Algorithm 3 reduces to the following

Algorithm 4. The sequence defined by the iterative process

is called a Mann-type iterative sequence (cf. [29]).

Lemma 5 (see [10]). Let sequences , satisfy that

, for all , is convergent, and has a subsequence converging to . Then, we must have

3. Convergence Theorems

Lemma 6. Let be a space and let be a nonempty convex subset of . Let be an uniformly -Lipschitzian mapping and let , be sequence in . Define the iteration scheme as Algorithm 3. Then

for all .

Proof. Let . We have

From (22), we get

From (22) and (23), we get

This completes the proof of Lemma 6.

Theorem 7. Let be a complete space, let be a nonempty bounded closed convex subset of , and let be a completely continuous and uniformly -Lipschitzian and asymptotically demicontractive with sequence , , , , for all and some . Given , define the iteration scheme by

Then converges strongly to some fixed point of .

Proof. Since is a completely continuous mapping in a bounded closed convex subset of complete metric space, from Schauder's theorem, is nonempty. It follows from inequality that

for all . Since is a asymptotically demicontractive, we get

Since , we have . Thus,

From (27), we have

for all . Since is bounded and is self-mapping in , there exist some so that , for all . Since , it follows from (29) that

Therefore,

So

for all . Since , we get

Therefore,

Since is a uniformly -Lipschitzian, it follows from Lemma 6 that

Since is a bounded sequence and is completely continuous, there exist a convergent subsequence of . Therefore, from (35), has a convergent subsequence . Let . It follows from the continuity of and (35), we have . Therefore, has a subsequence which converges to the fixed point of . Let in the inequality (30). Since and , from (30) and Lemma 5, we have

Therefore,

This completes the proof of Theorem 7.

Corollary 8. Let be a complete space, let be a nonempty bounded closed convex subset of , and let be a completely continuous and uniformly -Lipschitzian and -strict asymptotically pseudocontractive with sequence , , , and , for all and some . Given , define the iteration scheme by

Then converges strongly to some fixed point of .

Proof. By Definition 2, is -strict asymptotically pseudocontractive; then must be asymptotically demicontractive. Therefore, Corollary 8 can be proved by using Theorem 7.

Lemma 9. Let be a space and let be a nonempty convex subset of . Let be an uniformly -Lipschitzian and asymptotically hemicontractive with sequence , for all , and is nonempty. Define the iteration scheme as follows:

Then the following inequality holds:

for all .

Proof. It follows from inequality that

for all . Since is asymptotically hemicontractive, we get

From (42) and (44), we have

From inequality, we have

Substituting (45) and (46) into (43), we get

From (41) and (47), we obtain

Since is uniformly -Lipschitzian, we have

Substituting (49) into (48), we obtain

This completes the proof of Lemma 9.

Lemma 10. Let be a space and let be a nonempty bounded convex subset of . Let be a uniformly -Lipschitzian and asymptotically hemicontractive with sequence , for all and . Let be nonempty. Given , define the iteration scheme by

If for some and , then

Proof. First, we will prove . From Lemma 9 and , we have

Thus

Since , we have . Hence, is bounded. By boundedness of and , we obtain that is bounded. Therefore, there exists a constant such that

From (54) and (55), we get

Let . Since , there exists such that

for all . Suppose that , then there exist a and a subsequence of such that

Without loss of generality, we let . From (56), we have

so

From (57)–(60) and , we obtain

Since and the boundedness of , the right side of (61) is bounded. However, if we have , then the left side of (61) is unbounded. This is a contradiction. Therefore,

Since is a uniformly -Lipschitzian, from Lemma 6, we get

This completes the proof of Lemma 10.

Theorem 11. Let be a complete space, let be a nonempty bounded closed convex subset of , and let be a completely continuous and uniformly -Lipschitzian and asymptotically hemicontractive with sequence satisfying , for all . Given , define the iterative scheme by

If with for some and , then converges strongly to some fixed point of .

Proof. Since is a completely continuous mapping in a bounded closed convex subset of complete metric space, from Schauder's theorem, is nonempty. Since is completely continuous, there exist a convergent subset of . Let

Since , from Lemma 10, we have

On the other hand, from the continuity of , (66), and Lemma 10, we have

This means that is a fixed point of . From (55), (57), and , we obtain Lemma 9 that

From (66), there exists a subsequence of which converges to . Therefore, from Lemma 5 and (68),

Hence,

This completes the proof of Theorem 11.

Corollary 12. Let be a complete space, let be a nonempty bounded closed convex subset of , and let be a completely continuous and uniformly -Lipschitzian and asymptotically pseudocontractive with sequence satisfying , for all . Given , define the iterative scheme by

If with for some and , then converges strongly to some fixed point of .

Proof. By Definition 2, is an asymptotically pseudocontractive mapping, then is an asymptotically hemicontractive mapping. Since , we have . Obviously, . Therefore, Corollary 12 can be proved by using Theorem 11.

4. Some Remarks and Open Problems

Let be a semigroup. We denote by the space of all bounded real-valued functions defined on with supremum norm. For each , we define the left and right translation operators and on by

for each and , respectively. Let be a subspace of containing . An element in the dual space of is said to be a mean on if . For , we can define a point evaluation by for each . It is well known that is mean on if and only if

for each . Each mean on is the weak*-limit of convex combination of point evaluations.

Let be a translation invariant subspace of (i.e., and for each ) containing . Then a mean on is said to be left invariant (resp., right invariant) if

for each and . A mean on is said to be invariant if is both left and right invariant ([30–34]). is said to be left (resp., right) amenable if has a left (resp., right) invariant mean. is amenable if is left and right amenable. In this case, we say that the semigroup is an amenable semigroup (see [35, 36]). Moreover, is amenable when is a commutative semigroup or a solvable group. However, the free group or semigroup of two generators is not left or right amenable.

A net of means on is said to be asymptotically left (resp., right) invariant if

for each and , and it is said to be left (resp., right) strongly asymptotically invariant (or strong regular) if

for each , where and are the adjoint operators of and , respectively. Such nets were first studied by Day in [35] where they were called weak* invariant and norm invariant, respectively.

It is easy to see that if a semigroup is left (resp., right) amenable, then the semigroup , where for all is also left (resp., right) amenable and conversely.

A semigroup is called left reversible if any two right ideals of have nonvoid intersection, that is, for . In this case, is a directed system when the binary relation “” on is defined by if and only if for . It is easy to see that for all . Further, if , then for all . The class of left reversible semigroup includes all groups and commutative semigroups. If a semigroup is left amenable, then is left reversible. But the converse is not true ([31, 37–41]).

Let be a semigroup and denote the fixed point set of . Then is called a representation of if and for each . We denote by the set of common fixed points of , that is,

Open Problem 1. It will be interesting to obtain a generalization of both Theorems 7 and 11 to commutative, amenable, and reversible semigroups as in the case of Hilbert spaces or some Banach spaces (cf. [8, 30, 32, 42–45]).

For a real number , a space is defined by a geodesic metric space whose geodesic triangle is sufficiently thinner than the corresponding triangle in a model space with curvature .

For , the 2-dimensional model space is the Euclidean space with the metric induced from the Euclidean norm. For ,   is the 2-dimensional sphere whose metric is length of a minimal great arc joining each two points. For , is the 2-dimensional hyperbolic space with the metric defined by a usual hyperbolic distance. For more details about the properties of spaces, see [4, 46–48].

Open Problem 2. It will be interesting to obtain a generalization of both Theorems 7 and 11 to space.

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Professor A. T.-M Lau and Professor J. K. Kim for their helpful suggestions. Also, special thanks are due to the referees for their deep insight which improved the presentation of this paper. This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2012R1A1A4A01010526).

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