Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 393892, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/393892

Research Article

Oscillation Theorems for Even Order Damped Equations with Distributed Deviating Arguments

Chunxia Gao and Peiguang Wang

College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China

Received 24 August 2013; Accepted 8 November 2013

Academic Editor: Miroslava Růžičková

Copyright © 2013 Chunxia Gao and Peiguang Wang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A class of even order damped differential equations with distributed deviating arguments are investigated. Several new criteria that ensure the oscillation of solutions are obtained. To demonstrate the validity of the results obtained, two examples are given.

1. Introduction and Lemmas

Oscillatory behavior of solutions for different types of second-order differential equations with damping has been widely discussed by using different techniques. Here, we particularly refer the reader to the papers [1–9] and the references quoted therein. However, very little is known for the case of higher order damped functional differential equations with deviating arguments, especially the case with distributed deviating arguments. In this paper, we deal with the following class of even order functional differential equations with damping:

Our aim is to get the criteria for the oscillatory solutions of (1).

Throughout this paper, we assume that the following conditions hold:

is an even positive integer;, is not identically zero on any for , and

has the same sign as when have the same sign, , is nondecreasing, and the integral of (1) is a Stieltjes one.

In the sequel, it will be always assumed that solutions of (1) exist for any . A solution of (1) is called eventually positive solution (or negative solution) if there exists a sufficiently large positive number , such that (or ) for all . A nontrivial solution of (1) is called oscillatory if it has arbitrary large zeros; otherwise it is called nonoscillatory. Equation (1) is called oscillatory if all its solutions are oscillatory.

Remark 1. Since the integral of (1) is a Stieltjes one, it includes the following equations:

The following lemmas will be useful to the proof of the main results to be presented in this paper.

Lemma 2 (see [10]). Let be a positive andtimes differentiable function on . If is of constant sign and not identically zero on any ray for , then there exists a and an integer , with even for or odd for ; and for ,

Lemma 3 (see [11]). Suppose that the conditions of Lemma 2 are satisfied, and

then there exists a constant such that for sufficiently large , there exists a constant satisfying

We say that a function belongs to a function class , denoted by , if , where , satisfies

(i), for and , for ;(ii)partial derivatives and exist, and

where .

2. Oscillation Results for with Monotonicity

Throughout this section, we assume that the following conditions hold.

There exist functions , such that , , , and . exists, and for , where are some constants, and .

Lemma 4. Let be an eventually positive solution of (1). Then, there exists a sufficiently large , such that for all

Proof. From the assumption, there exists a sufficiently large , such that for . Further from , there exists such that for all

Hence, for all

and from , we have for all and

Let

then it is easy to know that

which implies that is nonincreasing on .

Now, we claim that ,. Otherwise, there exists such that . Therefore,

Using , we see that . Ulteriorly, we can prove , which contradicts ,.

Furthermore, from (1), for all , we have

Thus, from Lemma 2, there exist and an odd number , such that for , we have

By choosing and , we have and for . The proof is completed.

Lemma 5. Let be an eventually positive solution of (1). Then, there exists a sufficiently large , such that for any interval , if let

where , then for any ,

Proof. From (1) and (16), we have that for ,

From Lemma 4, there exists a sufficiently large such that and for . Further from , for all

Hence, for all , we have

In view of (20) and , for all

Thus, for all

Therefore, from (18)–(22) and Lemma 3, we obtain

for all .

Multiplying (23) by , then integrating it with respect to from to for and using and , we get that

Letting in the above, we obtain (17). The proof is completed.

Lemma 6. Let be an eventually positive solution of (1). Then, there exists a sufficiently large such that for any interval , if let be defined by (16) on , then for any ,

Proof. Similar to the proof of Lemma 5, by multiplying (23) by , then integrating it with respect to from to for , and then using and , we get that

Letting in the above, we obtain (25). The proof is completed.

The following theorem is an immediate result from Lemmas 5 and 6.

Theorem 7. Assume that for each there exist , and , such that and

Then (1) is oscillatory.

Proof. Suppose that (1) has a nonoscillatory solution . Without loss of generality, we assume that is an eventually positive solution of (1). Then from Lemmas 5 and 6, there exists a sufficiently large , such that for any , and for any , and , (17) and (25) hold. By dividing (17) and (25) by and , respectively, and then adding them, we have

which contradicts the assumption (27) and completes the proof.

Theorem 8. Assume that for some , and for each ,

Then (1) is oscillatory.

Proof. For any , let . In (29), we choose . Then there exists such that

In (30), we choose , then there exists such that

By dividing (31) and (32) by and , respectively, and then adding them, we obtain (27). The conclusion thus comes from Theorem 7. The proof is completed.

For the case of , we have that and thus denote them by . The subclass of containing such is denoted by . Applying Theorem 7 to , and choosing , we obtain the following.

Theorem 9. Assume that for each there exist and such that and

Then (1) is oscillatory.

Proof. Let . Then , and for any , we have

Hence

Thus (33) holds and implies that (27) holds for , and therefore (1) is oscillatory by Theorem 7. The proof is completed.

From the above oscillation criteria, we can obtain different sufficient conditions for oscillation of (1) by different choices of and . For example, let

where is a constant. Then, and . From Theorem 8, we have the following result.

Corollary 10. If there exists a function and a constant such that for each ,

Then (1) is oscillatory.

3. Oscillation Results for without Monotonicity

Throughout this section we assume that the following conditions hold:

there exists a function such that , , .there exists a constant and such that for sufficiently large   

Lemma 11. Let be an eventually positive solution of (1). Then, there exists a sufficiently large such that for , we have

The proof is similar to that of Lemma 4, thus we omit the details here.

Lemma 12. Let be an eventually positive solution of (1). Then, there exists a sufficiently large such that for any interval , if let

where , then for any ,

Proof. From (1) and (40) we have that for

From Lemma 11, there exists a sufficiently large such that for all (39) hold and further from

Hence, we have for all ,

From (44) and , for all

Thus, for all

Therefore, from (42)–(46) and Lemma 3, we obtain

The rest of the proof is similar to that of Lemma 5 and thus we omit the details here.

Similar to the proof in Section 2, we have the following results.

Lemma 13. Let be an eventually positive solution of (1). Then, there exists a sufficiently large such that, for any interval , if let be defined by (40) on , then for any ,

The following theorem is an immediate result from Lemmas 12 and 13.

Theorem 14. Assume that for each there exist , and , such that and

Then (1) is oscillatory.

Theorem 15. Assume that for some and , and for each ,

Then (1) is oscillatory.

Theorem 16. Assume that for each , there exist and such that and

Then (1) is oscillatory.

Corollary 17. If there exists a function and a constant such that for each , the following two inequalities hold

Then (1) is oscillatory.

4. Examples

In this section we demonstrate the applications of our oscillation criteria through two examples. We will see that the equations in the examples are oscillatory based on the results in Sections 2 and 3.

Example 1. Consider the following nonlinear damped differential equation:

where , , , , , , . It is clear that for

Applying Corollary 10 with and , we have through a straightforward computation that

Therefore (37) hold and we conclude by Corollary 10 that (55) is oscillatory.

Example 2. Consider the following nonlinear damped differential equation:

where ,  ,. In this example,

Clearly, Corollary 10 does not apply to (58). However, with and , we can prove the oscillatory character of (58) by Corollary 17. Noting that

for and , we have

therefore (53) and (54) hold and we conclude by Corollary 10 that (58) is oscillatory.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Authors’ Contribution

All authors completed the paper together. All authors read and approved the final paper.

Acknowledgments

This paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11271106), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China (A2013201232), and the Science and Technology Project of Baoding of China (13ZG022).

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