Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 401756, 13 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/401756

Review Article

Hyperstability and Superstability

Janusz Brzdęk and Krzysztof Ciepliński

Department of Mathematics, Pedagogical University, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland

Received 31 August 2013; Accepted 26 October 2013

Academic Editor: Bing Xu

Copyright © 2013 Janusz Brzdęk and Krzysztof Ciepliński. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This is a survey paper concerning the notions of hyperstability and superstability, which are connected to the issue of Ulam’s type stability. We present the recent results on those subjects.

1. Introduction

In this paper we provide some recent results concerning hyperstability and superstability of functional equations. Those two notions are very similar but somewhat different. They are connected with the issue of Ulam’s type stability.

Let us mention that various aspects of Ulam’s type stability, motivated by a problem raised by Ulam (cf. [1, 2]) in 1940 in his talk at the University of Wisconsin, have been a very popular subject of investigations for the last nearly fifty years (see, e.g., [3–11]). For example the following definition somehow describes the main ideas of such stability notion for equations in variables ( stands for the set of all nonnegative reals).

Definition 1. Let be a nonempty set, be a metric space, be nonempty, be an operator mapping into , and be operators mapping a nonempty set into . We say that the operator equation

is -stable provided for any and with

there exists a solution of (1) such that

(As usual, denotes the family of all functions mapping a set into a set .) Roughly speaking, -stability of (1) means that every approximate (in the sense of (2)) solution of (1) is always close (in the sense of (3)) to an exact solution of (1).

The next theorem has been considered to be one of the most classical results on Ulam’s type stability.

Theorem 2. Let and be normed spaces, complete, and and fixed real numbers. If is a mapping satisfying

then there exists a unique function such that

This theorem is composed of the outcomes from [1, 12–14] and it is known (see [13]; cf. also [15, 16]) that for an analogous result is not valid. Moreover, it has been shown in [17] that estimation (5) is optimal for in the general case.

Theorem 2 has a very nice simple form, but it has been improved in [18], where it has been shown that, in the case , each satisfying (4) must actually be additive (and the completeness of is not necessary in such a situation). Namely, we have the following result ( stands for the set of all positive integers).

Theorem 3. Let and be normed spaces, nonempty, , and . Assume also that

where , and there exists a positive integer with

Then every operator such that

is additive on ; that is,

Clearly, since (5) gives the best possible estimation for in the general case, a result analogous to Theorem 3 is not true for .

On account of Theorem 3, we can reformulate Theorem 2 as follows.

Theorem 4. Let and be normed spaces and let and be fixed real numbers. Assume also that is a mapping satisfying (4). If and is complete, then there exists a unique additive function such that (5) holds. If , then is additive.

Following the terminology introduced in [19] and next used in, for example, [20] (see also [3, pages 27–29]), we can describe the second statement of Theorem 4, for , as the -hyperstability of the additive Cauchy equation for .

It is interesting that the hyperstability result, described in Theorem 3, does not remain valid without condition (6), which is shown in the following remark ( denotes the set of all reals).

Remark 5. Let , , , and be given by and for . Then clearly

Note that also

In fact, fix and suppose, for instance, that . Then

and consequently

However, with a somewhat different (though still natural) form of the function , -hyperstability still holds even without (6). Namely, in [21, Theorem 1.3] the subsequent result has been proved.

Theorem 6. Let and be normed spaces, nonempty, , and real numbers with . Assume also that there is an such that

Then every operator satisfying the inequality

is additive on .

We refer the reader to, for example, [22, Theorem 1.1, Chapter XVIII], [23, Chapter 4], [24, pages 143-144], and [25, Proposition 3.8] for some information on the following natural issue: when for an operator that is additive on , there is an additive with for .

2. Hyperstability Results for the Cauchy Equation

Formally, we can introduce the following definition.

Definition 7. Let be a nonempty set, a metric space, , and operators mapping a nonempty set into . We say that operator equation (1) is -hyperstable provided every satisfying inequality (2) fulfils (1).

The hyperstability results have various interesting consequences. For instance, note that we deduce at once from Theorem 6 a bit surprising conclusion that each function is either additive on or satisfies the condition

for any real numbers , where and are normed spaces and is a nonempty subset of fulfilling condition (14) for some .

Theorem 6 yields also the following two simple corollaries (see [21]), which correspond to some results from [26–33] on inhomogeneous Cauchy equation (18) and cocycle equation (19).

Corollary 8. Let and be normed spaces, nonempty, , and for some with . Assume also that (14) holds with an and there are and such that and

Then the functional equation

has no solution in the class of functions .

Corollary 9. Let and be normed spaces, nonempty, satisfy the cocycle functional equation

and for . Assume also that (14) holds with an and there are and such that and (17) holds. Then for any with .

The hyperstability results that we have presented so far have been obtained through the fixed point theorem from [34] (see also [35, 36]; cf. [4] for a survey on similar methods using the fixed point results). Now, we provide some further -hyperstability results (with functions of some other natural forms) for the Cauchy additive equation, proved in [25] by some other methods.

Theorem 10. Let be a real inner product space with , a normed space, and . If there are positive real numbers and such that

then is additive.

If , then does not need to be additive (see [25]).

Theorem 11. Let and be normed spaces, , and . Suppose also that there are positive real numbers and with

If or is not a real inner product space, then is additive.

If is a real inner product space and , then does not need to be additive (see [25]).

Given a normed space and , we simplify the notations writing and defining the mapping by

Moreover, if and , then we put

Clearly, if is additive, then we have (with )

Now, we are in a position to present another result from [25].

Theorem 12. Let and be normed spaces and . Assume that are additive,

where . Let, moreover, be such that one of the following two conditions is valid:

(a)is injective, and

(b), is injective and

Then every function for which there exists an such that

is additive on .

Remark 13. Observe that condition (25) holds when with a nonnegative integer or for with a rational number (because is assumed to be additive).

Remark 14. For instance, the inequality in (a) holds for , , and

with a . Analogously, the inequality in (b) is valid when , ,

with a .

For similar hyperstability results in some situations where neither condition (a) nor (b) is fulfilled we refer the reader to [25, Corollaries 3.5 and 3.6].

We end this part of the paper with one more hyperstability result (on a restricted domain) from [25]. To do this, let us recall some notions.

Given nonempty sets , and , we say that -almost everywhere (abbreviated to -a.e.) in if there is a set such that for every . If, moreover, is a normed space, then we also write for and .

Now we are in a position to present [25, Theorem 4.1] (which actually is a consequence of some previous results).

Theorem 15. Let and be normed spaces, , and a -ideal such that

Assume also that one of the following two conditions is fulfilled:

(i)there exist , , , and such that

(ii)there exist , with for and positive reals and such that

Then there is a unique additive operator with -a.e. in .

A hyperstability result for the multi-Cauchy equation (which actually is a system of Cauchy equations) can be found in [37, Corollary 4].

Finally, we would like to call the reader’s attention to a general theorem in [38] which yields numerous other hyperstability results for the Cauchy additive equation.

3. Hyperstability of the Linear Functional Equation

Now, we present the hyperstability results for the linear functional equation of the form

in the class of functions , where is a linear space over a field ,   is a linear space over a field , , and . Clearly, for , and (35) is the well-known (additive) Cauchy functional equation

and with , and it is the Jensen equation

If , , , , , and , then (35) has the form

and its solution is called a -affine function. For further information and references on (36)–(38) we refer the reader to [22, 39].

The subsequent theorem has been proved in [40].

Theorem 16. Let be a normed space over , be a Banach space over , , , , , and satisfy

Then

Similar results, for Jensen equation (37), but on a restricted domain, have been obtained in [41]. Namely, we have the following three theorems.

Theorem 17. Let be a normed space, be a nonempty subset of such that there exists a positive integer with

let be a Banach space, , , , and satisfy

Then is Jensen on ; that is,

Theorem 18. Let be a normed space, a nonempty subset of such that there exists a positive integer with

a Banach space, , , , and satisfy (42). Then is Jensen on .

Theorem 19. Let be a normed space, a nonempty subset of such that there exists a positive integer with

a Banach space, , , , and satisfy (42). Then is Jensen on .

We finish this section of the paper by proving one more very simple hyperstability result for (35).

Theorem 20. Let be a normed space over a field , a normed space over a field , , , , , , and let one of the following two conditions be valid:

(i) and ;(ii) and .

Then every function satisfying the inequality

is a solution of the equation

Proof. First, observe that in the case when , inequality (46) with implies .

Put

It is easily seen that

whence with we get .

We consider only case (i) (case (ii) is analogous). First, assume that . Then (49) with gives

We show by induction that, for each ,

The case follows immediately from (49). So take an and assume that (51) holds true with . Then, by (50),

Thus we have proved that (51) is valid for each .

Letting in (51) we see that

which implies (47).

If , then and from (49) with we obtain

Analogously as before we show that, for each ,

Letting in (55) we get (53), and consequently (47) holds.

Remark 21. Let for , , and . Then

whence

Thus is an example of a function which satisfies (46) with , , and but is not a solution of (47). This shows that the assumption in (i) is not superfluous.

Remark 22. Let , , , and for . Then

Thus is an example of a function which satisfies (46) with , and but is not a solution of (47). This proves that assumptions (i) and (ii) of Theorem 20 are not superfluous.

4. Hyperstability of Some Other Equations

In this part of the paper we present the hyperstability results for some other equations. The first two theorems have been proved in [19].

Theorem 23. Let be a solution of the functional equation

and for some . Assume also that a function satisfy the inequality

for some . Then

Theorem 24. Let be a semigroup and pairwise distinct automorphisms of such that the set is a group with the operation of composition of mappings. Let, moreover, be a function for which there exists a sequence of elements of satisfying one of the following two conditions:

If a function , mapping into a real normed space , fulfils the inequality

then is a solution of the functional equation

The following result, concerning the parametric fundamental equation of information, has been obtained in [20].

Theorem 25. Let and be a function such that

where

Then

Let us recall (see [20]) that each solution of (67) is of the form

with some .

The next two theorems have been proved in [42, 43] and concern hyperstability of the polynomial and monomial equations (for details concerning those equations we refer the reader to [22]).

Theorem 26. Let and be real normed spaces. If a function satisfies the inequality

with some and , then

Theorem 27. Let and be real normed spaces and a positive integer. If a function satisfies the inequality

with some and , then

The next theorem from [44] contains a hyperstability result for the Drygas equation.

Theorem 28. Assume that is a nonempty subset of a normed space such that and there exists an with

Let be a Banach space and fulfill the inequality

for some and . Then satisfies the conditional Drygas equation

Theorem 28 yields at once the following characterization of the inner product spaces.

Corollary 29. Let be a normed space and

for some . Then is an inner product space.

Proof. Write for . Then from Theorem 28 we easily derive that

It is easy to see that this implies

which yields the statement.

The next hyperstability result has been proved in [45, Corollary 2.9] and is actually a particular consequence of two more general theorems proved there.

Theorem 30. Let be a normed space, be a Banach space, and . Assume also that a mapping satisfies the inequality

Then

A result on hyperstability of the equation of -Wright affine functions has been obtained in [46] and it reads as follows.

Theorem 31. Let be a normed space over a field , a Banach space, , , and satisfy

Then is a -Wright affine function; that is,

The next result has been proved in [47] and concerns the homogeneity equation.

Theorem 32. Let and be normed spaces over , , , and satisfy

for any and such that is defined. Assume also that or . Then

Moreover, if one of the following two conditions is valid:

(a) and ;(b) and ,

then

Some further hyperstability (but also superstability) results for the homogeneity equation can be found in [48, 49]. Unfortunately, they are too involved to be presented here. Therefore, we only give below the following simple corollary (see [48, Corollary 3]).

Theorem 33. Let be a real linear space, a Banach space, and satisfy

with some . Then

Pexiderized hyperstability of the functional equation of biadditivity, of the form

has been considered in [50] (actually, for some reason, it has been called the bi-Jensen functional equation by the authors), where the following two theorems have been presented.

Theorem 34. Let be a normed space, a Banach space, , and a function satisfy the inequality

with some mappings . Then is biadditive; that is, (88) holds for all .

Theorem 35. Let be a normed space, a Banach space, , and a function satisfy the inequality

with some mappings . Then is biadditive.

For some further results, related somehow to the issue of hyperstability, we refer the reader to:

(i)[51, Theorem ] (for a generalization of the quadratic equation);(ii)[52] (for the equations of homomorphism and derivation in proper -triples);(iii)[53, Theorem ] (for the equations of homomorphism for square symmetric groupoids, considered in a class of set-valued mappings);(iv)[54, Theorem ] (for a functional equation in one variable in a class of set-valued mappings);(v)[55] (for functional equations of trigonometric forms in hypergroups).

5. Superstability

In this part of the paper we present several recent results on superstability of some functional equations. For numerous earlier results as well as the historical background of the subject we refer the reader to [6, 7, 9, 10].

The following definition explains how the notion of superstability for functional equations (in variables) is understood nowadays.

Definition 36. Let be a nonempty set, a metric space, and operators mapping a nonempty set into . We say that operator equation (1) is superstable if every that is unbounded (i.e., ) and satisfies the inequality

is a solution of (1).

Let us start with the results that Moszner has proved in [56] (modificating the proofs from [57, 58]), and which concern the sine, homomorphism, Lobachevski and cosine equations.

Theorem 37. Let be a uniquely -divisible commutative group and a finite-dimensional commutative normed algebra without the zero divisors. Then every unbounded function such that

is a solution of the sine equation

Theorem 38. Let be a commutative semigroup and a groupoid equipped with

(i)an operation such that

(ii)an element such that for and for ;(iii)a metric satisfying the condition

Moreover, assume that each nonzero element of is cancellative on the left or on the right, the groupoid operation in is continuous, and the unit sphere is compact in . Then every unbounded function such that

is a homomorphism; that is,

Theorem 39. Let be a uniquely -divisible commutative monoid and a finite-dimensional commutative normed algebra without the zero divisors. Then every unbounded function such that

is a solution of the Lobachevski equation

Theorem 40. Let be a commutative group and a finite-dimensional unital normed algebra without the zero divisors. Then every unbounded function such that

is a solution of the cosine equation

The next theorem, proved by Moszner in [56], generalizes Batko’s result from [59].

Theorem 41. Let be a groupoid and a finite-dimensional normed algebra without the zero divisors. Then every unbounded function such that

is a solution of the Dhombres equation

Using the method from the proof of Theorem 41, Moszner also got the superstability of the Mikusiński equation

This result reads as follows.

Theorem 42. Let be a group and a finite-dimensional normed algebra without the zero divisors. Then every unbounded function such that

is a solution of (104).

The above theorem generalizes (to some extent) the following result, which has been obtained in [60], by another method of proof and under stronger assumptions.

Theorem 43. Let and be a commutative group. If a function satisfies

then is additive or

Chahbi in [61] has dealt with the equation

where , and showed the following result on its superstability.

Theorem 44. Let be a linear space over and , hemicontinuous (see [61] for the definition) at the origin functions such that

Then is bounded or satisfies (108) for every .

The form of (108) has been motivated by the Gołąb-Schinzel equation

and some other equations related to it. A survey on superstability results for such equations can be found in [3, pages 29–32] (for more information and further references on those equations see also [62]).

The following result comes from [63].

Theorem 45. Assume that and . If a function fulfills the inequality

then either is bounded or it is a solution of the equation

Let be a ring (not necessarily commutative) uniquely divisible by 2 and . Then , where

is a noncommutative group, which in the case when is isomorphic to the Heisenberg group. Denote by a selfmap of given by

With this notations, we have the following theorem (proved in [64]) on the superstability of a functional equation connected with the d’Alembert and Stetkær equations.

Theorem 46. Assume that . If a function fulfills the inequality

then either

or

The next result has been proved in [65].

Theorem 47. Assume that is a normed space over and is a Banach algebra over in which the norm is multiplicative, that is,

If a mapping fulfills

then either

or

In [66], Kim dealt with the pexiderized Lobachevski equation

and proved the following theorem.

Theorem 48. Let and be a uniquely 2-divisible commutative semigroup. If nonzero and nonconstant functions satisfy the inequality

then either there exist such that

or both and satisfy (99).

An immediate consequence of Theorem 48 is the following corollary.

Corollary 49. Let and be a uniquely 2-divisible commutative semigroup. If nonzero and nonconstant functions satisfy the inequality

then either there exist such that

or both and satisfy (99).

The below superstability outcomes for the functional equations

have been obtained in [67] ((127) and (128) with become the classical Cauchy equations and therefore we exclude this case here).

Theorem 50. Let be a linear space and let functions be such that

Then the following three statements hold:

(i)if , then is arbitrary;(ii)if is nonzero and bounded or , then is also bounded;(iii)if is unbounded, then , is unbounded, and (127) holds for all .

Theorem 51. Let be a linear space. If functions are such that

then the following three statements hold:

(i)if , then is arbitrary;(ii)if is nonzero and bounded or , then is also bounded;(iii)if is unbounded, then , is unbounded, and (128) holds for all .

The next two theorems have been obtained in [68]. It is assumed in them that is a commutative group, is a finite subgroup of the group of automorphisms of (the action of on is denoted by ), and is the cardinality of .

Theorem 52. Let . If , the function

is bounded, and the function is unbounded, then the function satisfies the functional equation

Theorem 53. Let . If , the function

is bounded, and the function is unbounded, then the function satisfies (132).

The next three theorems do not actually provide superstability results in the sense of Definition 36. However, we present them here, because they seem to be of some interest and are attempts to extend the notion of superstability analogously to the notion of -hyperstability.

The subsequent theorem, proved in [69], gives a partial affirmative answer to a problem posed by Th. M. Rassias during the 31st ISFE ( and denote the real and imaginary parts of a complex number , resp.).

Theorem 54. Let be a commutative semigroup, , , and functions such that

Assume also that there exists a with

Then satisfies the Cauchy equation

The next result has been proved in [70].

Theorem 55. Let be a commutative group and . If is an unbounded function such that

then

The last presented theorem is the main result of [71] and includes a few outcomes from [72–74].

Theorem 56. Assume that is a commutative group and . If nonzero functions fulfill

then either is bounded or there is a sequence of elements of such that the limit

exists for every and satisfy the functional equation

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