Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 495072, 13 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/495072

Research Article

Hopf Bifurcation Analysis for a Semiratio-Dependent Predator-Prey System with Two Delays

Ming Zhao

Software College, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China

Received 12 August 2013; Accepted 25 August 2013

Academic Editor: Massimiliano Ferrara

Copyright © 2013 Ming Zhao. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper is concerned with a semiratio-dependent predator-prey system with nonmonotonic functional response and two delays. It is shown that the positive equilibrium of the system is locally asymptotically stable when the time delay is small enough. Change of stability of the positive equilibrium will cause bifurcating periodic solutions as the time delay passes through a sequence of critical values. The properties of Hopf bifurcation such as direction and stability are determined by using the normal form method and center manifold theorem. Numerical simulations confirm our theoretical findings.

1. Introduction

It is well known that there are many factors which can affect dynamical properties of predator-prey systems. One of the important factors is the functional response describing the number of prey consumed per predator per unit time for given quantities of prey and predators. Numerous laboratory experiment, and observations have shown that a more suitable general predator-prey system should be based on the “ratio-dependent” theory, especially when predators have to search, share, or compete for food [1–3]. And ratio-dependent predator-prey systems have been investigated by many scholars [4–11]. In [4], Zhang and Lu considered the following semi-ratio-dependent predator-prey system with the nonmonotonic functional response

where and denote the densities of the prey and the predator, respectively. and denote the intrinsic growth rates of the prey and the predator, respectively. is the intraspecific competition rate of the prey. is the capturing rate of the predator. is a measure of the food quality that the prey provided for conversion into predator birth. The predator grows logistically with the carrying capacity proportional to the population size of the prey.

,, and ,,, are assumed to be continuously positive periodic functions with period . Zhang and Lu [4] established the existence of positive periodic solutions of system (1), and sufficient conditions for the uniqueness and global stability of the positive solutions of system (1) were also obtained by constructing a Lyapunov function.

Time delays of one type or another have been incorporated into predator-prey systems by many researchers since a time delay could cause a stable equilibrium to become unstable and cause the population to fluctuate [5, 6, 12–15]. In [5], Ding et al. incorporated the time delay due to negative feedback of the prey into system (1) and got the special case () of system (1) with time delay

Ding et al. [5] established the existence of a positive periodic solution for system (2) by using the continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory. Sufficient conditions for the permanence of system (2) were obtained by Li and Yang in [6]. But studies on predator-prey systems not only involve the persistence and the periodic phenomenon but also involve many patterns of other behavior such as global attractivity [16, 17] and bifurcation phenomenon [18–21]. Starting from this point, we will study the bifurcation phenomenon and the properties of periodic solutions of the following predator-prey system with two delays:

Unlike the assumptions in [4–6], we assume that all the parameters of system (3) are positive constants. and are the feedback delays of the prey and the predator, respectively.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, sufficient conditions are obtained for the local stability of the positive equilibrium and the existence of Hopf bifurcation for possible combinations of the two delays in system (3). In Section 3, we give the formula determining the direction of Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions. Finally, numerical simulations supporting the theoretical analysis are also included.

2. Stability of the Positive Equilibrium and Local Hopf Bifurcations

It is not difficult to verify that system (2) has at least one positive equilibrium , where and is the root of (4)

Let , . Dropping the bars for the sake of simplicity, system (2) can be rewritten in the following system:

where

The linearized system of (5) is

The associated characteristic equation of system (7) is

where

Case 1 (). Equation (8) becomes

All the roots of (10) have negative real parts if and only if

and .

Thus, the positive equilibrium is locally stable when the condition holds.

Case 2 (). Equation (8) becomes

Let be the root of (11), and we have

It follows that

If condition holds, then (13) has only one positive root

Now, we can get the critical value of by substituting into (12). After computing, we obtain

Then, when , the characteristic equation (11) has a pair of purely imaginary roots .

Next, we will verify the transversality condition. Differentiating (11) with respect to , we get

Thus,

Obviously, if condition holds, then . Note that = .

Therefore, if condition holds, the transversality condition is satisfied. From the analysis above, we have the following results.

Theorem 1. If conditions and hold, then the positive equilibrium of system (3) is asymptotically stable for and unstable when . System (3) undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at the positive equilibrium when .

Case 3 (). Equation (8) becomes

Let be the root of (18), and then we have

which leads to

Obviously, if the condition holds, and then (20) has only one positive root

The corresponding critical value of is

Similar to Case 2, differentiating (18) with respect to , we get

Then we can get

Obviously, if condition holds, then . Namely, if condition holds, then the transversality condition is satisfied. Thus, we have the following results.

Theorem 2. If condition holds, then the positive equilibrium of system (3) is asymptotically stable for and unstable when . System (3) undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at the positive equilibrium when .

Case 4 (). Equation (8) can be transformed into the following form:

Multiplying on both sides of (25), we get

Let be the root of (26), then we obtain

which follows that

Then, we have

where

Denote , and then (29) becomes

Next, we give the following assumption.

Equation (31) has at least one positive real root.

Suppose that holds. Without loss of generality, we assume that (31) has four real positive roots, which are denoted by ,,, and . Then (29) has four positive roots , .

For every fixed , the corresponding critical value of time delay is

Let

Taking the derivative of with respect to in (26), we obtain

Thus,

with

It is easy to see that if condition , then . Therefore, we have the following results.

Theorem 3. If conditions and holds, then the positive equilibrium of system (3) is asymptotically stable for and unstable when . System (3) undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at the positive equilibrium when .

Case 5 ( and ). Considered the following:

We consider (8) with in its stable interval and regard as a parameter.

Let () be the root of (8), and then we can obtain

Then we get

Define

If condition and hold, then . In addition, . Therefore, (39) has at least one positive root. We suppose that the positive roots of (39) are denoted as . For every fixed , the corresponding critical value of time delay

with

Let , . When , (8) has a pair of purely imaginary roots for .

Next, in order to give the main results, we give the following assumption

.

Therefore, we have the following results on the stability and bifurcation in system (3).

Theorem 4. If the conditions and hold and , then the positive equilibrium of system (3) is asymptotically stable for and unstable when . System (3) undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at the positive equilibrium when .

3. Direction and Stability of the Hopf Bifurcation

In this section, we will investigate the direction of Hopf bifurcation and stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions of system (3) with respect to for . We assume that where .

Let , so that is the Hopf bifurcation value of system (3). Rescale the time delay by . Let , , and then system (3) can be rewritten as an PDE in as

where

are given, respectively, by

with

By the Riesz representation theorem, there is a matrix function with bounded variation components , such that

In fact, we have chosen

For ,, we define

Then system (43) is equivalent to the following operator equation:

where for .

For , we define the adjoint operator of as

and a bilinear inner product

where .

Then, and are adjoint operators. From the discussion above, we can know that are the eigenvalues of and they are also eigenvalues of .

Let be the eigenvector of corresponding to , and = be the eigenvector of corresponding to . Then we have

By a simple computation, we can get

Then,

Following the algorithms explained in the work of Hassard et al. [22] and using a computation process similar to that in [18], we can get the following coefficients which can determine the properties of Hopf bifurcation:

with

where and can be determined by the following equations, respectively:

with

Then, we can get the following coefficients:

In conclusion, we have the following results.

Theorem 5. If (), then the Hopf bifurcation is supercritical (subcritical); if , then the bifurcating periodic solutions are stable (unstable); if (), then the period of the bifurcating periodic solutions increases (decreases).

4. Numerical Simulation and Discussions

To demonstrate the algorithm for determining the existence of Hopf bifurcation in Section 2 and the properties of Hopf bifurcation in Section 3, we give an example of system (3) in the following form:

which has a positive equilibrium . By calculation, we have , , and . Namely, conditions and hold.

For , . We can get , . By Theorem 1, we know that when , the positive equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable and is unstable if . As can be seen from Figure 1, when we let , the positive equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable. However, when , the positive equilibrium is unstable and a Hopf bifurcation occurs and a family of periodic solutions bifurcate from the positive equilibrium , which can be illustrated by Figure 2. Similarly, we can get ,. The corresponding waveform and the phase plots are shown in Figures 3 and 4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1: is asymptotically stable for .

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: is unstable for .

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3: is asymptotically stable for .

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 4: is unstable for .

For . We can obtain ,. By Theorem 3, we know that when the time delay increases from zero to the critical value , the positive equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable. It will lose its stability and a Hopf bifurcation occurs once . This property can be illustrated by Figures 5 and 6.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 5: is asymptotically stable for .

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 6: is unstable for .

Finally, consider as a parameter and let . We can get ,,. From Theorem 4, the positive equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable for and unstable when , which can be seen from Figures 7 and 8.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 7: is asymptotically stable for at .

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 8: is unstable for at .

In addition, from (60), we can get . Furthermore, we have , ,. Therefore, from Theorem 5, we know that the Hopf bifurcation is supercritical. The bifurcating periodic solutions are stable and increase. If the bifurcating periodic solutions are stable, then the prey and the predator may coexist in an oscillatory mode. Therefore, the two species in system (3) may coexist in an oscillatory mode under certain conditions.

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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