Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 560178, 16 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/560178

Research Article

Invariant Operators of Five-Dimensional Nonconjugate Subalgebras of the Lie Algebra of the Poincaré Group P(1,4)

Vasyl Fedorchuk1,2 and Volodymyr Fedorchuk²

¹Institute of Mathematics, Pedagogical University, 2 Podchorążych Street, 30-084 Cracow, Poland

²Pidstryhach Institute for Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3b Naukova Street, Lviv 79601, Ukraine

Received 1 July 2013; Revised 17 September 2013; Accepted 19 September 2013

Academic Editor: Emrullah Yaşar

Copyright © 2013 Vasyl Fedorchuk and Volodymyr Fedorchuk. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We have classified all five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,4) into classes of isomorphic subalgebras. Using this classification, we have constructed invariant operators (generalized Casimir operators) for all five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,4) and presented them in the explicit form.

1. Introduction

At present, there are many papers devoted to the methods for construction and various applications of invariant operators (generalized Casimir operators) of the Lie algebras to the theory of representations of the Lie groups (and their Lie algebras), theory of special functions, theoretical and mathematical physics, and the theory of differential equations. The details can be found in [1–27] and references therein.

The generalized Poincaré group P(1,4) is a group of rotations and translations of the five-dimensional Minkowski space M(1,4). This group is applied to solve various problems of theoretical and mathematical physics (see, e.g., [28–30]). Invariant operators of the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,4) have been constructed by Fushchich and Krivskiy [4, 5, 28, 31]. Those operators are used for the classification of the irreducible representations of the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,4) and for the construction of P(1,4)-invariant differential equations.

The subgroup structure of the group P(1,4) has been studied in [32–36]. One of the nontrivial consequences of the description of the nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) is that the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) contains, as subalgebras, the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,3) and the Lie algebra of the extended Galilei group G(1,3) [37], that is, it naturally unites the Lie algebras of the symmetry groups of relativistic and nonrelativistic physics.

In [38, 39], invariant operators for some nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) have been constructed. The description of invariant operators of eight-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) can be found in [40].

Invariant operators for all nonconjugate subalgebras of dimension ≤4 of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) have been constructed in [41, 42].

The aim of the paper is to construct the invariant operators of all five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4).

The outline of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we present the brief information about the methods for calculating invariant operators. In Section 3, we define the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,4). In Section 4, we present the results of the classification of all five-dimensional decomposable nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,4) into isomorphism classes as well as their invariant operators. Section 5 is devoted to the presentation of the results of the classification of all five-dimensional indecomposable nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,4) into isomorphism classes as well as their invariant operators. The conclusions and results are discussed in Section 6.

2. About Methods for Calculating Invariant Operators

A method for calculating invariant operators of Lie algebras goes back to the original work of Lie; it has been discussed in detail in a paper of Patera et al. [7]. The method consists in reducing this problem to that of solving a set of linear first-order partial differential equations.

In the same work, the method has been applied for calculating invariant operators of all real Lie algebras of dimension less or equal five as well as real nilpotent algebras of dimension six. A short version of this method as well as the application for construction of invariant operators of the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,3) can be found in the paper by Patera et al. [8]. According to Patera et al. [7, 8] we also distinguish between Casimir operators (polynomials in the basic operators of the Lie algebra), rational invariants (rational functions of the basic operators of the Lie algebra), and general invariants (irrational and transcendental functions of the basic operators of the Lie algebra).

Recently, Boyko et al. [20] have proposed a new purely algebraic algorithm for computation of invariant operators (generalized Casimir operators) of Lie algebras. It uses the Cartan method of moving frames and the knowledge of the group of inner automorphisms of each Lie algebra. In particular, the algorithm has been applied to the computation of invariant operators for real low-dimensional Lie algebras, finite-dimensional solvable Lie algebras restricted only by a required structure of the nilradical, the class of triangular algebras, the class of solvable triangular Lie algebras with one nilindependent diagonal element, solvable Lie algebras with triangular nilradicals, and diagonal nilindependent elements, and so forth. The details can be found in Boyko et al. [20–24]. The discussion of a purely algebraic algorithm for the computation of invariant operators of Lie algebras by means of moving frames as well as the extension of the exploitation of Cartan's method in the Fels-Olver version can be found in the paper of Boyko et al. [25].

In order to construct invariant operators for five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) we have done the following steps.

(i)Based on the complete classification of real structures of Lie algebras of dimension ≤5 obtained by Mubarakzyanov in [43, 44], we classify all five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) into classes of isomorphic subalgebras.

In order to select nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,4) from the classification of five-dimensional Lie algebras provided by Mubarakzyanov we first choose any nonconjugate subalgebra of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and investigate for which subalgebra from the Mubarakzyanov classification (or subalgebra from some Mubarakzyanov’s class) this subalgebra is isomorphic. In order to realize it we directly use the following theorem.

Theorem 1 (see [45]). If the structural constants of the Lie algebraare equal to the structural constants of the Lie algebracorrespondingly, then these Lie algebras are isomorphic. Inversely, if the Lie algebrasandare isomorphic, then in these algebras there exist such bases in which their structural constants will be equal, correspondingly.

Next, we choose any other subalgebra from the remaining nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and do with it the same, and so on. We do the same with all nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4). In the result we obtain all classes of isomorphic five-dimensional subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4).

(ii)We use invariant operators for all real Lie algebras of dimension ≤5 constructed by Patera et al. [7] for the construction of invariant operators for all five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4).

In order to present the results obtained, we consider the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4).

3. The Lie Algebra of the Poincaré Group P(1,4)

The Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) is given by 15 basic elements,,and,that satisfy the commutation relations

where,is the metric tensor with componentsandif. Here and below,.

We pass fromandto the following linear combinations:

Definition 2. We say that two subalgebras of the Lie algebrawhich are map to each other by the group of inner automorphisms of the Lie algebraare conjugate.

In order to describe nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4), we have used a method proposed by Patera et al. [46].

In the paper, we use the complete list of nonconjugate (up to P(1,4)-conjugation) subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) given in [47].

4. Invariant Operators of Five-Dimensional Decomposable Nonconjugate Subalgebras of the Lie Algebra of the Poincaré Group P(1,4)

In the paper, the symboldenotes theth Lie algebra of dimensionandis a continuous parameter for the algebra. It should be indicated that the notationcorresponds to those used in the paper by Patera et al. [7]. In what follows, for the given specific Lie algebra, we write only nonzero commutation relations [7, 44].

Definition 3. We say that Lie algebra is decomposable if it is the direct sum of algebras of lower dimension.

Let us consider two Lie algebrasand.

Definition 4. We say that the Lie algebrais direct sum of Lie algebrasandif it consists of the vector spaceof the pairs,,, satisfying the commutation relation

We present results for five-dimensional decomposable nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4).

4.1. Lie Algebras of the Type

Consider.

Since the Lie algebras of the typeare Abelian, the invariant operators of these algebras are their basis elements.

4.2. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relation for algebrahas the following form:

The nonconjugate subalgebra of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) can be written as

It is known that the invariant operators for Lie algebras of the typeare invariant operators of the subalgebrasand(see, e.g., Patera et al. [7]). The Lie algebras of the typedo not have invariant operators according to Patera et al. [7, 8]. Each Lie algebra of the typehas one invariant operator, which is its basis element. Therefore, the invariant operators for Lie algebra of the typeare basis elements of subalgebras,, and.

4.3. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relation for algebrahas the following form:

There exist nine five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to algebra of the type. Two of them depend on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras.

For all nonconjugate subalgebras invariant operators are Casimir operators.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 1.

Table 1: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, , 

, ,

4.4. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exists only one class of five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to subalgebra of the type.

Among invariant operators of nonconjugate subalgebras there are Casimir operators, and general invariants.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 2.

Table 2: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

4.5. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exists only one five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebra of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which is isomorphic to subalgebra of the type.

Among invariant operators of nonconjugate subalgebra there are Casimir operators and rational invariant.

The nonconjugate subalgebra of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and its invariant operators are given in Table 3.

Table 3: Invariant operators of subalgebra of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

4.6. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exist three five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to subalgebra of the type. One of them depends on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras.

For all nonconjugate subalgebras invariant operators are Casimir operators.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 4.

Table 4: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

, ,

, ,

4.7. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exist thirteen five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to subalgebra of the type. Three of them depend on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras.

For all nonconjugate subalgebras invariant operators are Casimir operators.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 5.

Table 5: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

4.8. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exist five five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to subalgebra of the type. Three of them depend on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras.

For all nonconjugate subalgebras invariant operators are Casimir operators. In this case all nonconjugate subalgebras have the same invariant operator.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 6.

Table 6: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

4.9. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exists only one five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebra of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which is isomorphic to subalgebra of the type.

For this nonconjugate subalgebra invariant operators are Casimir operators.

The nonconjugate subalgebra of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and its invariant operators are given in Table 7.

Table 7: Invariant operators of subalgebra of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

4.10. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exist only two five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to subalgebra of the type.

For all nonconjugate subalgebras invariant operators are Casimir operators.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 8.

Table 8: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

,

4.11. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exist only one five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebra of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which is isomorphic to subalgebra of the type.

For this nonconjugate subalgebra invariant operator is Casimir operator.

The nonconjugate subalgebra of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and its invariant operator are given in Table 9.

Table 9: Invariant operator of subalgebra of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

4.12. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exist five five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to subalgebra of the type. One of them depends on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras.

For all nonconjugate subalgebras invariant operators are Casimir operators.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 10.

Table 10: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

4.13. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exists only one class of five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to subalgebras of the type.

Among invariant operators of nonconjugate subalgebras there are Casimir operator, rational invariant and general invariants.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 11.

Table 11: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

4.14. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exists only one five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebra of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which is isomorphic to subalgebra of the type.

Among invariant operators of nonconjugate subalgebra there are Casimir operator and rational invariants.

The nonconjugate subalgebra of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and its invariant operators are given in Table 12.

Table 12: Invariant operators of subalgebra of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

4.15. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exist only two classes of five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to subalgebras of the type.

Among invariant operators of nonconjugate subalgebras there are Casimir operators, rational invariant and general invariants.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 13.

Table 13: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, , ,

, , ,

4.16. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exist five five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to algebra of the type. Three of them depend on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras.

For all nonconjugate subalgebras invariant operators are Casimir operators.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 14.

Table 14: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

4.17. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exist two five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to subalgebra of the type. One of them depends on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras.

For all nonconjugate subalgebras invariant operators are Casimir operators.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 15.

Table 15: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

, ,

4.18. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

There exists only one five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebra of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which is isomorphic to algebra of the type.

For this nonconjugate subalgebra invariant operator is Casimir operator.

The nonconjugate subalgebra of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and its invariant operator are given in Table 16.

Table 16: Invariant operator of subalgebra of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

Thus, we have described the invariant operators for all decomposable five-dimensional subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4).

5. Invariant Operators of Five-Dimensional Indecomposable Nonconjugate Subalgebras of the Lie Algebra of the Poincaré Group P(1,4)

We present results for five-dimensional indecomposable nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4).

5.1. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is nilpotent.

There are nine nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to Lie algebra of type, six of which depend on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras.

Invariant operators of all subalgebras are Casimir operators. Moreover, all subalgebras have the same invariant operator.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 17.

Table 17: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

5.2. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is nilpotent.

There are four nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to Lie algebra of the type, three of which depend on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras.

Invariant operators of all subalgebras are Casimir operators. Moreover, all subalgebras have the same invariant operator.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 18.

Table 18: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

5.3. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is solvable.

The isomorphism of five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and Lie algebras of the typeis possible only when,  , and. Only one nonconjugate subalgebra is isomorphic to subalgebra of this type.

Invariant operators for this subalgebra are rational invariants.

The nonconjugate subalgebra of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and its invariant operators are given in Table 19.

Table 19: Invariant operators of subalgebra of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

5.4. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is solvable.

The isomorphism of five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and Lie algebras of the typeis possible only whenand  . Only one class of nonconjugate subalgebras is isomorphic to Lie algebra of this type.

Among the invariant operators of these subalgebras there are rational invariants as well as general invariants.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and its invariant operators are given in Table 20.

Table 20: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

5.5. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is solvable.

There exist four classes of five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to Lie algebras of the type. They correspond to four different values of parameters,,.

Among the invariant operators of these subalgebras there are rational invariants as well as general invariants.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 21.

Table 21: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

5.6. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is solvable.

There exist seven five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to Lie algebras of the type, five of which depend on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras. This isomorphism is possible only if.

Among the invariant operators of these subalgebras there are Casimir operators as well as general invariants.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 22.

Table 22: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

5.7. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is solvable.

There exist two classes of five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to Lie algebras of the type. They correspond to two different values of parameters,.

Among the invariant operators of these subalgebras there are rational invariants as well as general invariants.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 23.

Table 23: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

, ,

5.8. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is solvable.

There exist three five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to Lie algebras of the type, two of which depend on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras. They correspond to two different values of parameters,,.

Among the invariant operators of these subalgebras there are Casimir operators as well as general invariants.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 24.

Table 24: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

, ,

, ,  −  arcsin 

, ,  − arcsin 

5.9. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is solvable.

There exist four five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to Lie algebras of the type, three of which depend on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras. Isomorphism is possible only if,.

Invariant operators of all subalgebras are rational invariants. Moreover, all subalgebras have the same invariant operator.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 25.

Table 25: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

5.10. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is solvable.

There exist four classes of five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to Lie algebras of the type. Isomorphism is possible if.

Invariant operators of these subalgebras are general invariants.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 26.

Table 26: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

5.11. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is solvable.

There exist two classes of five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to Lie algebras of the type. Isomorphism is possible if,.

Invariant operators of all subalgebras are Casimir operators. Moreover, all subalgebras have the same invariant operator.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 27.

Table 27: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

5.12. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is solvable.

There exist three five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to Lie algebras of the type, two of which depend on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras. Isomorphism is possible only if.

Invariant operators of all subalgebras are Casimir operators. Moreover, all subalgebras have the same invariant operator.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 28.

Table 28: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

5.13. Lie Algebras of the Type

The nonzero commutation relations for algebrahave the following form:

This Lie algebra is solvable.

There exist five five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to Lie algebras of the type, three of which depend on parameters and hence constitute continua of subalgebras. Isomorphism is possible only if,  .

Invariant operators of all subalgebras are rational invariants.

The nonconjugate subalgebras of the typeof the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) and their invariant operators are given in Table 29.

Table 29: Invariant operators of subalgebras of the type .

Basis elements of subalgebras
Invariant operators

As we write above, our investigation of isomorphism of the five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) to Lie algebras from the classification of five-dimensional Lie algebras given by Mubarakzyanov [43, 44] is based on the Theorem from Section 2. Direct application of this Theorem gives us that there are no five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to the Lie algebras of the following types:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and. Commutation relations for those types of five-dimensional real Lie algebras as well as their invariant operators have been described in the paper by Patera et al. [7].

6. Conclusions

The aim of this study was to construct invariant operators (generalized Casimir operators) for all five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,4). To realize this aim, we at first perform the classification of those subalgebras into classes of isomorphic subalgebras by using a complete classification of real structures of Lie algebras of dimension ≤5 obtained by Mubarakzyanov [43, 44]. Next, we construct invariant operators for all five-dimensional nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) by using invariant operators of all real Lie algebras of dimension ≤5 constructed by Patera et al. [7]. The results obtained are summarized in Tables 1–29.

Let us give a few comments on the results of this paper.

(i)Invariant operators for nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to five-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras of the typesandare Casimir operators.(ii)Invariant operators for nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) which are isomorphic to five-dimensional solvable Lie algebras from the Mubarakzyanov’s list are Casimir operators, rational invariants, and general invariants.(iii)All nonconjugate subalgebras of the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) from classes of ones which are isomorphic to the following types of Lie algebras

 have the same invariant operators.

In particular, the results obtained can be used

(i)in the representation theory of the group P(1,4) and its nonconjugate subgroups;(ii)to solve the problems of reduction of the irreducible representations of the group P(1,4) (or the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4)) by the irreducible representations of its subgroups (or its subalgebras); it should be noted that the realisations of all classes of unitary irreducible representations of the Poincaré group P(1,4) on a basis in which the Casimir operators of its important subgroup, that is, the Galilei group G(1,3), are of diagonal form, have been found by Fushchich and Nǐkǐtǐn [37];(iii)for the construction of differential equations invariant with respect to nonconjugate subgroups of the Poincaré group P(1,4);(iv)for the construction of systems of coordinates, in which differential equations, invariant with respect to the group P(1,4) (or its nonconjugate subgroups), admit partial or full separation of variables.

Since the Lie algebra of the group P(1,4) contains, as subalgebras, the Lie algebra of the Poincaré group P(1,3) and the Lie algebra of the extended Galilei group G(1,3) (Fushchich and Nǐkǐtǐn [37]), the results obtained will be useful to solve the problems of relativistic and nonrelativistic physics.

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