Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 573740, 8 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/573740

Research Article

Some Equivalences between Cone -Metric Spaces and -Metric Spaces

Poom Kumam,¹ Nguyen Van Dung,² and Vo Thi Le Hang³

¹Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bang Mod, Thrung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand

² Faculty of Mathematics and Information Technology Teacher Education, Dong Thap University, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province 871200, Vietnam

³Journal of Science, Dong Thap University, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province 871200, Vietnam

Received 20 June 2013; Revised 24 August 2013; Accepted 27 August 2013

Academic Editor: Hassen Aydi

Copyright © 2013 Poom Kumam et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We introduce a -metric on the cone -metric space and then prove some equivalences between them. As applications, we show that fixed point theorems on cone -metric spaces can be obtained from fixed point theorems on -metric spaces.

1. Introduction and Preliminaries

The fixed point theory in -metric spaces was investigated by Bakhtin [1], Czerwik [2], Akkouchi [3], Olatinwo and Imoru [4], and Pǎcurar [5]. A -metric space was also called a metric-type space in [6]. The fixed point theory in metric-type spaces was investigated in [6, 7]. Recently, Hussain and Shah introduced the notion of a cone -metric as a generalization of a -metric in [8]. Some fixed point theorems on cone -metric spaces were stated in [8–10].

Note that the relation between a cone -metric and a -metric is likely the relation between a cone metric [11] and a metric. Some authors have proved that fixed point theorems on cone metric spaces are, essentially, fixed point theorems on metric space; see [12–16] for example. Very recently, Du used the method in [12] to introduce a -metric on a cone -metric space and stated some relations between fixed point theorems on cone -metric spaces and on -metric spaces [17].

In this paper, we use the method in [13] to introduce another -metric on the cone -metric space and then prove some equivalences between them. As applications, we show that fixed point theorems on cone -metric spaces can be obtained from fixed point theorems on -metric spaces.

Now, we recall some definitions and lemmas.

Definition 1 (see [1]). Let be a nonempty set and . Then, is called a -metric on if

(1) if and only if ;(2) for all ;(3)there exists such that for all .

The pair is called a -metric space. A sequence is called convergent to in , written , if . A sequence is called a Cauchy sequence if . The -metric space is called complete if every Cauchy sequence in is a convergent sequence.

Remark 2. On a -metric space , we consider a topology induced by its convergence. For results concerning -metric spaces, readers are invited to consult papers [1, 2].

Remark 3. Let be a -metric space. For each and , we set

In [3], Akkouchi claimed that the topology on associated with is given by setting if and only if, for each , there exists some such that and the convergence of in the -metric space and that in the topological space are equivalent. Unfortunately, this claim is not true in general; see Example 13. Note that; on a -metric space, we always consider the topology induced by its convergence. Most of concepts and results obtained for metric spaces can be extended to the case of -metric spaces. For results concerning -metric spaces, readers are invited to consult papers [1, 2].

In what follows, let be a real Banach space, a subset of , the zero element of , and the interior of . We define a partially ordering with respect to by if and only if . We also write to indicate that and and write to indicate that . Let denote the norm on .

Definition 4 (see [11]). is called a cone if and only if

(1) is closed and nonempty and ;(2) imply that ;(3).

The cone is called normal if there exists such that, for all , we have implies . The least positive number satisfying the above is called the normal constant of .

Definition 5 (see [11, Definition 1]). Let be a nonempty set and satisfy

(1) for all and if and only if ;(2) for all ;(3) for all .

Then is called a cone metric on , and is called a cone metric space.

Definition 6 (see [8, Definition 2.1]). Let be a nonempty set and satisfy

(1) for all and if and only if ;(2) for all ;(3) for some and all .

Then is called a cone -metric with coefficient on and is called a cone -metric space with coefficient .

Definition 7 (see [8, Definition 2.4]). Let be a cone -metric space and a sequence in .

(1) is called convergent to , written , if for each with , there exists such that for all .(2) is called a Cauchy sequence if for each with there exists such that for all .(3) is called complete if every Cauchy sequence in is a convergent sequence.

Lemma 8 (see [8, Proposition 2.5]). Let be a cone -metric space, a normal cone with normal constant , , and a sequence in . Then one has the following.

(1) if and only if  .(2)The limit point of a convergent sequence is unique.(3)Every convergent sequence is a Cauchy sequence.(4) is a Cauchy sequence if  .

Lemma 9 (see [8, Remark 2.6]). Let be a cone -metric space over an ordered real Banach space with a cone . Then one has the following.

(1)If and , then .(2)If and , then .(3)If for all , then .(4)If , for all and , then there exists such that for all .(5)If , for all and , then eventually.(6)If for all and , , then .(7)If , , and , then .(8)For each , one has .(9)For each and , there exists such that .(10)For each and , there exists such that and .(11)For each and , there exists such that and .

Remark 10 (see [10, Remark 1.3]). Every cone metric space is a cone -metric space. Moreover, cone -metric spaces generalize cone metric spaces, -metric spaces, and metric spaces.

Example 11 (see [10, Example 2.2]). Let

and for all and . Then is a cone -metric space with coefficient , but it is not a cone metric space.

Example 12 (see [10, Example 2.3]). Let be the set of Lebesgue measurable functions on such that , , . Define as

for all and . Then is a cone -metric space with coefficient , but it is not a cone metric space.

2. Main Results

The following example shows that the family of all balls does not form a base for any topology on a -metric space .

Example 13. Let and

Then we have the following.

(1) is a -metric on with coefficient .(2) but for all .

Proof. (1) For all , we have , if and only if and .

If , then

If , then

If , then

If with , then

If with and , then

If , then

If , then

If , then

By the previous calculations, we get for all . This proves that is a -metric on with .

(2) We have . Then .

For each , since , we have for being large enough. Note that , so for all . This proves that .

We introduce a -metric on the cone -metric space and then prove some equivalences between them as follows.

Theorem 14. Let be a cone -metric space with coefficient and

for all . Then one has the following.

(1) is a -metric on .(2) in the cone -metric space if and only if in the -metric space .(3) is a Cauchy sequence in the cone -metric space if and only if is a Cauchy sequence in the -metric space .(4)The cone -metric space is complete if and only if the -metric space is complete.

Proof. (1) For all , it is obvious that and .

If , then .

If , then, for each , there exists such that and . Then , and by Lemma 9(6), we have . It implies that . Therefore, ; that is, .

For each , we have

Since and ,, we have

Then we have

It implies that

Now, we have

By the previously metioned, is a -metric on .

(2) Necessity. Let in the cone -metric space . For each , by Lemma 9(8), if , then . Then, for each with , there exists such that for all . Using Lemma 9(8) again, we get . It implies that

for all . This proves that ; that is, in the -metric space .

Sufficiency. Let in the -metric space . For each , there exists such that . For this , there exists such that

Then, there exist and such that . So , and we have . Therefore, for all . By Lemma 9(1), we get for all . This proves that in the cone -metric space .

(3) Necessity. Let be a Cauchy sequence in the cone -metric space . For each , by Lemma 9(6), if , then . Then for each with , there exists such that for all . Using Lemma 9(6) again, we get . It implies that

for all . This proves that is a Cauchy sequence in the -metric space .

Sufficiency. Let be a Cauchy sequence in the -metric space . Then . For each , there exists such that . For this , there exists such that

for all . Then, there exists , such that . So , and we have . Therefore, for all . By Lemma 9(1), we get for all . This proves that is a Cauchy sequence in the cone -metric space .

(4) It is a direct consequence of (2) and (3).

By choosing in Theorem 14, we get the following results.

Corollary 15 (see [13, Lemma 2.1]). Let be a cone metric space. Then

for all is a metric on .

Corollary 16 (see [10, Theorem 2.2]). Let be a cone metric space and

for all . Then the metric space is complete if and only if the cone metric space is complete.

The following examples show that Corollaries 15 and 16 are not applicable to cone -metric spaces in general.

Example 17. Let be a cone -metric space as in Example 11. We have

It implies that

Then is not a metric on . This proves that Corollaries 15 and 16 are not applicable to given cone -metric space .

Example 18. Let be a cone -metric space as in Example 12. We have

For , , and for all , we have

Then is not a metric on . This proves that Corollaries 15 and 16 are not applicable to given cone -metric space .

Next, by using Theorem 14, we show that some contraction conditions on cone -metric spaces can be obtained from certain contraction conditions on -metric spaces.

Corollary 19. Let be a cone -metric space with coefficient , let be a map, and let be defined as in Theorem 14. Then the following statements hold.

(1)If for some and all , then

for all .(2)If for some with and all , then

for all .

Proof. (1) For each and with , it follows from Lemma 9(8) that

Thus, . Then we have

It implies that .

(2) Let and satisfy

From Lemma 9(8), we have

It implies that

Then we have

This proves that .

Now, we show that main results in [9] are consequences of preceding results on -metric spaces.

Corollary 20. Let be a complete cone -metric space with coefficient , and let be a map. Then the following statements hold.

(1)(see [9, Theorem 2.1]) If for all , then has a unique fixed point.(2)(see [9, Theorem 2.3]) If for some with and all , then has a unique fixed point.

Proof. Let be defined as in Theorem 14. It follows from Theorem 14(4) that is a complete -metric space.

(1)By Corollary 19 (1), we see that satisfies all assumptions of [5, Theorem 2]. Then has a unique fixed point.(2)By Corollary 19 (2), we see that satisfies all assumptions in [6, Theorem 3.7], where , , is the identity, and , and . Note that condition (3.10) in [6, Theorem 3.7] was used to prove (3.16) and at line 3, page 7 in the proof of [6, Theorem 3.7]. These claims also hold if and . Then has a unique fixed point.

Remark 21. By similar arguments as in Corollaries 19 and 20, we may get fixed point theorems on cone -metric spaces in [8, 10] from preceding ones on -metric spaces in [3, 5].

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful for an anonymous referee for his useful comments on this paper. This research was supported by the Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of the Higher Education Commission under the Computational Science and Engineering Research Cluster (CSEC Grant no. NRU56000508).

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