Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 730860, 12 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/730860

Research Article

Blow-Up of Solutions to a Novel Two-Component Rod System

Shengrong Liu, Zhengguang Guo, and Weiming Wang

College of Mathematics and Information Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China

Received 4 February 2013; Accepted 23 May 2013

Academic Editor: Ziemowit Popowicz

Copyright © 2013 Shengrong Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We consider a novel two-component rod system which is closely connected to the shallow water theory. The present work is mainly concerned with the blow-up mechanism of strong solutions; we establish new conditions in view of some special classes of initial value to guarantee finite time blow-up of solutions.

1. Introduction

We consider the following variation of the two-component rod system:

If we introduce a momentum , the previous system possesses the following form:

where

with and depending on a space variable and a time variable . It is obvious that system (1) for reduces to the rod equation studied in [1–12]. Particularly, for and , (1) becomes the celebrated Camassa-Holm equation which was investigated by many authors [13–21]. It reduces to the two-component rod system for studied in [22]. Moreover, system (1) reduces to the two-component Camassa-Holm (CH2) equation for and which was investigated in [23–30]. The two-component rod system which includes both velocity and density variables in the dynamics possesses the following form:

We note that the geometric structure of (1) is different from (4) with the incorporation of the term ; this restricts our discussion only on the unit circle. Furthermore, the discussion of this work shows that system (1) possesses wave breaking phenomenon which is described with different blow-up criteria, while system (4) admits not only breaking wave solutions but also global in time solutions. However, we do not know whether the global solutions of (1) exist or not for the time being. It is the structure of (1) that breaks some properties which previously holds for (4). It is also known that for (4)

which follows that is an invariant with respect to time. Particularly, if has zero mean initially, then the solution to (4) will preserve zero mean for all time. This motivates us to introduce the term since it always has zero mean. On the other hand, we consider the system (1) in the spaces for on the circle, where denotes the -Sobolev space of regularity, and denote by the space with two functions being identified if they differ by a constant. The basic idea of this variation is the decomposition of into and , where is independent on variable , belongs to , a subspace of containing all zero mean functions. The main purpose of our work is to investigate formation of singularities of solutions to (1) where the conservation laws play crucial roles. The idea is motivated by Guo's recent works [28, 31].

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we recall the local well-posedness theorem and show some auxiliary results which will be used in the sequel. In Section 3, the detailed blow-up criteria are established via various initial conditions and as a byproduct, the blow-up rate is presented.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we would like to list some useful results for later use. We now provide the framework in which we shall reformulate (1). Let

Then for all and , where is the spatial convolution. With this in hand, we rewrite (1) as follows:

Firstly, we recall the elementary result on the local well-posedness theorem for system (7) which was shown in [32] from the geometric formulation.

Theorem 1. Let . There is an open neighborhood containing such that for any there exists a maximal and a unique solution to the initial value problem for system (7) with

. Moreover, the solution depends continuously on the initial data, that is, the mapping

is continuous.

We now introduce two characteristics for (7)

where denotes the first component of the solution to (7) with certain initial data and is the lifespan of the solution, then is a diffeomorphism of the line. These two characteristics are both increasing diffeomorphisms of . A direct calculation shows

Thus, we have

This is usually called the particle trajectory method, and it is important in the discussion of blow-up phenomena. We are now in a position to state the following.

Lemma 2. Let , and let be the maximal existence time of the solution to (7) with the initial data . Then for all , we have

Proof. Differentiating the left-hand side of (15) with respect to , we obtain

where we have used defined in (10) and the second equation of system (7). Then is independent on time . Now we choose , due to (13) we know . Therefore, this lemma is easily proved.

The application of (15) leads to the following result.

Theorem 3. Let , and let be the maximal existence time of the solution to (7) with the initial data . If there exists such that

then -norm of does not blow up on .

Proof. Applying the operator where to the first equation in (7), and multiplying by , then integrating over , we obtain

where

From the proof in [25], we get

For the third term on the right-hand side of (13), we estimate it as follows:

Combining the previous inequalities, we can get

where the constant may be different from instance to instance. We do similar estimates for the second component by applying the operator to the second equation in (7), and multiplying by , then integrating over to obtain

Similarly, we have

Therefore, it follows that

By (22) and (25) we have

It is easy to obtain by Gronwall's inequality, Lemma 2, and (13) that

Then the -norm of does not blow up on .

Next we present the precise blow-up scenario for sufficiently regular solutions to (7).

Theorem 4. Let , and let be the maximal existence time of the solution to (7) with the initial data . Then the solution X blows up in finite time if and only if

Proof. Multiplying the first equation in (2) by and integrating by parts, we get

It then follows that

Differentiating the first equation in (2) with respect to , multiplying by , and integrating by parts yield

Combining (30) and (31) together, we obtain

Similar arguments made on the second equation in (2) yield

It follows by combining (32) and (33) that

Assume that there exist and , such that

By Lemma 2, we have

It then follows that

It is easy to obtain by Gronwall's inequality that

Sobolev imbedding, (38), and Theorem 3 ensure that the solution does not blow up in finite time.

On the other hand, due to the Sobolev imbedding theorem, we observe that or will lead to blow-up of solutions.

After the local well-posedness of strong solutions (see Theorem 1) is established, a natural question is whether this local solution can exist globally. If the solution only exists in finite time, what induces the blow-up phenomenon? On the other hand, finding sufficient conditions to guarantee the finite time singularities or global existence is very interesting, especially for sufficient conditions added on certain initial data. The following results will give some positive answers.

3. Blow-Up

In this section, we pay more attention to the formation of singularities for strong solutions to our system. It will show that wave breaking is one way that singularities arise in smooth solutions. We start this section with the following lemmas.

Lemma 5. Let , , and let be the maximal existence time of the solution to (7) with the initial data . Then we obtain the following conservation laws:

Proof. The proofs are direct consequences of the energy method; similar ones are given in [28] for the two-component Camassa-Holm equations; we refer the readers to [28] for the details.

Remark 6. The conservation of guarantees the uniform bound of , then Theorem 4 is also interpreted as wave breaking.

Lemma 7 (see [10]). For all , the following inequality holds:

with

Moreover, is the optimal constant obtained by the function

Lemma 8 (see [33]). For all , the following inequality holds:

where

Moreover, is the minimum value, so in this sense, is the optimal constant which is obtained by the associated Green's function

Lemma 9 (see [33]). For any function , the following inequality holds:

Lemma 10 (see [34]). Assume , . If , then

It is now to state our result.

Theorem 11. Let , , and let be the maximal existence time of solution to (7) with the initial data . If the following inequality holds:

where is the initial value of in Lemma 5, and constant is determined later. Then the corresponding solution blows up in finite time.

Proof. Differentiating the first equation in system (7) with respect to , we obtain

Applying the relation to (49) gives

If multiplying (50) with and integrating by parts subsequently, we obtain

where we have used the following identity:

Since , and

where .

In the following, we estimate the three terms on the right-hand side of (51) one by one. The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality implies that

hence

Using Lemma 8 and the invariant property of , we have

Note the fact that

This implies that for any , has at least a zero point , that is, . Therefore, we have

Suppose that the solution does not blow-up in finite time, it follows that there exists a constant such that and is bounded by ; thus

Then

By (55)–(60), we have

For convenience, we denote

where we noticed the fact that

That is,

Note that if the initial quantity satisfies

the standard argument on the Riccati type inequality and the initial hypothesis ensure that there exists a finite time such that

Since

This implies that

Then it contradicts the assumption . By Theorem 4, we know that the solution must blow up in finite time.

If , we get

We also denote that

It follows that

where we note . Similar to case (1), it is easy to see that under the corresponding condition (2) of our theorem and the previous arguments, blow-up phenomenon occurs. We complete the proof.

As we know, the key issue for partial differential equations lies in the estimates. In the following results, we apply different strategies to derive suitable bounds for solution, then blow-up phenomenon occurs while some special initial values are involved. Precisely, we show the following.

Theorem 12. Suppose that , does not vanish identically. If , and one of the following conditions is satisfied

for some constant and function is defined as previously, then the corresponding solution to initial data of (7) blows up in finite time.

Proof. Differentiating both sides of the first equation of (7) with respect to variable , we obtain

Applying the relation to (73) gives

Multiplying (74) with and integrating by parts subsequently, we obtain

where we have used the following identity:

On the other hand, we know that in view of the hypothesis, and the following inequality holds

where

Using Lemma 10 and (77), we obtain

In view of (60), we obtain that

If , it is easy to know that

If there exists a constant such that the initial energy , then there is some such that

On the other hand, we have by Lemma 10

Therefore, the previous inequality yields

In view of Hölder's inequality, there holds

For simplicity of notations, we denote by and the following quantities:

respectively. Therefore we have

First, we can easily get , and it is not difficult to find that there exists a such that . Then for , we get

Solving this inequality yields

which approaches as arrives at ; that is, there exists a time such that

Therefore, it follows that

Then it contradicts the assumption . By blow-up scenario, we know that the solution must blow up in finite time.

If , then we have

where

We also use as previously to get

Similar arguments to (64) in Theorem 11 and condition (2) guarantee the finite time blow-up of solution to (7).

The zero mean of in the previous theorem can be substituted by ; blow-up still occurs with the aid of different estimate from (83).

Theorem 13. Assume that , , does not vanish identically, , if one of the following conditions is satisfied:

for some constant , then the corresponding solution to (7) blows up in finite time.

Proof. By assumption and the invariance property of , we have

Therefore, must change sign, so there exists at least one zero point on . Then for each , suppose that there is a such that , for we have

Thus, the previous relation and an integration by parts yield

Doing a similar estimate on , we obtain

In view of (97), we also have

Let

we obtain

where we use the fact , then

For , we have

If there is a constant such that the initial energy , there exists some such that

On the other hand, we have . Therefore, the previous inequality yields

The remaining part is very close to Theorem 12, so we omit it. So the solution must blow up in finite time.

For , then

where . Note that if the initial quantity satisfies

then condition (2) can conclude that the solution to (7) goes to in finite time. This completes the proof.

Theorem 14. Suppose that , is the solution to system (7) with the initial data . If there is some point such that one of the following conditions is satisfied:

where the constants and are given in Lemmas 7 and 8, is the initial value of , then the solution must blow up in finite time.

Proof. Differentiating the first equation in system (7) with respect to and noticing that , we have

When , this equation, in combination with (11), yields

Note that

We can deduce that there exists at least one point such that for . Let us consider this problem at . For convenience, we denote . Then we have

Using the notation , where , we have

In view of the initial condition, it is not difficult to obtain

with determined by . Then, by using the standard arguments for this type of inequality and our hypothesis, it is easy to conclude that the lifespan of the solution is finite; that is, blow-up phenomenon occurs.

When , then

where . Similar to the arguments about (113), under the condition (2), the corresponding solution blows up in finite time. We complete the proof.

Theorem 15. Suppose that , is the solution to system (7) with the initial data . If there holds one of the following conditions for some point

where the constant is the best constant given by Lemma 7 and

Let be the maximal existence time of the corresponding solution to (7) with the initial data . Then is finite.

Proof. We easily know that is also an invariant with respect to time. The result follows by using Lemma 9 that

in (113) instead of .

In the following, as a byproduct, we examine the blow-up rate while the solution blows up in finite time.

Theorem 16. Assume that , is the corresponding solution with the initial data . If there holds the condition of Theorem 14, then we have the following description:

where and is defined in Theorem 14.

Proof. The conclusion follows from the theory of ordinary differential equations to inequality (113). Indeed, when , by (113) we have

In view of Lemma 8 and the conservation of , there holds for all that

It follows that

Since by Theorem 14, it implies that for any there exists a such that for all . Therefore,

that is,

Direct integration from to gives

and the arbitrariness of leads to our result.

When , by (116) we obtain

where . Similar to the arguments for , we can get the same result.

Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 11226172), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. LQ12A01009 and LY12A01014).

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