Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 839613, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/839613

Research Article

Solutions of Fractional Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky and Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov Equations Using a Generalized Fractional Subequation Method

Yanqin Liu1,2 and Limei Yan¹

¹School of Mathematical Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China

²The Center of Data Processing and Analyzing, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China

Received 13 July 2013; Accepted 8 August 2013

Academic Editor: Juan J. Trujillo

Copyright © 2013 Yanqin Liu and Limei Yan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A new generalized fractional subequation method based on the relationship of fractional coupled equations is proposed. This method is applied to the space-time fractional coupled Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky equations and Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov equations. As a result, many exact solutions are obtained including hyperbolic function solutions, trigonometric function solutions, and rational solutions. It is observed that the proposed approach provides a simple and reliable tool for solving many other fractional coupled differential equations.

1. Introduction

Fractional calculus is one of the generalizations of ordinary calculus. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of fractional derivatives. One is nonlocal fractional derivative [1, 2], that is, Caputo derivative and Riemann-Liouville derivative which have been used successfully in various fields of science and engineering. The other one is the local fractional derivative, that is, Kolwankar-Gangal (K-G) derivative [3, 4], Chen’s fractal derivative [5, 6], Cresson’s derivative [7], and Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative [8]. At the same time, fractional differential equations have attracted much attention in a variety of applied sciences. However, we have difficulty in finding exact analytical solutions [9–12] of fractional differential equations that appear more and more frequently in different research areas and engineering applications. So, numerical methods have been used to handle these equations, and some semianalytical techniques [13–16] have also largely been used to solve these equations.

Based on homogeneous balance principle [17], Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative [8], and symbolic computation, S. Zhang and H.-Q. Zhang proposed a fractional subequation method to search for explicit solutions of FDEs. By using this method, S. Zhang and H.-Q. Zhang successfully obtained some exact solutions of space-time fractional biological population model and fractional Fokas equation [18]. Jafari et al. have given some solutions of the fractional Cahn-Hilliard and Klein-Gordon equations [19]. Tang et al. [20] proposed a generalized fractional subequation method for fractional differential equations with variable coefficients. Guo et al. [21] and Zhao et al. [22] both improved the fractional subequation and applied to space-time fractional coupled differential equations; in their paper, they choose two or three appropriate ansätz. However, for some coupled equations [23, 24], even some fractional coupled equations, we can get the relationship of the functions. So, we propose a new generalized fractional subequation which chooses only one appropriate ansätz and use this method to solve the following two NFDEs.

(1) The space-time fractional coupled Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky (KD) equations in the form

which is a transformed generalization of the KD equations [25], where and are real constants. Equation (1) is a fractional evolution equation on two spatial dimensions and one temporal, where and are the running coordinates, is the time, and and are the amplitudes of the relevant waves. and are Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative of order defined in Section 2, . The Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative has many interesting properties. The KD equations can be used to describe the ocean dynamics, fluid mechanics, and plasma physics, and the Gardner, KP, modified KP, and KD equations are all the special cases of (1). When , , (1) is the Gardner equation (combined KdV and modified equation). When , , (1) is the well-known Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation, and modified KP equation reads from (1) for , .

(2) The space-time fractional coupled Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov (NNV) equation in the form

where , and are given constants satisfying , and , , and are the functions of , the case when was studied in [26]. NNV equations have been studied over several areas of physics including condense matter physics, fluid mechanics, plasma physics, and optics.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, some basic definitions of Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative and the main steps of the generalized fractional subequation method are given. In Section 3, we construct the exact solutions of above space-time fractional coupled equations via this new generalized method. Some conclusions and discussions are shown in Section 4.

2. Jumarie’s Modified Riemann-Liouville Derivative and Generalized Fractional Subequation Method

The Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative [8] of order time-fractional derivative operator of order is defined as

Some properties for the proposed modified Riemann-Liouville derivative are listed in [8] as follows:

The above equations play an important role in fractional calculus in the following sections.

we propose a generalized fractional subequation method; the essential steps of this method are described as follows.

Step 1. Suppose that NFDEs with independent variables are given by

where and are Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative with respect to and , , are unknown functions, is a polynomial in , , and their various partial derivatives, is a polynomial in , and their various partial derivatives, and the highest order derivatives and nonlinear terms are involved.

Step 2. By using the traveling wave transformations

where is a constant to be determined later, the NFDE (7) is reduced to the following nonlinear fractional ordinary differential equation (ODE) for and :

Step 3. For some coupled equations, we get the relationship

and substituting into (8), one has

Step 4. We suppose that (12) has the following solution:

where are constants to be determined later, is a positive integer determined by balancing the highest order derivatives and nonlinear terms in (12) (see [17] for details), and satisfies the following fractional Riccati equation:

By using the generalized Exp-function method via Mittag-Leffler functions, S. Zhang and H.-Q. Zhang first obtained generalized hyperbolic and trigonometric functions of fractional Riccati equation [18], and the obtained five solutions of (14) are

where are generalized hyperbolic and trigonometric functions defined in [18] as

where is the Mittag-Leffler function.

Step 5. Substituting (13) into (12) along with (14) and using the properties of Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative (4)–(7), we can get a polynomial in . Setting all the coefficients of to zero yields a set of overdetermined nonlinear algebraic equations for , , .

Step 6. Take advantage of the known solutions of (14) to get the solutions of the fractional coupled NPDEs in concern.

3. Solutions of Fractional Coupled KD Equation and NNV Equations

In this section, we apply the generalized fractional subequation method for solving the NPDEs (1) and (2).

Example 1. The space-time fractional KD equations. By considering the traveling wave transformations , (1) can be reduced to the following nonlinear fractional ODEs:

From (18) and using the definition of Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative, one gets

where is the arbitrary constant. Substituting (19) into (17), one obtains

By balancing the highest order derivative terms and nonlinear terms in (20), we suppose that (20) has the following formal solution:

Substituting (21) into (20) along with (14) and collecting the coefficients of and setting them to be zero, we can get a set of algebraic equation about , , , , , , and . Solving the algebraic equations by Mathematica, we have the following.

Case 1. One has

Case 2. One has

Case 3. One has

Case 4. One has

Case 5. One has

Case 6. One has

Case 7. One has

Case 8. One has

Using Case 1, (21), and the solutions of (14), we can find the following exact solutions of NFDEs (1):

where , ,

where , ,

where , ,

where , ,

where , . And ,  , , , and are arbitrary constants.

From Cases 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, we obtain many other exact solutions of (1). Here, we omit them for simplicity.

For , generalized hyperbolic function solutions and generalized trigonometric function solutions degrade into hyperbolic function solutions and trigonometric function solutions. We stress on the fact that when these obtained exact solutions including solitary solutions and rational solutions give the ones of the standard form equation of the space-time fractional KD equation (1).

Example 2 (The space-time fractional NNV equations). By considering the traveling wave transformations , ,  and , (2) can be reduced to the following nonlinear fractional ODEs:

From (36)-(37) and using the definition of Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative, one gets

where and are arbitrary constants. Substituting (38) into (35), one obtains

By balancing the highest order derivative terms and nonlinear terms in (39), we suppose that (39) has the following formal solution:

Substituting (40) into (39) along with (14), and collecting the coefficients of and setting them to be zero, we can get a set of algebraic equation about , , , , , , , , , and . Solving the algebraic equations by Mathematica, we have

Case 1. One has

Case 2. One has

Case 3. One has

Using Case 1, (40), and the solutions of (14), we can find the following exact solutions of NFDEs (2):

where , ,

where , ,

where , .

where , ,

where , . And , , , and are arbitrary constants, , , , and are generalized hyperbolic and trigonometric functions.

From Cases 2 and 3, we obtain many other exact solutions of (2). Here, we omit them for simplicity, too.

As , solutions (44)–(48) obtained above become the ones of the standard form equation of the NNV model, and the solutions cannot be directly constructed by other methods.

4. Conclusion

In the paper, based on the relationship of the fractional coupled equations and the properties of the Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative, we proposed a new generalized fractional subequation method to construct exact solutions of space-time fractional coupled differential equations. In order to illustrate the validity and advantages of the algorithm, we apply it to space-time fractional coupled Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky equations and Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov equations. As a results, many exact solutions are obtained. The results show that this new generalized fractional subequations method is direct, effective, and can be used for many other fractional coupled differential equations.

Acknowledgment

The authors express their thanks to the referees for their fruitful advice and comments.

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