Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 861292, 11 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/861292

Research Article

Upper Semicontinuous Property of Uniform Attractors for the 2D Nonautonomous Navier-Stokes Equations with Damping

Xin-Guang Yang and Jun-Tao Li

College of Mathematics and Information Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China

Received 25 May 2013; Revised 20 August 2013; Accepted 21 August 2013

Academic Editor: Ahmed El-Sayed

Copyright © 2013 Xin-Guang Yang and Jun-Tao Li. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Our aim is to investigate the long-time behavior in terms of upper semicontinuous property of uniform attractors for the 2D nonautonomous Navier-Stokes equations with linear damping and nonautonomous perturbation external force, that is, the convergence of corresponding attractors when the perturbation tends to zero.

1. Introduction

In the present paper, we investigate the long-time behavior of uniform attractors for the nonautonomous 2D Navier-Stokes equations with damping and singular external force that governs the motion of incompressible fluid

where is a bounded domain with smooth boundary , is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, is the velocity vector field which is unknown, is the pressure, is positive constant, , and is a small positive parameter.

Along with (1)–(4), we consider the averaged Navier-Stokes equation with damping

formally corresponding to the case .

The function

represents the external forces of problem (1)–(4) for and problem (5)–(8) for , respectively.

The functions and are taken from the space of translational bounded functions in , namely,

for some constants .

We denote

and note that is of the order as .

As a straightforward consequence of (9), we have

When in (5)–(8), the system reduces to the well-known 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes equation:

Since the last century, the global well-posedness and large-time behavior of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations have attracted many mathematicians to study. For the well posedness of 3D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, in 1934, Leray [1, 2] derived the existence of weak solution by weak convergence method; Hopf [3] improved Leray's result and obtained the familiar Leray-Hopf weak solution in 1951. Since the Navier-Stokes equations lack appropriate priori estimate and the strong nonlinear property, the existence of strong solution remains open. For the infinite-dimensional dynamical systems, Sell [4] constructed the semiflow generated by the weak solution which lacks the global regularity and obtained the existence of global attractor of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on any bounded smooth domain; Cheskidov and Foias [5] introduced a weak global attractor with respect to the weak topology of the natural phase space for 3D Navier-Stokes equation with periodic boundary; Flandoli and Schmalfuß [6] deduced the existence of weak solutions and attractors for 3D Navier-Stokes equations with nonregular force; Kloeden and Valero [7] investigated the weak connection of the attainability set of weak solutions of 3D Navier-Stokes equations; Cutland [8] obtained the existence of global solutions for the 3D Navier-Stokes equations with small samples and germs; Chepyzhov and Vishik [9–11] investigated the trajectory attractors for 3D nonautonomous incompressible Navier-Stokes system which is based on the works of Leray and Hopf. Using the weak convergence topology of the space (see below for the definition), Kapustyan and Valero [12] proved the existence of a weak attractor in both autonomous and nonautonomous cases and gave an existence result of strong attractors. Kapustyan et al. [13] considered a revised 3D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations generated by an optimal control problem and proved the existence of pullback attractors by constructing a dynamical multivalued process. For more results of the well-posedness and long-time behavior of the 2D autonomous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, such as the existence of global solutions, the existence of global attractors, Hausdorff dimension, and inertial manifold approximation, we can refer to Ladyzhenskaya [14], Robinson [15], Sell and You [16], and Temam [17, 18]. Moreover, Caraballo and Real [19] derived the existence of global attractor for 2D autonomous incompressible Navier-Stokes equation with delays; Chepyzhov and Vishik [20, 21] investigated the long-time behavior and convergence of corresponding uniform (global) attractors for the 2D Navier-Stokes equation with singularly oscillating forces as the external force tend to be steady state by virtue of linearization method and estimate the corresponding difference equations; Foias and Temam [22, 23] gave a survey about the geometric properties of solutions and the connection between solutions, dynamical systems, and turbulence for Navier-Stokes equations, such as the existence of -limit sets; Rosa [24] and Hou and Li [25] obtained the existence of global (uniform) attractors for the 2D autonomous (nonautonomous) incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in some unbounded domain, respectively; Lu et al. [26] and Lu [27] proved the existence of uniform attractors for 2D nonautonomous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with normal or less regular normal external force by establishing a new dynamical systems framework; Miranville and Wang [28] derived the attractors for nonautonomous nonhomogeneous Navier-Stokes equations.

However, the infinite-dimensional systems for 3D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations have not been yet completely resolved, so many mathematicians pay attention to this challenging problem. In this regard, some mathematicians pay their attentions to the Navier-Stokes equation with damping. Let us recall some known results for the 3D incompressible Naver-Stokes equations with damping. For the 3D autonomous Navier-Stokes equation with damping, the authors of [29] showed that the initial boundary value problem of a 3D Navier-Stokes equation with damping has a unique weak solution and Song and Hou [30] derived the global attractors for the same autonomous system. Kalantarov and Titi [31] investigated the Navier-Stokes-Voight equations as an inviscid regularization of the 3D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, and further obtained the existence of global attractors for Navier-Stokes-Voight equations. Recently, Qin et al. [32] showed the existence of uniform attractors by uniform condition-(C) and weak continuous method to obtain uniformly asymptotical compactness in and . However, there are fewer results for the upper semicontinuous and lower semicontinuous for the nonautonomous system with perturbation case. In this paper, we will show the long-time behavior in terms of upper semicontinuous property of uniform attractors for the problem (1)–(4), that is, the convergence of corresponding attractors when the perturbation tends to zero.

This paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, we will give some preliminaries of uniform attractors; in Section 3, the uniform boundedness of uniform attractors of 2D Navier-Stokes equation with damping for will be obtained; the main result will be stated in the last section.

2. Some Preliminaries of Uniform Attractors

The Hausdorff semidistance in from one set to another set is defined as

() is the generic Lebesgue space and is the usual Sobolev space. We set , is the closure of the set in topology with norm or , is the closure of the set in topology, and is the closure of the set in topology.

The family of functions denote a local Bochner integration function class, and denotes all translation bounded functions which satisfies

for all ; that is, is translation bounded in . is translation compact function in . Obviously, .

Operator is the Helmholtz-Leray orthogonal projection in onto the space , is the Stokes operator subject to the nonslip homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition with the domain , is a self-adjoint positively defined operator on with domain , and is the first eigenvalue for the Stokes operator ; we define the Hilbert space as with its inner product and norm topology as .

The problems (1)–(4) and (5)–(8) can be written as a generalized abstract form

where the pressure has disappeared by force of the application of the Leray-Helmholtz projection , and is the bilinear operator. The bilinear form can be extended as a continuous trilinear operator and satisfies

Firstly, we will give some Lemmas which can be found in [20], then derive some new results to prove the uniform boundedness of corresponding attractors in Section 3.

Lemma 1. For each , every nonnegative locally summable function on and every , one has

for all .

Proof. See, for example, Chepyzhov et al. [20].

Lemma 2. Let fulfill the fact that for almost every , the differential inequality

where, for every , the scalar functions and satisfy

for some , , and . Then

Proof. See, for example, Chepyzhov et al. [20].

The existence of global solution and uniform attractor for (17)–(20) can be derived by similar methods as [33].

Theorem 3. (1) Assume , ; then problem (17)–(20) possesses a unique global weak solution which satisfies

Moreover, one chooses an arbitrary nonautonomous external force and fixed, the global solution generates a process (, , ) which is continuous with respect to , where is a symbol which belongs to the symbol space , and means the closure in the topology .

(2) Assume that , ; then the family of processes , () generated by the global weak solution of problem (17)–(20) possesses a uniform (with respect to ) attractor in .

Theorem 4. Assume that ; the functions and are taken from the space of translational bounded functions in and (10)–(13) hold, and then the family of processes generated by the global solution of problem (1)–(4) possesses uniform (with respect to ) attractors for any fixed in .

Proof. As the similar argument in [33], we choose in [33], since and are translational bounded in , and then for any fixed , we can deduce that is translational bounded in and the existence of uniformly compact attractors for any fixed .

Theorem 5. If the function is taken from the space of translational bounded functions in , then the processes generated by system (5)–(8) have a uniformly (with respect to ) compact attractor in .

Proof. As the similar technique in [33], we can easily deduce the existence of a uniformly compact attractor if we choose since is translation bounded in .

The structure of the uniform attractor will be discussed as follows: since the functions and are translation bounded and satisfy (10)–(13), the global solution of problem (1)–(4) generates the family of processes acting on by the formula , , where is a solution to (1)–(4).

Similar to the procedure in [33] and by Theorem 4, the processes class has a uniformly (with respect to ) absorbing set

which is bounded in for any fixed , which means that for any bounded set , there exists a time such that

Hence,

are also uniformly absorbing with respect to as or which belongs to , is the integer part of .

The processes have a uniform global attractor as uniform -set

where denotes the closure in and is an arbitrarily uniformly bounded absorbing set of the processes ; here, we can set .

On the other hand, for each fixed , is also bounded in , since (). Assuming , then . Besides, if and , then

for some and .

Next, we consider the equation class as follows to describe the structure of the uniform attractor

For every external force , by the well-poseness of the abstract equation (17), we can derive that (38) generates a family of processes on , which shares similar properties to , corresponding to the original equation (1) with external force . Moreover, from Theorem 3 we know the map

is -continuous.

Definition 6. The kernel of (17) is the family of all complete orbits which are uniformly bounded in . The set

is called the kernel section of at time . For every , the following representation (complete orbit) of uniform attractors of (1) holds:

Definition 7. The structure of uniform attractors for problem (5)–(8) can be described as the uniform -set or kernel section:

3. Uniform Boundedness of in

Firstly, we consider the auxiliary linear equation with nonautonomous external force and give some useful estimates and then prove the uniform boundedness of in .

Considering the linear equation

we obtain the following lemmas.

Lemma 8. Assume ; then problem (43) has a unique solution

Moreover, the following inequalities

hold for every and some constant , independent of the initial time .

Proof. Firstly, similar to the discussion in [32] or [34], by the Galerkin approximation method, we can obtain the existence of global solution; here we omit the details.

Then, multiplying (43) by , , and , respectively, using the Poincaré inequality, we get

By the Gronwall inequality to (51), (53), integrating over for (50), (52), and (53), we can easily complete the proof.

Setting , , , we have the following lemma.

Lemma 9. Let . Assume that

holds for some constant . Then the solution to the following Cauchy problem

with satisfies the inequality

where constant is independent of .

Proof. Noting that

and then using (54) and (57), we can deduce the following estimates of as

From Lemmas 2 and 8, we have

Similarly, we derive that

Hence, using the Poincaré inequality, by (45)–(47) and (58)–(60), we derive

Next, we set

which implies that for any ,

since in (55).

Integrating (55) with respect to time from to , we see that is a solution to the problem

such that we can deduce that

from (62) to (63).

Using (46) and (61), we conclude

Noting that , , and , using (58), (68), and (69), we derive that

Hence, by (51), (58), and (62), we conclude

Combining (70) and (71), the proof for the lemma is finished.

Now, we will use the auxiliary linear equation and some estimates to prove the uniform boundedness of in . For convenience, we set

and assume

for some constants since and are translation bounded in .

Theorem 10. The attractors of problem (1)–(4) with (or (5)–(8) with ) are uniformly (with respect to ) bounded in , namely,

Proof. Let be the solution to (1)–(4) with the initial data as . For , we consider the auxiliary linear equation

By Lemma 9, we have the estimate

Multiplying (75) with and integrating over , using the boundary value condition, we derive that

By the Gronwall inequality and similar to (60), noting that when tends to infinite, we can set such that

since .

Setting the function as

which satisfies the problem

where is a solution for problem (1)–(4), and is a solution to (75), is the bilinear operator which is defined in Section 2.

Taking the scalar product of (80) with in , we obtain

Here we use the property of trilinear operator (21)-(22); we observe that

so that

Moreover,

Inserting (82)–(84) into (81) and then using the inequality

and (78), we have

which implies that

where

Therefore, from Theorem 3, we derive from (88) that for any ,

Applying Lemma 2 with , , , , we get

Recalling that and using (85) and (90), we end up with

for all .

Thus, for every , the processes have an absorbing set

On the other hand, if , the processes also possess an absorbing set

In conclusion, for every , the set

is an absorbing set for the processes which is independent of . Since , (74) follows and hence the proof is finished.

4. Convergence of to

Next, we will study the difference of two solutions for (1) with and (4) with , which share the same initial data. Denote

with belonging to the absorbing set which can be found in Section 3. In particular, for , since , we obtain

for some , as the size of depends on .

Lemma 11. For every , , and , the difference

where satisfies the estimate

for some positive constants and , both independent of .

Proof. Since the difference solves

the difference

fulfills the Cauchy problem

where is the solution to (75).

Taking inner product in of (101) with , we obtain

Noting

we derive

Next, we estimate each term on the right-hand side of (104).

Applying (22) to (27), we find

Hence, from (105) to (107), we obtain

where and satisfy (76) and (96), respectively, and

Thus, it follows from (102) and (104) that

Noting that , by the Gronwall inequality, we get

Moreover,

Consequently,

holds for some positive constants and .

Finally, since , using (76) to control , we may obtain

where is a positive constant.

Next, we want to generalize Lemma 11 to derive the convergence of corresponding uniform attractors. Let the external force in (38) be , then satisfies inequality (73).

Define

and we have

For any , we observe that is a solution to (38) with external force and . For , we investigate the property of the difference

Lemma 12. The inequality

holds; here and are defined as in Lemma 11.

Proof. As the similar discussion to the proof of Lemma 11, replacing , , and by , , and , respectively, noting that (96) still holds for , and the family , (), is -continuous, and using (116) in place of (73), we can finally complete the proof of the lemma.

The main result of this paper reads as follows.

Theorem 13. Let , and let (73) hold. Then the uniform attractor for problem (1)–(4) converges to of problem (5)–(8) in the limit in the following sense:

Proof. For , , from (110)-(111), we obtain that there exists a complete bounded trajectory of (38), with some external force

such that .

We choose such that

From the equality

and applying Lemma 12 with , , we obtain

On the other hand, the set attracts all sets uniformly when . Then, for all , there exists some time which is independent on , such that

Choosing and using (123)-(124), we readily get

Since and is arbitrary, taking the limit , we can prove the theorem.

Acknowledgments

Xin-Guang Yang was in part supported by the Young Teacher Research Fund of Henan Normal University (qd12104) and the Innovational Scientists and Technicians Troop Construction Projects of Henan Province (no. 114200510011). Jun-Tao Li was in part supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (61203293), Foundation of Henan Educational Committee (2011B120005), Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province (122102210131), and College Young Teachers Program of Henan Province (2012GGJS-063).

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