Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 239465, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/239465

Research Article

The Generalized Bisymmetric (Bi-Skew-Symmetric) Solutions of a Class of Matrix Equations and Its Least Squares Problem

Yifen Ke and Changfeng Ma

School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China

Received 24 November 2013; Accepted 18 January 2014; Published 17 March 2014

Academic Editor: Qing-Wen Wang

Copyright © 2014 Yifen Ke and Changfeng Ma. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The solvability conditions and the general expression of the generalized bisymmetric and bi-skew-symmetric solutions of a class of matrix equations , are established, respectively. If the solvability conditions are not satisfied, the generalized bisymmetric and bi-skew-symmetric least squares solutions of the matrix equations are considered. In addition, two algorithms are provided to compute the generalized bisymmetric and bi-skew-symmetric least squares solutions. Numerical experiments illustrate that the results are reasonable.

1. Introduction

The class of matrix equations, namely, , , where , , , and are given, is one of the most interesting and intensively studied classes of linear algebra. It has been investigated by many authors and a series of important and useful results has been obtained (see, e.g., [1–31]).

For example, Cecioni [1] gave a necessary and sufficient condition for the matrix equations to have a common solution and a general expression of the common solution was obtained by Rao and Mitra [2, page 25]; Mitra [3] obtained a common solution with the minimum possible rank and also other feasible specified rank; Chu [4] achieved new necessary and sufficient conditions for the matrix equations by using the generalized singular value decomposition. In [5], Wang and Yu derived the necessary and sufficient conditions and the expressions for the orthogonal solutions, the symmetric orthogonal solutions, and the skew-symmetric orthogonal solutions of the matrix equations, respectively. Khatri and Mitra [6] considered the general Hermitian and nonnegative definite solutions of the matrix equations, respectively. Dajić and Koliha [7] studied the positive solutions to the matrix equations for Hilbert space operators using generalized inverses, and a sufficient and necessary condition for its solvability and a representation of its general solutions were also established therein. Li et al. investigated the generalized reflexive and antireflexive solution of the matrix equations, in [8, 9], respectively. In [10], Qiu et al. considered the unknown matrix with the constraint , where is a given Hermitian matrix satisfying and .

In this paper, , , ,  and   denote the set of all real matrices, the set of all real orthogonal matrices, the set of all real symmetric matrices, and the set of all real symmetric orthogonal matrices, respectively. represents the transpose of the real matrix and stands for the Frobenius norm induced by the inner product. denotes a row block matrix and denotes the Hadamard product produced by and , namely, . The symbol stands for the identity matrix of order . Let be the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse of a matrix , which is defined to be the unique solution satisfying the following four matrix equations:

Furthermore, and represent the two orthogonal projectors and . Set , where denotes the th column of the identity matrix . It is easy to see that and .

Definition 1. Let ; that is, . A matrix is said to be a generalized bisymmetric matrix if . The set of all generalized bisymmetric matrices is denoted by .

Definition 2. Let ; that is, . A matrix is said to be a generalized bi-skew-symmetric matrix if . The set of all generalized bi-skew-symmetric matrices is denoted by .

Without special statement, we assume that is a given symmetric orthogonal matrix in the remainder of this paper.

If , then the generalized bisymmetric matrix reduces to the bisymmetric matrix and the generalized bi-skew-symmetric matrix reduces to the antisymmetric and persymmetric matrix.

In this paper, we consider the following problems.

Problem 3. Given , , find such that

Problem 4. Given , , find such that

Problem 5. Given , , find such that

Problem 6. Given , , , , find such that

If , then those problems become the problems discussed in [11]. So, this paper extends the part results of [11]. In our work, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the solutions to Problems 3 and 4 are derived and their general expressions of the solutions are given by Moore-Penrose generalized inverse, respectively. If the solvability conditions are not satisfied, Problems 5 and 6 will be considered.

The remainder of this paper is arranged as follows. In Section 2, we establish the necessary and sufficient conditions and the explicit expressions of Problems 3 and 4. In Section 3, we investigate Problems 5 and 6 by virtue of the singular value decomposition (SVD) and the special decompositions of the generalized bisymmetric matrices and the generalized bi-skew-symmetric matrices. In Section 4, we give two algorithms and some examples to illustrate the efficiency of our proposed results. In Section 5, some conclusions are made.

2. The Generalized Bisymmetric (Bi-Skew-Symmetric) Solutions of the Matrix Equations ,

In this section, we first recall some lemmas which will be used for obtaining the necessary and sufficient conditions and the explicit expressions of Problems 3 and 4.

Lemma 7 (see [12]). Assume , and let

Then and are orthogonal projection matrices satisfying , . Furthermore, assume . Then, and there exist unit column orthogonal matrices and such that

From Lemma 7, we note that is an orthogonal matrix and the symmetric orthogonal matrix can be expressed as

Lemma 8 (see [11]). Assume that the spectral decomposition of is given as in (8). Then if and only if can be expressed as

where and .

Proof. For , by Definition 1, it is easy to know that . Then, we have

By (10) and Lemma 7, we obtain

Let and ; it is easy to verify that and . Furthermore, we have

Conversely, for any and , it is easy to verify that . Using (8), we have

This implies that

Lemma 9 (see [11]). Assume that the spectral decomposition of is given as in (8). Then, if and only if can be expressed as

where .

Proof. For , by Definition 2, we have

By (16) and Lemma 7, we obtain

Let and ; it is easy to verify that . And we have

Conversely, for any , it is easy to verify that . Using (8), we have

This implies that

Remark 10. For Lemma 8, Wang and Yu [11] just gave the conclusion; we prove it here. The proof of Lemma 9 can be seen in [12]; for the convenience of the reader, we rewrite it.

Lemma 11 (see [13]). Suppose that , , , , , , , are known and is unknown. Let , , , . Then the system of matrix equations

is consistent if and only if

in which case, the general solutions of the system can be expressed as

where is an arbitrary real matrix with compatible dimension.

Lemma 12. Given , . Let , , , . Then, the following statements are equivalent.

 (i) The matrix equations

have a solution .

 (ii) The system of matrix equations

have a solution ; in this case, the symmetric solution of the matrix equations (24) is

 (iii) If

the symmetric solutions of the matrix equations (24) can be expressed as

where is an arbitrary matrix.

Proof. . It is not difficult to get that is equivalent to . Further, if is a solution of the matrix equations (25), then

Moreover,

Then, the expression in (26) is the symmetric solution of the matrix equations (24).

. From Lemma 11, it can be proved that is equivalent to and the solutions of the matrix equations (25) can be expressed as

Substituting (31) into (26) yields (28). The proof is completed.

For which is given by (8), partition

From Lemma 8, we know that the matrix equations , have a solution if and only if there exist and such that

that is,

Let , , , − − − . By Lemma 12, the matrix equations (35) have a solution if and only if

in which case the general solutions can be expressed as

where is an arbitrary matrix.

Let , , , − . Similarly, the matrix equations (36) have a solution if and only if

in which case the general solutions can be expressed as

where is an arbitrary matrix.

Now, based on the above discussion, we give the solvability conditions and the general expression of the solutions of Problem 3.

Theorem 13. Given , . And is given by (8). Let the partitions of , , , and be as in (32) and (33), respectively. Then, Problem 3 is consistent if and only if (37) and (39) hold, in which case the general solutions can be expressed as

where and are given as in (38) and (40).

From Lemma 9, we know that the matrix equations , have a solution if and only if there exists such that

that is,

Let , , , . By Lemma 11, the system of matrix equations (43) has a solution if and only if

in which case the general solutions can be expressed as

where is an arbitrary matrix.

Therefore, we have the following result about Problem 4.

Theorem 14. Given , . And is given by (8). Let the partitions of , , , and be as in (32) and (33), respectively. Then, Problem 4 is consistent if and only if (44) holds, in which case the general solutions can be expressed as

where is given as in (45).

3. The Generalized Bisymmetric (Bi-Skew-Symmetric) Least Squares Solutions of the Matrix Equations ,

It is well known that if the solvability conditions of the linear matrix equation or linear matrix equations are not satisfied, we can derive its approximate solutions, among which, the least squares solution is usually considered. In this section, we try to solve the Problems 5 and 6. Firstly, we present some lemmas which will play important roles in the following.

Lemma 15 (see [14]). Given . Let the singular value decomposition (SVD) of be

where , , , . Then, there exists such that

In this case, can be expressed as

where , , , , and is an arbitrary matrix.

Lemma 16 (see [15]). Given , , , and . Let the SVDs of and be

where , , , and are all orthogonal matrices and the partitions are compatible with the sizes of

Then the least squares solutions of the matrix equations , can be expressed as

where , , , , and is an arbitrary matrix.

Let the SVDs of and be

where , , , and are all orthogonal matrices and the partitions are compatible with the sizes of

Based on Lemma 8 and the properties of Frobenius norm, we have

Hence, is equivalent to

From Lemma 15, when has the form

where , , and is an arbitrary matrix, (56) holds.

According to Lemma 15, we know that (57) holds if has the form

where , , , and is an arbitrary matrix.

From the above discussion, we get the solutions of Problem 5.

Theorem 17. Given , . And is given by (8). Let the partitions of , , , and be as in (32) and (33), respectively. Let the SVDs of and be as (53). Then, the solutions of Problem 5 can be expressed as

where and are given as in (58) and (59).

Now, we give another main result of this section. Based on Lemma 9 and the properties of Frobenius norm, we have

Then, from Lemma 16, the least squares solutions of the matrix equations

can be written as

where , , , , , and is an arbitrary matrix.

Theorem 18. Given , . And is given by (8). Let the partitions of , , , and be as in (32) and (33), respectively. Let the SVDs of and be as (53). Then, the solutions of Problem 6 can be expressed as

where is given as in (63).

4. Numerical Examples

In this section, we provide two algorithms to compute the generalized bisymmetric (bi-skew-symmetric) solution and the generalized bisymmetric (bi-skew-symmetric) least squares solution of the matrix equations , and give some examples to illustrate the efficiency of our proposed algorithms.

Algorithm 1 (the algorithm about Problems 3 and 5).

Step  1. Input , , , , .

Step  2. Compute , , , , , , , by (32) and (33).

Step  3. If any of conditions in (37) and (39) does not hold, then turn to Step 4. Otherwise, compute the generalized bisymmetric solution of the matrix equations , by Theorem 13.

Step  4. Compute the generalized bisymmetric least squares solution of the matrix equations , by Theorem 17.

Algorithm 2 (the algorithm about Problems 4 and 6).

Step  1. Input , , , , .

Step  2. Compute , , , , , , , by (32) and (33).

Step  3. If any of conditions in (44) does not hold, then turn to Step 4. Otherwise, compute the generalized bi-skew-symmetric solution of the matrix equations , by Theorem 14.

Step  4. Compute the generalized bi-skew-symmetric least squares solution of the matrix equations , by Theorem 18.

Example 1. Given , , , , as follows:

Then, there exists

such that

(1) By Algorithm 1, the conditions in (37) and (39) hold. Hence, the matrix equations , have a generalized bisymmetric solution

Furthermore,

(2) By Algorithm 2, at least one of conditions in (44) does not hold. Hence, we get the generalized bi-skew-symmetric least squares solution of the matrix equations , , and the generalized bi-skew-symmetric least squares solution is

Furthermore,

Example 2. Given , , , , as follows:

Then, there exists

such that

(1) By Algorithm 1, at least one of conditions in (37) and (39) does not hold. Hence, we get the generalized bisymmetric least squares solution of the matrix equations , and the generalized bisymmetric least squares solution is

Furthermore,

(2) By Algorithm 2, the conditions in (44) hold. Hence, the matrix equations , have a generalized bi-skew-symmetric solution

Furthermore,

Example 3. Given , , and as follows:

Then, there exists

such that

(1) By Algorithm 1, it is verified that any of conditions in (37) and (39) does not hold. Hence, we get the generalized bisymmetric least squares solution of the matrix equations , , and the generalized bisymmetric least squares solution is

Furthermore,

(2) By Algorithm 2, it is verified that any of conditions in (44) does not hold. Hence, we get the generalized bi-skew-symmetric least squares solution of the matrix equations , , and the generalized bi-skew-symmetric least squares solution is

Furthermore,

5. Conclusions

This paper is devoted to considering the generalized bisymmetric (bi-skew-symmetric) solutions of matrix equations , , and the necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability and the general expression of the solutions are obtained. If the solvability conditions are not satisfied, the generalized bisymmetric (bi-skew-symmetric) least squares solution of the matrix equations is considered. As an auxiliary, two algorithms have been provided to compute the generalized bisymmetric (bi-skew-symmetric) solutions and the generalized bisymmetric (bi-skew-symmetric) least squares solution, and some examples have been given to illustrate that the results are reasonable.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Authors’ Contributions

All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this paper. All authors read and approved the final paper.

Acknowledgments

The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11071041, 11201074), Fujian Natural Science Foundation (2013J01006), and the Scientific Research Special Fund Project of Fujian University (JK2013060).

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