Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 463639, 11 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/463639

Research Article

Global Well-Posedness and Long Time Decay of Fractional Navier-Stokes Equations in Fourier-Besov Spaces

Weiliang Xiao,¹ Jiecheng Chen,² Dashan Fan,³ and Xuhuan Zhou¹

¹Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

²Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321000, China

³Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA

Received 5 May 2014; Accepted 29 June 2014; Published 22 July 2014

Academic Editor: Robert A. Van Gorder

Copyright © 2014 Weiliang Xiao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We study the Cauchy problem of the fractional Navier-Stokes equations in critical Fourier-Besov spaces . Some properties of Fourier-Besov spaces have been discussed, and we prove a general global well-posedness result which covers some recent works in classical Navier-Stokes equations. Particularly, our result is suitable for the critical case . Moreover, we prove the long time decay of the global solutions in Fourier-Besov spaces.

1. Introduction

We study the mild solutions to the fractional Navier-Stokes equations in as follows:

Here denotes the velocity vector, is the viscosity coefficient, and the scalar function denotes the pressure. The initial data is a divergence free vector field and the operator is the Fourier multiplier with symbol .

The fractional Navier-Stokes equations, which are also called generalized Navier-Stokes equations, enjoy an invariance under the scaling

We say that a function space is -critical for (1) if its norm is invariant under the scaling . There are many examples of critical spaces, for instance, , , and the spaces we will discuss in this paper.

The classical incompressible Navier-Stokes equations (i.e., ) have been intensively studied. Leray first [1] introduced the concept of weak solutions and obtained the global existence of weak solutions. Fujita and Kato [2] gave a different approach to study the equations in their equivalent form of integral equations and proved the well-posedness in the space frame . A series study of mild solutions in different function spaces then arose, for instance, Kato [3] in Lebesgue space , Cannone [4] in Besov space , and the important well-posedness in by Koch and Tataru [5]. These works naturally lead one to study the well-posedness in the largest critical space . In fact, all the above spaces are critical spaces and satisfy the following continuous embeddings in the 3 dimensions:

However, in the space , the Navier-Stokes equations are ill-posedness (see Bourgain and Pavlović [6] and Cheskidov and Shvydkoy [7]).

As for the generalized case (1), Lions [8] proved the global existence of classical solutions in 3 dimensions when (see also Wu [9] in dimensions). For the important case , Wu [10, 11] studied the well-posedness in . Inspired by Xiao [12] in the classical case (), Li and Zhai [13, 14] studied (1) in some critical -type spaces for , and Zhai [15] showed the well-posedness in when . For the biggest critical space , Yu and Zhai [16] proved the well-posedness when , Cheskidov and Shvydkoy [17] showed the ill-posedness when . Very recently, Deng and Yao [18] studied (1) in Triebel-Lizorkin spaces and obtained the well-posedness in and ill-posedness in () in the case .

In this paper, we will study (1) in the Fourier-Besov spaces . We observe that although the Fourier-Besov spaces appear in the literature very recently, they have received a lot of attentions in studying Navier-Stokes equations, although sometime people gave these spaces several different names. An early paper by Cannone and Karch [19] worked in the space , which is in fact the space (see Section 2 for details). Biswas and Swanson [20] studied the Gevrey regularity of Navier-Stokes equations in . Konieczny and Yoneda [21] used to study the Navier-Stokes equations with Coriolis (see also Fang et al. [22]). Lei and Lin [23] proved global existence of mild solutions in , which is in fact equal to the space . Cannone and Wu [24] extended the result in [23] to the Fourier-Herz spaces . We may notice that . Also, some properties of solutions in the space have been studied recently; see Zhang and Yin [25] for the blow-up criterion and Benameur [26] for the long time decay. All the above-mentioned works are involved in the classical Navier-Stokes equations. Those indicate that the Fourier-Besov spaces might be good work frames in the study of Navier-Stokes equations. Inspired by these observations, in this paper, we will study generalized Navier-Stokes equations in . We obtain a global well-posedness result which is more general than those in [23, 24]. Particularly, our well-posedness is also valid in the critical case . Moreover, the long time decay of the solutions in Fourier-Besov spaces is also proved, which fully extends the result of [26].

Throughout this paper, the notation means that there exist positive constants such that . We use to denote the classical homogenous Besov spaces and the homogenous Sobolev spaces. Also, denotes a positive constant which may differ in lines if not being specified; is the number satisfying for . The inverse Fourier transform is denoted by .

We organize the paper as follows. In Section 2 we give the definition of Fourier-Besov spaces and discuss some basic properties of these spaces. Our main results are also stated in this section. In Section 3 we prove the global well-posedness and in Section 4 we prove the long time decay property.

2. Preliminaries and Main Results

We first introduce the definition of Fourier-Besov spaces in dimensions. Let be a radial real-valued smooth function such that and

We denote and the set of all polynomials. The space of tempered distributions is denoted by .

Definition 1. For , set

One defines the homogeneous Fourier-Besov space as

We see that the Fourier-Besov spaces are defined in a similar way with the classical homogeneous Besov spaces, but there are lack of the inverse Fourier transform. This allows us to derive estimates by Hölder's inequality directly, instead of using Bernstein's inequality. Now we explain that Fourier-Besov spaces contain some known spaces applied in studying Navier-Stokes equations.

Cannone and Karch [19] introduced the spaces as follows:

We easily see that .

The norm of Fourier-Herz spaces in [24] is defined as

Obviously, we have .

The space introduced by Lei and Lin [23] is

We claim that . This fact can be seen by the following proposition (proof in [21]).

Proposition 2. Define the spaces as

Then one has and the norms are equivalent:

We discuss some inclusion relationships in .

Proposition 3. Let , , . One has the follwoing.

(1)If , then .(2)If , then .(3)If , then .(4)If , , and satisfy , then

(5)If , , and for , then

Proof. (1) is a consequence of Plancherel’s identity, and Hausdorff-Young’s inequality gives (2). Equation (3) is just the inclusion for . To conclude (4), we use Hölder’s inequality to get

Since and satisfy , we immediately get

Taking the -norm on the above inequality we have

To prove (5), we have

Now we are ready to state our main results. From now on in this paper we take the dimension .

Definition 4. Let , , , and , . The space-time norm is defined on by

Our first result is on the well-posedness of (1).

Theorem 5. Let , , and . Then there exists a constant such that, for any with satisfying

the Cauchy problem (1) admits a unique global mild solution and

and it satisfies

Particularly, our result also holds in the critical case and .

Remark 6. We emphasize that the case is important, since it is also the critical case for the fractional Navier-Stokes equations. Note that when , the function spaces we work on are . All these spaces are embedded into , which is the space that consists of all functions whose Fourier transforms are in (see Proposition 2).

Remark 7. Note that by Proposition 3 and the space are also critical spaces. In fact, for , we have . Set

Then we have

This implies that

On the other hand, by

we can easily deduce that

Unfortunately, Theorem 5 is not suitable for the case , in which similar existence has been proved by Cannone and Wu [24]. To address this case, we also get the following theorem.

Theorem 8. Let and . Then there exists a constant such that, for any with satisfying

the Cauchy problem (1) admits a unique global mild solution and

and it satisfies

Particularly, our result also holds in the critical case and .

Remark 9. In comparison with Theorem 5, although we have a limitation , the regularity index in Theorem 10 lies in a larger interval when .

Our third result is on the decay property of the global solutions

Theorem 10. Let and . Assume that is a global solution of (1). One has

Remark 11. Recently, Benameur [26] obtained the same property in the space for the classical Navier-Stokes equations (). Our result improves and extends his result.

3. The Well-Posedness

First, we study the linear estimates of (1). For this purpose we consider the dissipative equation:

It is easy to see that the equivalent integral equation of (31) is

By taking or , we obtain the linear term or the nonlinear term of the equation, respectively. This indicates that the following lemma is very useful in our later proof.

Lemma 12 (linear estimate). Let , , , , and . Assume that and . Then the solution to the Cauchy problem (31) satisfies

Proof. By taking the Fourier transform we have

Multiplying and taking the -norm on both sides,

where we denote . Integrating with respect to time on , we get

By the definition of and the triangle inequality for , it is easy to obtain our desired inequality.

Next we consider the bilinear estimate, which is the key estimate in solving the Navier-Stokes equations.

Lemma 13 (bilinear estimate). Let , , and and set

with the norm

Then there exists some constant depending on , , and such that

Particularly, it is true for the cases and .

Proof. We will use the technique of the paraproduct. Set

By Bony’s decomposition, we have for fixed

For simplicity,we can view , as the first derivative of two scale functions . Consider

The terms and are symmetrical. Using Young’s inequality and Hölder’s inequality we have

Using the conclusion , we have

In a similar way we can prove that

For the remaining term, we first consider the case in which . By Hölder's inequality with and by Young's inequality with , we have

When , we take -norm of both sides of (46) and use Young’s inequality with to get

When , since , we take -norm of both sides of (46) and use Young’s inequality with to get

Next we consider the case and hence . By Hölder's inequality we have

Following the same steps as in the case , we obtain the same estimate for . Collecting the above estimates we finish our proof.

Next we introduce an abstract lemma on the existence of fixed point solutions [16, 24].

Lemma 14. Let be a Banach space with norm and let be a bounded bilinear operator satisfying

for all and a constant . Then for any fixed satisfying , the equation has a solution in such that . Also, the solution is unique in . Moreover, the solution depends continuously on in the sense that if , , and , then

This lemma allows us to solve the Cauchy problem (1) with bounded bilinear form and small data. The mild solution of (1) is the solution to the equivalent integral form:

where is the Leray-Hopf projector. To make become a bilinear form, we simply take instead of in the integral.

Proof of Theorem 5. We begin with the bilinear operator . Observing that can be viewed as the solution to the dissipative equation (31) with . Thus we can use Lemma 12 with and Lemma 13 to obtain

By Lemma 14 we know that if with , then (52) has a unique solution in , where

Now we need to derive . Similarly, is the solution to the dissipative equation (31) with and . By Lemma 12 we obtain

Thus we conclude that if with , then (52) has a unique global solution satisfying

The continuity with respect to time is standard and thus we finish our proof.

Proof of Theorem 8. The method is the same with the proof of Theorem 5. But we substitute Lemma 13 by the following lemma.

Lemma 15. Let and and is the same as in Lemma 13. Then there exists some constant depending on , , and such that

Particularly, it is true for the cases and .

Proof. The proof is also same with Lemma 13. In fact by Bony's decomposition, we divide into three parts , , and . The parts and satisfy the same estimate. Hence it is sufficient to deal with the part . In fact when , we have

In the last inequality we use a similar conclusion with (3) in Proposition 3; that is, , when .

4. The Decay Property

We introduce some lemmas which have interest in themselves.

Lemma 16. Let , , and , . Then we have

Proof. By definition and Hölder’s inequality we have

Since and and by Proposition 3, we know that ; we finish our proof by taking such that .

Lemma 17. Let and , . Consider

Proof. We use the equivalence . To conclude the result we only need to show that

since we have the conclusions and by Proposition 3. The method is similar with the proof of Lemma 13. Consider

where , , and are the same with the proof of Lemma 13. Consider

Thus we get

To estimate the term , we make a minor modification to get

By (4) in Proposition 3, we know that . Thus

Finally we derive the estimate of the last part as

Now we can begin our proof of Theorem 10. The method is based on the work from Gallagher-Iftimie-Planchon [27].

Proof of Theorem 10. Let be any constant small enough such that , where is the constant in Theorem 5 and is the viscosity coefficient in (1). For , define

Obviously converges to in . So there exists some such that

Set

Thus and we have shown that . Now we consider the following equations:

Since , by Theorem 5, there exists a unique global solution of (72) such that

Moreover,

An easy computation gives and for all , we have

Now put . Then and it satisfies

where and are the correspond pressures to the solutions and , respectively. Taking the inner product with , we have

To estimate , we have

By Lemma 17, we have

By (75), we have . We further assume small enough such that . Using , we have

Thus we conclude that

Gronwall lemma gives

Since , by Minkowski's inequality, we get

Thus, combining with (74) we can obtain

Using Lemma 16 with and (75), we know that and

So by continuity, there is a time such that . Then we have

Finally, we consider the fractional Navier-Stokes equations starting at ; by Theorem 5 and using a method as estimating (75) we conclude that

for all . Thus we finish our proof.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

The research was supported by the NNSF of China under Grants no. 11271330 and no. 11201103.

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