Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 521709, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/521709

Research Article

The Rate of Convergence of Lupas -Analogue of the Bernstein Operators

Heping Wang¹ and Yanbo Zhang²

¹School of Mathematical Sciences, BCMIIS, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China

²Department of Basic Courses, Shandong Modern Vocational College, Jinan, Shandong 250104, China

Received 24 December 2013; Accepted 12 January 2014; Published 9 April 2014

Academic Editor: Sofiya Ostrovska

Copyright © 2014 Heping Wang and Yanbo Zhang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We discuss the rate of convergence of the Lupas -analogues of the Bernstein operators which were given by Lupas in 1987. We obtain the estimates for the rate of convergence of by the modulus of continuity of , and show that the estimates are sharp in the sense of order for Lipschitz continuous functions.

1. Introduction

In 1912, Bernstein (see [1]) defined the Bernstein polynomials. Later, it was found that the Bernstein polynomials possess many remarkable properties, which made them an area of intensive research. Due to the development of -calculus, generalizations of Bernstein polynomials connected with -calculus have emerged. The first person to make progress in this direction was Lupas, who introduced a -analogue of the Bernstein operator and investigated its approximating and shape-preserving properties in 1987 (see [2]). If , then are the classical Bernstein polynomials. For , the operators are rational functions rather than polynomials. Other generalizations of the Bernstein polynomials, for example, the -Bernstein polynomials (see [3]), the two-parametric generalization of -Bernstein polynomials (see [4]), and the -Bernstein-Durrmeyer operator (see [5]), had also been considered in recent years. Among these generalizations, -Bernstein polynomials proposed by Phillips attracted the most attention and were studied widely by a number of authors (see [3, 6–15]). The Lupas -analogues of the Bernstein operators are less known; see [2, 16–21]. However, they have an advantage of generating positive linear operators for all , whereas -Bernstein polynomials generate positive linear operators only if .

In this paper, we will study the rate of convergence of the Lupas -analogues of the Bernstein operators . We will obtain the estimates for the rate of convergence of by the modulus of continuity of , and show that the estimates are sharp in the sense of order for Lipschitz continuous functions. Our results demonstrate that the estimates for the rate of convergence of are essentially different from those for the classical Bernstein polynomials; however, they are very similar to those for the -Bernstein polynomials in the case .

Throughout the paper, we always assume that is a continuous real function on , , . Denote by (or , ) the space of all continuous (correspondingly, times continuously differentiable) real-valued functions on equipped with the uniform norm . The expression means that and , and means that there exists a positive constant independent of such that .

To formulate our results, we need the following definitions.

Let . For each nonnegative integer , the -integer and the -factorial are defined by

For integers , the -binomial coefficient is defined by

In [2], Lupas proposed the -analogue of the Bernstein operator : for each positive integer , and ,

where

In [19], Ostrovska proved that, for each and , the sequence converges to the limit operator uniformly on as , where

When , the following relations (see [19]) allow us to reduce to the case :

where .

The problem to find the rate of convergence occurs naturally and this paper deals with the problem of finding estimates for the rate of convergence for a sequence of the -analogue of the Bernstein operator for . For , the modulus of continuity and the second modulus of smoothness are defined as follows:

The main results of the paper are as follows.

Theorem 1. Let and let . Then

where. This estimate is sharp in the following sense of order: for each , there exists a function which belongs to the Lipschitz class such that

Theorem 2. Let. Then

Furthermore,

where is an absolute constant.

Remark 3. From (12), it follows that, for each ,

uniformly not only in , and but also in , which generalizes the Ostrovska's result in [19].

Remark 4. It should be emphasized that Theorem 1 cannot be obtained in a way similar to the proof of the Popoviciu Theorem for the classical Bernstein polynomials (see [22]). It requires different estimation techniques due to the infinite product involved. Also, the proof in the paper is more difficult than the one used for -Bernstein polynomials (see [14]), since the Lupas -analogue of Bernstein operators has the singular nature at the point and needs a new method (when , ).

Remark 5. Results similar to Theorems 1 and 2 for -Bernstein polynomials were obtained in [14] and [12], respectively. Note that when , for , we have (see (46))

Hence, the estimate (11) is sharp in the following sense: the sequence in (11) cannot be replaced by any other sequence decreasing to zero more rapidly as . However, (11) is not sharp for the Lipschitz class in the sense of order. This, combining with Theorem 1, shows that in the case the modulus of continuity is more appropriate to describe the rate of convergence for the Lupas -analogue Berstein operators than the second modulus of smoothness. This is different from that in the case .

Remark 6. The numbers in (11) and in (9) are both the constants independent of and . However, while in (11) does not depend on , the constant in (9) depends on and tends to as . Hence, (11) does not follow from (9).

Let and . Using (7) and the relations

we have the following corollaries.

Corollary 7. Let . Then for any ,

where is a constant independent of and .

Corollary 8. Let . Then for any ,

Furthermore,

where is an absolute constant.

2. Proofs of Theorems 1 and 2

For the proofs of Theorems 1 and 2, we need the following lemmas.

Lemma 9 (see [2]). The following equalities are true:

Lemma 10. With the definitions of and, we have

Proof. Using (19) and (3), we get

Similarly, using (19) and (5), we have

The proof of Lemma 10 is complete.

For integers ,, and , , we have

where

We will prove the following lemma.

Lemma 11. Let. Then for integers , and for,

Proof. It is easy to prove by induction that

Since and for all , we obtain

Hence,

and therefore, by (21) and (19) we get

Since , it follows that and thence

This completes the proof of Lemma 11.

Proof of Theorem 1. It follows from the definition of and that both of them possess the end point interpolation property; in other words,

It follows from the definition of and that and for . If , then . So, the Lupas -analogue of Bernstein operators has the singular nature at the point and the rate of convergence near the point needs to be considered independently. First we suppose ; that is, . Then

Since

we get

By Lemma 10 and , , we have

Next, we assume that . Then . We have

First we estimate and . Since

we get

Now we estimate . Since , by Lemma 11 we get

From (39)–(41), we have for ,

Hence from (36) and (42), we conclude that, for ,

where .

At last we show that the estimate (9) is sharp. For each ,, suppose that is a continuous function, which is equal to zero in and , equal to in , and linear in the rest of . It is obvious that , and

The proof of Theorem 1 is complete.

In order to prove Theorem 2, we need the following result.

Theorem A (see [12]). Let the sequence of positive linear operators on satisfy the following conditions.

(A)The sequence converges to a function in , where , .(B)The sequence is nonincreasing for any convex function and for any .

Then there exists an operator on such that for any . Furthermore,

where and is a constant which depends only on .

Proof of Theorem 2. From [2], we know that the Lupas -analogues of the Bernstein operators satisfy Condition (B). It follows from [19] that, for , converges to uniformly in as ; and

Theorem 2 follows from (46) and Theorem A.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

Heping Wang is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project no. 11271263), the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (1132001), and BCMIIS. Yanbo Zhang is supported by the Science and Technology Plan Projects of Higher Institutions in Shandong Province (J13LI55).

References

S. N. Bernstein, “Démonstration du théorème de Weierstrass fondée sur la calcul des probabilités,” Communications of the Mathematical Society of Charkow Séries 2, vol. 13, pp. 1–2, 1912.

A. Lupas, “A -analogue of the Bernstein operator,” University of Cluj-Napoca seminar on numerical and statistical calculus, 9, 1987

G. M. Phillips, “Bernstein polynomials based on the -integers,” Annals of Numerical Mathematics, vol. 4, no. 1–4, pp. 511–518, 1997.

S. Lewanowicz and P. Woźny, “Generalized Bernstein polynomials,” BIT Numerical Mathematics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 63–78, 2004.

M.-M. Derriennic, “Modified Bernstein polynomials and Jacobi polynomials in -calculus,” Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo Serie 2, supplement 76, pp. 269–290, 2005.

A. Il'inskii and S. Ostrovska, “Convergence of generalized Bernstein polynomials,” Journal of Approximation Theory, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 100–112, 2002.

S. Ostrovska, “On the -Bernstein polynomials,” Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 193–204, 2005.

S. Ostrovska, “The approximation by -Bernstein polynomials in the case ,” Archiv der Mathematik, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 282–288, 2006.

S. Ostrovska, “The first decade of the -Bernstein polynomials: results and perspectives,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Approximation Theory, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 35–51, 2007.

G. M. Phillips, Interpolation and Approximation by Polynomials, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2003.

G. M. Phillips, “A survey of results on the -Bernstein polynomials,” IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 277–288, 2010.

H. Wang, “Korovkin-type theorem and application,” Journal of Approximation Theory, vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 258–264, 2005.

H. Wang, “Voronovskaya-type formulas and saturation of convergence for -Bernstein polynomials for ,” Journal of Approximation Theory, vol. 145, no. 2, pp. 182–195, 2007.

H. Wang and F. Meng, “The rate of convergence of -Bernstein polynomials for ,” Journal of Approximation Theory, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 151–158, 2005.

H. Wang and X. Wu, “Saturation of convergence for -Bernstein polynomials in the case ,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 337, no. 1, pp. 744–750, 2008.

Z. Finta, “Quantitative estimates for the Lupaş -analogue of the Bernstein operator,” Demonstratio Mathematica, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 123–130, 2011.

L.-W. Han, Y. Chu, and Z.-Y. Qiu, “Generalized Bézier curves and surfaces based on Lupaş -analogue of Bernstein operator,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 261, pp. 352–363, 2014.

N. I. Mahmudov and P. Sabancigil, “Voronovskaja type theorem for the Lupaş -analogue of the Bernstein operators,” Mathematical Communications, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 83–91, 2012.

S. Ostrovska, “On the Lupas -analogue of the Bernstein operator,” The Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 1615–1629, 2006.

S. Ostrovska, “On the Lupaş -transform,” Computers & Mathematics with Applications, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 527–532, 2011.

S. Ostrovska, “Analytical properties of the Lupaş -transform,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 394, no. 1, pp. 177–185, 2012.

G. G. Lorentz, Bernstein Polynomials, Chelsea, New York, NY, USA, 1986.