Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 619120, 13 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/619120

Research Article

A Kastler-Kalau-Walze Type Theorem and the Spectral Action for Perturbations of Dirac Operators on Manifolds with Boundary

Yong Wang

School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China

Received 23 October 2013; Accepted 13 January 2014; Published 17 March 2014

Academic Editor: Jaume Giné

Copyright © 2014 Yong Wang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We prove a Kastler-Kalau-Walze type theorem for perturbations of Dirac operators on compact manifolds with or without boundary. As a corollary, we give two kinds of operator-theoretic explanations of the gravitational action on boundary. We also compute the spectral action for Dirac operators with two-form perturbations on 4-dimensional compact manifolds.

1. Introduction

The noncommutative residue found in [1, 2] plays a prominent role in noncommutative geometry. In [3], Connes used the noncommutative residue to derive a conformal 4-dimensional Polyakov action analogy. In [4], Connes proved that the noncommutative residue on a compact manifold coincided with Dixmier’s trace on pseudodifferential operators of order . Several years ago, Connes made a challenging observation that the noncommutative residue of the square of the inverse of the Dirac operator was proportional to the Einstein-Hilbert action, which is called the Kastler-Kalau-Walze theorem now. In [5], Kastler gave a brute-force proof of this theorem. In [6], Kalau and Walze proved this theorem by the normal coordinates way simultaneously. In [7], Ackermann gave a note on a new proof of this theorem by the heat kernel expansion way. The Kastler-Kalau-Walze theorem had been generalized to some cases, for example, Dirac operators with torsion [8], CR manifolds [9], and [10] (see also [11, 12]).

On the other hand, Fedosov et al. defined a noncommutative residue on Boutet de Monvel’s algebra and proved that it was the unique continuous trace in [13]. In [14], Schrohe gave the relation between the Dixmier trace and the noncommutative residue for manifolds with boundary. In [15, 16], we gave an operator-theoretic explanation of the gravitational action for manifolds with boundary and proved a Kastler-Kalau-Walze type theorem for Dirac operators and signature operators on manifolds with boundary.

Perturbations of Dirac operators were investigated by several authors. In [17], Sitarz and Zajac investigated the spectral action for scalar perturbations of Dirac operators. In [18, p. 305], Iochum and Levy computed the heat kernel coefficients for Dirac operators with one-form perturbations. In [19], Hanisch et al. derived a formula for the gravitational part of the spectral action for Dirac operators on -dimensional spin manifolds with totally antisymmetric torsion and this is a perturbation with three forms of Dirac operators. On the other hand, in [20], Connes and Moscovici considered the conformal perturbations of Dirac operators. Investigating the perturbations of Dirac operators has some significance (see [18, 19, 21]). Motivated by [17–19], we study the Dirac operators with general form perturbations. We prove a Kastler-Kalau-Walze type theorem for general form perturbations and the conformal perturbations of Dirac operators for compact manifolds with or without boundary. We also compute the spectral action for Dirac operators with two-form perturbations on -dimensional compact manifolds and give detailed computations of spectral action for scalar perturbations of Dirac operators in [17].

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we prove the Lichnerowicz formula for perturbations of Dirac operators and prove a Kastler-Kalau-Walze type theorem for perturbations of Dirac operators on -dimensional compact manifolds with or without boundary. In Section 3, we prove a Kastler-Kalau-Walze type theorem for conformal perturbations of Dirac operators on compact manifolds with or without boundary. In Section 4, we compute the spectral action for Dirac operators with scalar and two-form perturbations on -dimensional compact manifolds.

2. A Kastler-Kalau-Walze Type Theorem for Perturbations of Dirac Operators

2.1. A Kastler-Kalau-Walze Type Theorem for Perturbations of Dirac Operators on Manifolds without Boundary

Let be a smooth compact Riemannian -dimensional manifold without boundary and let be a vector bundle on . Recall that a differential operator is of Laplace type if it has locally the form

where is a natural local frame on , and is the inverse matrix associated with the metric matrix on , and and are smooth sections of on (endomorphism). If is a Laplace type operator of the form (1), then (see [22]) there is a unique connection on and a unique endomorphism such that

where denotes the Levi-Civita connection on . Moreover (with local frames of and ), and are related to , , and through

where are the Christoffel coefficients of .

Now, we let be an -dimensional oriented spin manifold with Riemannian metric . We recall that the Dirac operator is locally given as follows in terms of orthonormal frames , and natural frames of :

where denotes the Clifford action which satisfies the relation

Let

By in [5], we have

where is the scalar curvature. Let be a smooth differential form on and we also denote the associated Clifford action by . We will compute . We note that

By (7)–(9), we have

By (10) and (3), we have

For a smooth vector field on , let denote the Clifford action. So,

Since is globally defined on , so we can perform computations of in normal coordinates. Taking normal coordinates about , then, , so that

We get the following Lichnerowicz formula.

Proposition 1. Let be a smooth differential form on and ; then

where is defined by (12) and .

We see two special cases of Proposition 1. When , where is a smooth function on , we have

Corollary 2. When , one has

Let be a one form, where is a smooth real function, let be a dual orthonormal frame by parallel transport along geodesic, and let be the dual vector field of . When , by (12), we have , where is a smooth vector field on . By and (see [15]), we have

Corollary 3. For a one-form and the Clifford action , one has

When is a two-form, we let , where , and . So,

where denotes the connection coefficient. By (13),

Let be the spinor bundle on and and denote the trace of , for . Since, for ,

we have

Since the trace of the product of odd Clifford elements is zero, we have

By (20) and (22)–(24), we have

and we get the following.

Corollary 4. Let and ; then .

For a general differential form , by (13) and , we have

By the Kastler-Kalau-Walze theorem (see [5, 6]), we have

where Wres denotes the noncommutative residue (see [2]). By (26) and (27), we have the following.

Theorem 5. For even -dimensional compact spin manifolds without boundary and a general form , the following equality holds:

By Corollary 2, we have the following.

Corollary 6. For even -dimensional compact spin manifolds without boundary and a smooth function on , the following equality holds:

By Corollary 3, we have the following.

Corollary 7. For even -dimensional compact spin manifolds without boundary and a one-form , the following equality holds:

By Corollary 4 and (27), we have the following.

Corollary 8. For even -dimensional compact spin manifolds without boundary and a two-form , the following equality holds:

2.2. A Kastler-Kalau-Walze Type Theorem for Perturbations of Dirac Operators on Manifolds with Boundary

We now let be a compact -dimensional spin manifold with boundary and let be the collar neighborhood of which is diffeomorphic to . And we will compute the noncommutative residue for manifolds with boundary of . That is, we will compute (for the related definitions, see [15]) and we take the metric as in [15]. Let , where and denotes the normal direction coordinate. By (2.2.4) in [15], we have

where

where the sum is taken over , and (for the definition of , see [15]). By Theorem 5, we have

So, we only need to compute . In analogy with Lemma 2.1 of [15], we can prove the following useful result.

Lemma 9. The symbolic calculus of pseudodifferential operators yields

Similar to the computations in Section   in [15], we can split into the sum of five terms. Since , then terms (a) (I), (a) (II), and (a) (III) in our case are the same as the terms (a) (I), (a) (II), and (a) (III) in [15], so

Then, we only need to compute term (b) and term (c). By Lemma 9,

By term (b) in [15], we have

where is the canonical volume of -dimensional unit sphere. Moreover,

By (39) and

we get

Considering, for , then

Similarly, we have

Then, the sum of terms (b) and (c) is zero and is zero. Then, we get the following.

Theorem 10. Let be a -dimensional compact spin manifold with boundary and the metric (see ( 1.3) in [15]). Let be a general differential form on . Then,

In [16], we proved a Kastler-Kalau-Walze theorem associated with Dirac operators for 6-dimensional spin manifolds with boundary. In fact, our computations hold for general Laplacians. This implies the following.

Proposition 11 (see [16]). Let be a -dimensional compact Riemannian manifold with boundary and the metric (see (1.3) in [15]). Let be a general Laplacian acting on sections of the vector bundle . Then,

Since is a general Laplacian, then we get the following.

Corollary 12. Let be a -dimensional compact spin manifold with boundary and the metric . Let be a general differential form on . Then,

In the above two cases, the boundary terms vanish. In the following, we will give a boundary term nonvanishing case and compute . We have

Similar to the proof of (13), we have

So,

Then, we get the following.

Proposition 13. Let be a -dimensional compact spin manifold without boundary. Then,

When is a one-form, we can get the following corollary.

Corollary 14. Let be a -dimensional compact spin manifold without boundary and let be a one-form on . Then,

Now, we compute . We have that terms (a) and (b) are the same as in Theorem 10, and since , we get

and the following.

Proposition 15. Let be a -dimensional compact spin manifold with boundary. Then,

Remark 16. When is not a one-form, then the boundary term vanishes. When near the boundary, where is the extrinsic curvature, then the boundary term is proportional to the gravitational action on the boundary. In fact, the reason for the boundary term being not zero is that and are not symmetric.

3. A Kastler-Kalau-Walze Type Theorem for Conformal Perturbations of Dirac Operators

In [20], Connes and Moscovici defined a twisted spectral triple and considered the conformal Dirac operator , where is a smooth function on a manifold without boundary. We want to compute . We know that

In the following, we will compute the more general case, that is, , for nonzero smooth functions and , and prove a Kastler-Kalau-Walze type theorem for conformal Dirac operators. When , we get the expression of . We have

where Wres denotes the residue density, and we note that the Kastler-Kalau-Walze theorem holds at the residue density level. Some computations show that

Since is globally defined, we can compute it in the normal coordinates. Then, we have

Similarly,

So,

By

we get the following.

Theorem 17. Let be a -dimensional compact spin manifold without boundary; then

Remark 18. In Theorem 17, when , we get a Kastler-Kalau-Walze theorem for conformal Dirac operators. In fact, Theorem 17 holds true for any choice of the smooth functions and , since we can prove (61) by means of the symbolic calculus of pseudodifferential operators without using (55), and it is not essential that and are nowhere vanishing.

Now, we consider manifolds with boundary and we will compute . As in [15], we have five terms as follows:

As in [15], we have

So, the sum of terms (b) and (c) is zero. Then, we obtain

By the definition of the noncommutative residue for manifolds with boundary, we have that the interior term of equals . Then, by Theorem 17 and (64), we get the following.

Theorem 19. Let be a -dimensional compact spin manifold with boundary. Then,

When and near the boundary, we have that the boundary term is proportional to the gravitational action on the boundary.

4. The Spectral Action for Perturbations of Dirac Operators

In [18], Iochum and Levy computed heat kernel coefficients for Dirac operators with one-form perturbations and proved that there are no tadpoles for compact spin manifolds without boundary. In [17], they investigated the spectral action for scalar perturbations of Dirac operators. In [19], Hanisch et al. derived a formula for the gravitational part of the spectral action for Dirac operators on -dimensional spin manifolds with totally antisymmetric torsion. In fact, Dirac operators with totally antisymmetric torsion are three-form perturbations of Dirac operators. In this section, we will give some details on the spectral action for Dirac operators with scalar perturbations. We also compute the spectral action for Dirac operators with two-form perturbations on -dimensional compact spin manifolds without boundary.

For the perturbed self-adjoint Dirac operator , we will calculate the bosonic part of the spectral action. It is defined to be the number of eigenvalues of in the interval with . It is expressed as

Here, Tr denotes the operator trace in the completion of and is a cut-off function with support in the interval which is constant near the origin. Let . By Lemma   in [22], we have the heat trace asymptotics, for ,

One uses the Seeley-DeWitt coefficients and to obtain an asymptotics for the spectral action when

with the first three moments of the cut-off function which are given by , and . Let

We use [22, Thm 4.1.6] to obtain the first three coefficients of the heat trace asymptotics:

When , by (15) and (71),

is globally defined; thus we only compute it in normal coordinates about and the local orthonormal frame obtained by parallel transport along geodesics from . Then,

We know that the curvature of the canonical spin connection is

Then, we have

So,

By (21), we obtain

By (78)–(83), we obtain

By (72), (74), and (84), we get the following.

Proposition 20 (see [17]). The following equality holds:

In the following, we assume that and . We let be a two-form; namely, , where . We may consider for self-adjoint perturbed Dirac operators. By Corollary 4, we obtain

Firstly, we compute . By (20) and (75),

Similar to (88), we have

Then,

Now, we can compute . Consider

where is the adjoint operator of . We have

By (90)–(93), we get

In the following, we compute . By (12), we have

Since is a Clifford connection and has no torsion, we get

Since the trace of the odd Clifford elements is zero and

we get

By (72), (94), and (98), we obtain the following.

Proposition 21. Let be a two-form and let be a -dimensional compact spin manifold without boundary. Then,

Remark 22. In fact, Proposition 21 holds true, under analogous hypotheses for manifolds of arbitrary dimension and a general two-form after revising some coefficients.

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NCET-13-0721 and NSFC no. 11271062. The author would like to thank the referees for their careful reading and helpful comments. He also thanks Professor Huitao Feng for his helpful comments.

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