Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 738729, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/738729

Research Article

Optimal Convergence Rates for Solutions of the Monopolar Non-Newtonian Flows

Zhi-qiang Luo

Department of System Science and Applied Mathematics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650083, China

Received 22 May 2014; Accepted 1 July 2014; Published 9 July 2014

Academic Editor: Bo-Qing Dong

Copyright © 2014 Zhi-qiang Luo. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper is concerned with the optimal convergence rates for solutions of the monopolar non-Newtonian flows. By using the energy methods, the perturbed weak solution of perturbed system asymptotically converges to the solution of the original system with the optimal rates .

1. Introduction

In this paper we consider the monopolar non-Newtonian flows which is governed by the following system:

Here and denote the unknown velocity vector and pressure of the fluids, while is the given initial velocity and is the external force. is the stress tensor specified in the following form:

for the symmetric deformation velocity tensor with

where , are viscous coefficients.

The system (1) was proposed for the first time by Ladyzhenskaya [1] which describes viscous non-Newtonian flows such as the molten plastics, dyes, adhesives, paints, and greases. The constitutive of those fluids is nonlinear and does not the Stokes laws. It should be mentioned that the fluid considered here is monopolar since only first order derivative of the velocity field is involved. When , the system becomes the classic Navier-Stokes equations [2].

Due to the importance in both mathematics and physics, the well-posedness and large time behavior of incompressible fluids have attracted more and more attention [3–6]. We refer to some classic results on the Navier-Stokes equations [3]. For the viscous non-Newtonian flows (1), there is also a large literature on the well-posedness and asymptotic behaviors [7–10]. In particular, Pokory [11] and Bae [12] recently studied the existence and uniqueness for the Cauchy problem of the system (1). When by developing the Fourier splitting method, Dong and Li [13] explored the optimal algebraic decay rate in as

It should be mentioned that the time decay properties for weak solutions of the non-Newtonian fluids (1) essentially show that the trivial solution is stable. It is desirable to consider the stability of the nontrivial solutions of the non-Newtonian fluids (1) with the nonzero and nondecay external force. To do so, we consider the perturbed non-Newtonian fluids

where is the initial perturbation. It is easy to check that if the external force satisfies , the non-Newtonian fluids (1) has nontrivial stationary solution and is not a solution of (1) any more. In the two-dimensional case, Dong and Chen [14] have considered the stability issue as

for weak solutions of the non-Newtonian fluids (1) under any perturbation . It should be mentioned that Dong and Chen [14] cannot study the optimal convergence rates. One may also refer to some interesting stability results on the classic Navier-Stokes equations. When , () with sufficiently small; da Veiga and Secchi [15] proved that there is a unique global solution of perturbed Navier-Stokes equations satisfying

for the weak solution of the original Navier-Stokes equations in the subcritical class

When , Ponce et al. [16] further considered the weak solution of the original Navier-Stokes equations under the critical space

and obtained that if

for the sufficient small constant , then there is a unique solution of perturbed Navier-Stokes equations satisfying

where is a constant satisfying . One may also refer to some related results on the Newtonian and viscous non-Newtonian flows [17, 18].

In this paper, we will consider the stability for weak solution of three-dimensional non-Newtonian fluids (1) and will derive the optimal convergence rates. More precisely, we will show that every perturbed solution of the non-Newtonian fluids (2) converges asymptotically to of the non-Newtonian fluids (1) as

2. Preliminaries and Main Results

Throughout this paper, stands for a generic positive constant which may vary from line to line. with denotes the usual Lebesgue space [19] of all integral functions associated with the norm

We denote the Fourier transformation or as

We recall the following Gronwall inequality which will be used in the following argument.

Lemma 1 (Gronwall inequality [2]). Let , , be nonnegative continuous functions and satisfy the following inequality:

where . Then

We now give the definition for weak solutions of three-dimensional non-Newtonian fluids (1) (see [11]).

Definition 2. Suppose , , , and is called a weak solution of the non-Newtonian fluids (1) if the following conditions hold true.

(i) and for all .(ii) is weakly continuous from to .(iii) satisfies (1) in the weak sense; that is, for all

(iv) satisfies energy inequality; for all

The following existence and regularity of weak solutions of the incompressible non-Newtonian fluids (1) are due to the work of Pokory [11].

Lemma 3 (existence and regularity of weak solutions). Suppose , , and . Then there exists a weak solution of the incompressible non-Newtonian fluids (1). Moreover, the solution is regular; that is,

Our results now read.

Theorem 4. Suppose and is a weak solution of the incompressible non-Newtonian fluids (1) with the finite energy initial data and the nondecay external force . Then for any initial perturbation , the perturbed non-Newtonian fluids (2) has a weak solution which asymptotically converges with the optimal convergence rate:

Remark 5. Compared with some stability results of the classic Navier-Stokes equations such as da Veiga and Secchi [15] and Ponce et al. [16], we do not have any small assumptions on the initial perturbation. Moreover, our results also improve the previous results obtained by Dong and Chen [17] since we not only consider this problem in three-dimensional case instead of the two-dimensional case, but also derive the optimal convergence rates (20).

Remark 6. The proof of Theorem 4 is mainly based on Fourier splitting technique. The nonlinear system is essentially also a dissipative system which may allow us to divide the frequency domain into two time-dependent subdomains; the subdomain yields a first-order differential inequality for the spatial norm of the Fourier transform of the weak solutions of incompressible non-Newtonian fluids (1). Compared with the derivation of Dong and Chen [17], the estimates of the nonlinear term can be dealt with in a satisfied form, for the three-dimensional case; however, the bounds of the nonlinear term become difficult. In order to overcome, we make full use of the regular properties of weak solutions and energy methods.

3. Proof of Theorem 4

According to the condition in Theorem 4 and the existence results of non-Newtonian fluids (1) obtained in [11], the existence of weak solutions of the perturbation of the perturbed incompressible non-Newtonian fluids (5) can be obtained by the parallel methods in [11]. Therefore, what remains is to prove the optimal convergence rates (20).

Let and be weak solutions of the original non-Newtonian fluids (1) and the perturbed non-Newtonian fluids (5), respectively. We denote by and the difference between the two weak solutions of (1) and (2); then satisfies the following system in the weak sense:

In order to investigate the optimal convergence rates, we now need some a priori estimates of the nonlinear system (21).

Lemma 7. Under the same condition in Theorem 4, then the difference satisfies the following inequality:

Proof of Lemma 7. We first formally derive inequality (22). The rigorous derivation is obtained by considering the approximated solutions of the following approximate system:

Here the retarded modification of is defined by

where is a positive modifier. is the zero extension of the function which is originally defined for . For the similar estimates (22) of the approximate solutions , we only need to take the limit as . Therefore we now deal with this settle in the following argument only for weak solution directly.

Taking Fourier transformation of (23), it follows that by solving an ordinary equation

where

We now compute , , one by one. For , applying the divergence free properties of the velocity fields and Hölder inequality, it follows that

where we have used the bounds of , , ; that is,

For , one shows that

In order to estimate , we act the divergence operator to both sides of (21); it follows that

Now together with the estimates of and , can be estimated as

Hence plugging the estimates (27)–(31) of , , into (26) and then (25), we may obtain that

Thanks to

for

and the following facts due to the energy inequality

thus (32) is written as

which completes the proof of this lemma.

Now we are in positive to prove (20). Taking the inner product of (21) with , it follows that

where we have used the following fact:

Applying Hölder inequality, Gagliar-Nirenberg inequality, and Young inequality gives that

from which we rewrite (37) as

Taking Parseval inequality into consideration

And then multiplying both sides by

Let

and then we divide the domain of the second integral in (37) into and ; that is to say,

Integrating in time from to gives

By employing Lemma 7, we have after the direct computation

where we have used the following estimates of heat equations:

with .

Hence we insert (46) into (45) and take Gronwall inequality into consideration:

Since

then by the interpolation inequality we have

Hence (48) implies

which completes the proof of Theorem 4.

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

This work is partially supported by the Funds of Personnel Training of Kunming University of Science and Technology (no. KKSY201207019).

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