Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 860378, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/860378

Research Article

Linearization of Nonautonomous Impulsive System with Nonuniform Exponential Dichotomy

Yongfei Gao,¹ Yonghui Xia,¹ Xiaoqing Yuan,¹ and P. J. Y. Wong²

¹Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China

²School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798

Received 1 January 2014; Accepted 22 February 2014; Published 30 March 2014

Academic Editor: Yongli Song

Copyright © 2014 Yongfei Gao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper gives a version of Hartman-Grobman theorem for the impulsive differential equations. We assume that the linear impulsive system has a nonuniform exponential dichotomy. Under some suitable conditions, we proved that the nonlinear impulsive system is topologically conjugated to its linear system. Indeed, we do construct the topologically equivalent function (the transformation). Moreover, the method to prove the topological conjugacy is quite different from those in previous works (e.g., see Barreira and Valls, 2006).

1. Introduction

A basic contribution to the linearization problem for autonomous differential equations is the famous Hartman-Grobman theorem (see [1, 2]). Then Palmer successfully generalized the standard Hartman-Grobman theorem to nonautonomous differential equations (see [3]). Then Fenner and Pinto [4] generalized Hartman-Grobman theorem to impulsive differential equations. However, they did not discuss the Hölder regularity of the topologically equivalent function . Then Xia et al. [5] gave a rigorous proof of the Hölder regularity. Xia et al. [6, 7] gave a version of the generalized Hartman-Grobman theorem for dynamic systems on measure chains. It should be noted that the above mentioned works are based on the linear differential equations with uniform exponential dichotomy. Recently, Barreira and Valls have introduced the notion of nonuniform exponential dichotomies and have developed the corresponding theory in a systematic way [8–11]. So, a version of the Hartman-Grobman theorem is also given for differential equations with nonuniform hyperbolicity (see [12]). However, they did not discuss the impulsive systems with nonuniform hyperbolicity. For this reason, in this paper, we considered the linearization of impulsive differential equations with nonuniform hyperbolicity. Moreover, our method to prove the topological conjugacy used in this paper is completely different from that in [12]. We divided the proof into several lemmas and constructed a concrete topologically equivalent function.

2. Definitions

Consider the linear nonautonomous system with impulses at times as follows:

where , , represents the jump of the solution at .

A perturbed nonautonomous system with impulsive is therefore described by

where, in systems (1) and (2), , and are matrixes.

Definition 1 (see [11, 12]). The impulsive system (1) is said to be a nonuniform exponential dichotomy in , if there exist a projection and positive constants , and , such that

where is the complementary projection and is the evolution operator of the impulsive system (1), which satisfies .

Definition 2 (see [5, 7]). Suppose that there exists a function such that

(i)for each fixed , is a homeomorphism of into ;(ii) uniformly bounded with respect to ;(iii) has property (ii) also;(iv)if is a solution of system (2), then is a solution of system (1).

If such a map exists, then system (2) is topologically conjugated to (1). is an equivalent function.

3. Main Results and Proof

Theorem 3. Suppose that the linear impulsive system (1) has a nonuniform exponential dichotomy (i.e., system (1) has an evolution operator satisfying (3)) and, for any and , one assumes that

(),(),(),(),(),

where , , , and are the same constants in (3), and is a positive integer such that the intervals contain no more than terms of the sequences , for all . Then system (2) is topologically conjugated to system (1).

We divide the proof of Theorem 3 into several lemmas.

In what follows, we always suppose that the conditions of Theorem 3 are satisfied. Denote that is a solution of the system (2) satisfying the initial condition , and that is a solution of the system (1) satisfying the initial condition .

Lemma 4. If system (1) has a nonuniform exponential dichotomy, then is the unique bounded solution of system (1).

Proof. Let be the evolution operator satisfying for every . Then there exists , , and a projection satisfying (3). We suppose that is any bounded solution of the system (1), and it satisfies the initial condition . Therefore, can be written as . Now we prove .

If , considering ,

It follows from the first expression of (3) that

Namely,

On the other hand, it follows from the second expression of (3) that

From the above analysis, which implies that

Then we obtain as . Similarly, if , we obtain as . Consequently, and . Hence, .

Lemma 5. For each , system

has a unique bounded solution with .

Proof. For each , let

Differentiating it, then is a solution of system (9) It follows from (3), (), and () that we can easily deduce

It is easy to show that is a bounded solution of (9). On the other hand, for each , the linear part of system (9) has a nonuniform exponential dichotomy, by Lemma 4, then system (9) has a unique bounded solution , we denote and .

Lemma 6. For each , the system

has a unique bounded solution and .

Proof. Let be the set of all the continuous bounded functions with . For each and any , define the mapping as follows:

It follows from (3), (), and () that

which implies that is a self-map of a sphere with radius . For any , and it follows from (3), (), and (), then we have

And together with (), has a unique fixed point, namely, , and

It is easy to show that is a bounded solution of (12). Now we are going to show that the bounded solution is unique. For this purpose, we assume that there is another bounded solution of (12). Thus can be written as follows:

Note that

And together with (3) and (), we have

Similarly,

On the other hand,

And together with (3) and (), we have

Similarly,

Therefore, it follows from the expression of and it can be written as follows:

Noticing that is bounded, hence, is bounded. And it is a solution of system (1). By Lemma 4, we can obtain that . It follows that

Simple calculation shows

It follows from () that we can obtain . This implies that the bounded solution of (12) is unique. We denote it as . From the above proof, it is easy to see that .

Lemma 7. Let be any solution of the system (2); then is the unique bounded solution of system

Proof. Obviously, is a bounded solution of system (27). We show that the bounded solution is unique; if not, there is another bounded solution , which can be written as follows:

By Lemma 6, we can get

Then it follows from (3), (), and () that

And, together with (), consequently, . This completes the proof of Lemma 7.

Now we define two functions as follows:

Lemma 8. For any fixed , is a solution of system (1).

Proof. Replace by in (9); system (9) is not changed. Due to the uniqueness of the bounded solution of (9), we can get that . Thus

Differentiating it and noticing that and are the solutions of (2) and (9), respectively, we can obtain

It indicates that is the solution of system (1).

Lemma 9. For any fixed , is a solution of the system (2).

Proof. The proof is similar to Lemma 8.

Lemma 10. For any , .

Proof. Let be any solution of system (1). By Lemma 9, is a solution of system (2). Then by Lemma 8, we see that is a solution of system (1) written as . Denote . Differentiating it, we have

which implies that is a solution of system (1). On the other hand, following the definition of , , and Lemmas 5 and 6, we can obtain

This implies that is a bounded solution of system (1). However, by Lemma 4, system (1) has only one zero solution. Hence ; consequently, ; that is, . Since is any solution of the system (1), then Lemma 10 follows.

Lemma 11. For any , .

Proof. The proof is similar to Lemma 10.

Now we are in a position to prove the main result.

Proof of Theorem 3. We are going to show that satisfies the four conditions of Definition 2 in the following.

 Proof of condition (i) for any fixed , it follows from Lemmas 10 and 11 that is homeomorphism and . Proof of condition (ii) it follows from (31) and Lemma 5 that is bounded uniformly with respect to . Proof of condition (iii) it follows from (32) and Lemma 6 that is bounded uniformly with respect to . Proof of condition (iv) it follows from Lemma 8 and Lemma 9 that we easily prove that condition (iv) is true.

Hence, system (2) is topologically conjugated to system (1). This completes the proof of Theorem 3.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant (nos. 11271333 and 11171090) and ZJNSFC.

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