Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 948749, 13 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/948749

Research Article

Convergence Properties and Fixed Points of Two General Iterative Schemes with Composed Maps in Banach Spaces with Applications to Guaranteed Global Stability

Manuel De la Sen¹ and Asier Ibeas²

¹Institute of Research and Development of Processes, University of the Basque Country, Campus of Leioa (Bizkaia), P.O. Box 644, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain

²Department of Telecommunications and Systems Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain

Received 29 January 2014; Revised 27 May 2014; Accepted 28 May 2014; Published 22 June 2014

Academic Editor: Haydar Akca

Copyright © 2014 Manuel De la Sen and Asier Ibeas. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper investigates the boundedness and convergence properties of two general iterative processes which involve sequences of self-mappings on either complete metric or Banach spaces. The sequences of self-mappings considered in the first iterative scheme are constructed by linear combinations of a set of self-mappings, each of them being a weighted version of a certain primary self-mapping on the same space. The sequences of self-mappings of the second iterative scheme are powers of an iteration-dependent scaled version of the primary self-mapping. Some applications are also given to the important problem of global stability of a class of extended nonlinear polytopic-type parameterizations of certain dynamic systems.

1. Introduction

The problems of boundedness and convergence of sequences of iterative schemes are very important in numerical analysis and the numerical implementation of discrete schemes; see [1–4] and references therein. In particular, [1] describes in detail and with rigor the associated problems linked to the theory of fixed points in various types of spaces like metric spaces, complete and compact metric spaces, and Banach spaces, while it also contains, discusses, and compares results of a number of relevant background references on the subject. In other papers, related problems of fixed point theory or stability are focused on approximations including, in some cases, issues from a computational point of view eventually involving modified numerical methods like, for instance, Aitken’s delta-squared methods or Steffensen’s method [4–11]. Also, a counterpart theory has been also formulated in the framework of common fixed points and coincidence points for several mappings and in the framework of multivalued functions. An important background on fixed, best proximity, and proximal points concerned with nonexpansive, contractive, weakly contractive, and strictly contractive mappings has been developed; see, for instance, [1–4, 8–25] and references therein. In particular, a relevant effort has been also focused on the formulations of extensions of the above problems to the study of existence and uniqueness of fixed and best proximity points in cyclic self-mappings as well to proximal contractions [12–14, 17–20, 24, 25] and to the characterization of approximate fixed and coincidence points [21, 22]. Direct applications of fixed point theory to the study of the stability of dynamic systems including the property of ultimate boundedness for the trajectory solutions having mixed nonexpansive and expansive properties through time or being subject to impulsive controls have been given in [21, 24, 25]. This paper is focused on the study of boundedness and convergence of sequences of distances and iterated points and the characterization of fixed points of a class of composite self-maps in metric spaces. Such maps are built with combinations of sets of elementary self-maps which can be expansive or nonexpansive and the last ones can be contractive (including the case of strict contractions). The composite maps are defined by switching rules which select some self-map (the “active” self-map) on a certain interval of definition of the running index of the sequence of iterates being built. The above-mentioned properties concerning the sequences of iterates being generated from given initial points are investigated under particular constraints for the switching rule. Note, on the other hand, that the properties of controllability, observability, and stability of differential or difference equations as well as the various kinds of dynamic systems are of a wide interest in theory and applications including the cases of presence of disturbances and/or unmodeled dynamics [23–45]; see, for instance, related problems associated with continuous-time, discrete-time, digital, and hybrid systems and those involving delayed dynamics [27, 30, 33, 37–39], hybrid [34–36, 41], and switched dynamic systems [31, 32, 38–43] and references therein. The above problems are often studied in an integrated or combined fashion in the sense that the presence of uncertainties of any nature (basically unmeasurable noise or unmodeled dynamics) is incorporated to the description of differential, difference, or hybrid systems with eventual external delays or delayed dynamics. The stability is studied with different tools as Lyapunov theory, matrix inequalities, or fixed point theory. Fractional calculus has also been widely used in the investigation of the solutions of differential, functional-differential, and dynamic systems; see, for instance, [44, 45] and some references therein.

This paper is firstly devoted to giving a framework for the contractive properties of two general iterative schemes which are constructed via combinations of elementary self-maps in appropriate metric or Banach spaces. The sequences of self-mappings of the first scheme are constructed by linear combinations of a set of self-mappings, each of them being a weighted version of a certain primary self-mapping on the same space. Such weights are nonnegative real sequences in general. The single parameterizations of the first iterative scheme include polytopic-type ones, where a set of real scalar sequences define both the sequence of self-mappings of interest and the individual parameterizations as a particular case. The second iterative scheme is a generalization of De Figueiredo scheme [8], where the sequences of self-mappings are integer powers of a scaled version of a primary elementary self-mapping. Such powers are iteration-dependent, while the scaling weights can be iteration-dependent. A second objective is to describe an application of the developed theoretical framework to study the stability properties of (in general) nonlinear switched dynamic systems under appropriate stabilizing switching rules. The obtained formal results can also be useful to investigate the stability of dynamic systems under combinations of single parameterizations.

1.1. Notation

(i.e., ; ) and (i.e., ; ) for , ; denote, respectively, uniform and point-wise convergence in of   to provided that all of them have the same domain.

denotes the set of fixed points of   and  .

2. Iterative Scheme 1

Consider the following iterative scheme under a sequence of self-mappings , , on a vector space :

for any given with and , , being defined by for any and the nonnegative real parameterization sequences being subject to , , .

Theorem 1. Consider the iterative scheme (1) on a vector space , with , under the following assumptions.

(1)Either is a normed space endowed with a norm or, respectively, is a metric space endowed with a homogeneous translation-invariant metric .(2) and , , , and , with the nonnegative real sequences , , being subject to the constraints and , , , where the relative one-step increment parameterization sequences are , , .(3) possesses the (nonnecessarily contractive) condition , , for some .(4), .

Then, the following properties hold.

(i)There exists the limit for any given initial point of the iterative scheme (1) and the sequence is bounded.(ii)If, in addition, for some limit and if either is a Banach space or is complete, then is a Cauchy sequence and thus convergent to some in which is the unique fixed point of and thus independent of the initial point of the iterative scheme (1). All the self-mappings of the sequence as well as are strict contractions.(iii)If either is a Banach space or is complete and as , , for some self-mapping   on , then there is a unique in such that for any given initial point of the iterative scheme (1). Also, is a strict contraction and thus a strict Picard self-mapping with a unique fixed point such that , as for any given initial point , where is the composite mapping , .(iv)The “a priori” and “a posteriori” error estimates and the convergence rate are, respectively, given by the subsequent relations:

Proof. Define the error sequences by , , . If is a normed space, then there is always a metric-induced norm , . On the other hand, if is a metric space endowed with a homogeneous translation-invariant metric then there is a metric-induced norm , . Both spaces and are formally identical and they can both deal with a metric-induced norm by using the standard metric properties and its homogeneous and translation-invariance properties. Thus, one gets via recursive calculations that

Thus,

so that for any given . It follows from (6) that, for any given initial ,

since so that is bounded for any given and from (6). All the self-mappings , , are strict contractions by construction from assumption 4. On the other hand, note that, since , one gets

so that is a strict contraction. Since , , are all strict -contractions, , , and , , so that , , so that

and then , , so that . Also, from (6) implies and (since and with , ), , (since ), and (since ). Thus, it follows that which implies that . Also, is a Cauchy sequence convergent to if is a Banach space and if is a complete metric space, respectively.

On the other hand, as , , where is the composite mapping , . From (6), the self-mappings , , are all strict contractions. Now, we prove that the limit point is independent of the initial condition and thus unique. Assume two distinct initial values such that , as for some , . Note from (6) that, since is independent of the sequences and , one gets

Since , one has the following from the triangle inequality:

and then one gets the contradiction below to the assumption :

so that and as with being independent of the initial point of the iterative scheme (1). Hence, properties (i)-(ii) have been proven.

To prove property (iii), note that the assumption of uniform convergence in is weakened to point-wise convergence in since and then ; and is a -contraction from assumption 4. Thus, implies and implies . Since is complete and is a strict contraction then is also a strict contraction and thus a strict Picard self-mapping on and there is a unique in . Assume that as for any given and . Take the sequence . Define by for . Then, note that

and since is bounded, , as , , , and as then the following contradiction holds if :

and then . As a result, is a strict contraction and thus a strict Picard self-mapping with a unique fixed point such that and as for any given initial point , where is the composite mapping , .

Property (iv) is well known for Picard iterations.

Remark 2. Note that the parameterization sequences , , , are not necessarily constant in Theorem 1 and can be zero for some and the positive amount is not necessarily identically equal to one. Furthermore, the constant can be equal to or greater than unity in assumption 3 of Theorem 1. Thus, the iterative scheme generalizes that proposed and analyzed by Cho et al. [1].

Remark 3. Note also that if (or if the stronger condition holds) then and as irrespective of the given . However, if the property as does not hold then as , , for the given since all the self-mappings on are strict contractions but can be distinct of .

The following result relaxes condition (3) of strict contraction mappings in the sequence of Theorem 1 to weaker condition in terms of those mappings to be contractive in compact metric spaces.

Theorem 4. Consider the iterative scheme (1) on a compact metric space endowed with a homogeneous translation-invariant metric , where is a vector space, with , under the following assumptions:

(1), , , , and , with the nonnegative real sequences , , and being subject to the constraints , and , , , where , , .(2) possesses the weak contractive condition , .(3), .

Then, the following properties hold.

(i)There exists for any given initial point of the iterative scheme (1).(ii)If, in addition, for some limit and , , then the iterated sequence is a Cauchy sequence and thus convergent to some in . All the self-mappings of the sequence as well as are contractive.(iii)If   for some point-wise limit self-mapping on , then there is a unique in such that to which any sequence of the iterative scheme (1) converges for any given initial point . Also, is a contractive and thus a Picard self-mapping with a unique fixed point such that , as for any given initial point , where is the composite mapping , .

Proof. Note that a metric space is compact if and only if it is complete and totally bounded. Note also that is a Banach space formally identical to the compact (and then complete) metric space when endowed with a homogeneous and translation-invariant metric if is the norm-induced metric. Thus, one concludes that

which implies that is a convergent sequence with for any given . Hence, property (i) follows. On the other hand, since the metric space is a compact metric space (and thus complete) then the iterated sequence , with and the point-wise convergence of to , is a Cauchy sequence and , . Assume that is untrue. Then,

so that the contradiction since the metric is homogeneous and translation-invariant, , so that as since , and is contractive. Hence, for some in and any given , all the self-mappings ; in the sequence are contractive, and then Picard mappings (since is a compact metric space) so that the composite mapping is also a Picard mapping. As a result, as for any given initial point and as , , with , , for any . If then , as , and . Hence, properties (ii)-(iii) have been proven.

Remark 5. Note that a metric space is compact if and only if it is complete and totally bounded. Equivalently, a metric space is compact if and only if every family of closed subsets of with the finite intersection property (i.e., the intersection of any finite collection of sets in the family is nonempty) has a nonempty intersection.

An extension of Theorem 1 follows below by admitting the failure of the contractive condition of assumption 4 of Theorem 1 within connected subsets of finite length of which are adjacent to connected subsets where the contractive condition holds.

Theorem 6. Consider the iterative scheme (1) on a vector space under the assumptions (1)–(3) and (5) of Theorem 1 and, furthermore,

where is a strictly increasing sequence of nonnegative integer numbers subject to and , .

(i)There exists the limit for any given initial point of the iterative scheme (1) and the sequence is bounded.(ii)If, in addition, for some limit self-mapping and if either is a Banach space or is complete, then is a Cauchy sequence and thus convergent to some in which is unique and thus independent of the initial point of the iterative scheme (1). Also, all the self-mappings in the sequence and are strict contractions.(iii)If either is a Banach space or is complete and as for some self-mapping on , then there is a unique in such that for any given initial point of the iterative scheme (1). Also, is a strict contraction and thus a strict Picard self-mapping with a unique fixed point such that , as for any given initial point , where is the composite mapping , .(iv)The “a priori” and “a posteriori” error estimates and the convergence rate are, respectively, given by the subsequent relations:

for some and any integer , .

Proof. Note from (17) and (6) that since as , one gets

and, provided that is small enough for the given so that , as for any given . Then, is a convergent sequence with for any given . It follows from (19a), (19b), since and , that for any given initial ,

for , , and then, since is strictly increasing with , and , one gets for , . Then, as from (23) and is bounded for any initial . However, is not a Cauchy sequence, in general, since the constraint does not necessarily hold for all .

The variation in the proof development of the concerns derived from the assumption of Theorem 1 (ii) is addressed as follows. Since and , , then (17) necessarily leads to being a strict contraction, with , and . Therefore, the remaining proofs of properties (i)–(iii) follow in a very close way as their counterparts of Theorem 1. Also, note that

and then define

so that property (iv) follows from (23) and Theorem 1 (iv).

Remark 7. Note that assumption 4 of Theorem 1 is relaxed to the constraint (17) which holds for a set of connected finite intervals within a strictly increasing sequence of points with the difference between any two consecutive ones being upper-bounded by a prescribed bound.

Remark 8. Note that Theorems 1 (i), 4 (ii), and 6 (iii) hold irrespective of the convergence of the sequence of self-mappings to a limit.

3. Iterative Scheme 2 and Some Generalizations

Now, consider the iterative scheme

for any given which is a further generalization of the De Figueiredo iteration [8]. The following result holds.

Theorem 9. Let the iterative scheme (1) with the nonexpansive self-mapping on a vector space , with , under the following additional assumptions.

(1)Either is a Banach space endowed with a norm or, respectively, is a complete metric space endowed with a homogeneous translation-invariant metric .(2) is a real parameterization sequence with , , and is an integer sequence with ; .(3)There exist the following limits: , , and either or .

Then, the subsequent properties hold.

(i) converges to a fixed point of  .(ii)If   is a strict contraction then converges to the unique fixed point of  .

Proof. As in the proof of Theorem 1, the following considerations are applicable for the proof.

(1)If is a normed space then there is always a metric-induced norm ; .(2)If is a metric space endowed with a homogeneous translation-invariant metric then there is a norm-induced metric ; .

Both spaces and are formally identical under assumption 1 and both possess either a metric-induced norm by using the standard metric properties and its homogeneous and translation-invariance properties or a norm-induced metric, respectively. Now, note from (26) that

since , , because is nonexpansive, ; and ; , because and either or . Then is convergent since the corresponding logarithmic series of positive numbers converges according to either d’Alembert or Raabe convergence criteria of series of nonnegative real numbers. Then, the sequence is bounded. In the same way, we get

since since , , and so that . Thus, converges to zero for any given and

so that, since as , . Then, converges and converges as well to some point of since is complete so that as for some and since is nonexpansive so that it is -Lipschitz-continuous (i.e., continuous with a Lipschitz constant ), one gets

Since converges and is a metric space then is a Cauchy sequence (and a bounded sequence) and there is such that

since the metric is translation-invariant, as , and since is nonexpansive, it is -Lipschitz-continuous and with . If then and we have proven that converges to the fixed point of  . Now, assume that . The result is again proven since converges to a fixed point of   which is distinct of . Finally, assume that and proceed by contradiction to prove that this assertion is false. Since is nonexpansive, one gets so that as ; then by everywhere Lipschitz continuity of the nonexpansive self-mapping ,

and and . Since is a limit point of ,   and then , a contradiction to . Thus, converges to a fixed point of  . Property (i) has been proven. Also,

Since , with as , it follows that as and since converges to a fixed point of   then also converges to the same fixed point of  . Hence, property (i) follows.

On the other hand, if is a strict contraction then , since is complete so that and in (31) and, hence, property (ii) follows as well.

Theorem 9 has the following derived result.

Corollary 10. Let the iterative scheme (1) be under the nonexpansive self-mapping , where is a nonempty closed and convex subset of a Hilbert space , with , subject to all the assumptions of Theorem 9. Then, the subsequent properties hold.

(i) converges strongly to a fixed point of  .(ii)If   is a strict contraction then converges to the unique fixed point of  .

Proof. Property (i) follows from Theorem 1 since is uniformly convex since it is a Hilbert space; is nonexpansive and contains a bounded sequence (since is nonempty, closed, and convex) and then it has at least a fixed point. Property (ii) follows since such a fixed point is unique if is a strict contraction.

The iterative scheme (26) is now generalized by using some ideas of Section 2 as follows:

for any given .

Theorem 11. Let the iterative scheme (34) generated by the self-mapping on a vector space , with , and assumptions 1–3 of Theorem 9 hold as well as the following additional assumptions:

(1) for nonnegative real scalars , , and ;(2) satisfies the condition , , for some ;(3); .

Then, the subsequent properties hold.

(i) converges to a fixed point of the nonexpansive self-mapping defined by , .(ii)If is a strict contraction fulfilling then converges to the unique fixed point of  .

Proof. As in Theorem 1 and Theorem 9, both spaces and are formally identical under assumption 1 of Theorem 9 and both possess either a metric-induced norm by using the standard metric properties and its homogeneous and translation-invariance properties or a norm-induced metric, respectively. Now, define the mapping by , . Thus, (27) in the proof of Theorem 9 still holds with the replacement . Note that , , since is nonexpansive (even if   is expansive with in the assumption 2), from assumptions 2-3, and -Lipschitz-continuous from the assumption 3 with . Note also that , , and , , , and then the sequence obtained from the iterative scheme (34) is bounded for any . In the same way, (28) holds from assumptions 2-3 of Theorem 9, since , , and so that . Thus, converges to zero for any given since is complete. Then, it follows (as it is deduced from (30) in the proof of Theorem 9) that converges so that it is a Cauchy and bounded sequence. Finally, it can be proven in a similar way as in Theorem 9 that converges to some fixed point of the nonexpansive self-mapping for each given initial point of the iteration (34). Such a fixed point is unique if is a strict contraction.

In a similar way as Corollary 10 is got from Theorem 9, one gets the following.

Corollary 12. Consider the iterative scheme (34) under the nonexpansive self-mapping , where is a nonempty closed and convex subset of a Hilbert space , with , subject to all the assumptions of Theorem 9. Then, the subsequent properties hold.

(i) converges strongly to a fixed point of  .(ii)If is a strict contraction fulfilling then converges to the unique fixed point of  .

Note that in Theorem 9 (i) and Corollary 10 (i), and for are not necessarily Picard mappings since the limiting points can be dependent on the initial condition of the iterative schemes. The same conclusion arises for and for in Theorem 11 (i) and Corollary 12 (i). However, the above self-mappings are Picard iterations in the corresponding parts (ii) of such results since the relevant mappings are strict contractions.

Note also that Theorem 11 and Corollary 12 still hold by replacing for and the replacement of the constraint with .

4. Simulation Examples towards an Application Perspective on Discrete Nonlinear Dynamic Systems

This section contains two numerical examples. The first one is related to the Iterative Scheme 1 introduced in Section 2 while the second one concerns the Iterative Scheme 2 discussed in Section 3.

4.1. Iterative Scheme 1

Consider the iterative scheme defined by (1) with on and

is a strict contraction satisfying the condition with (for the Euclidean distance) and, hence, it possesses a unique fixed point at . Note that the above description can also be considered as that of a nonlinear discrete time-varying dynamic system where the state evolves from initial conditions according to the sequence with initial condition while the output is defined by the real map . Note that the fixed point is also an equilibrium point of the dynamic system which is suited to be globally asymptotically stable. Consider, firstly, the sequence of constant weights for all . We are now in conditions of applying Theorem 1 since , , and for all integers . In this case, the system parameterization is close to, but more general than, a polytopic-type time-invariant one but, in particular, the usual constraint is not needed. Accordingly, the sequence of iterates is bounded for all and converges to the unique fixed point of , . Moreover, the iterates converge to the unique fixed point regardless of the initial value . These claims are verified through a numerical simulation in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Evolution of the iterates for different initial conditions.

Furthermore, Theorem 1  (iv) also provides an upper-bound for the rate of convergence of the sequence of iterates to the fixed point. Therefore, one gets from (4) . Figure 2 displays the evolution of iterates along with the calculated upper-bound for the case .

Figure 2: Upper-bounding of the convergence rate of iteration.

Consider the time-varying parameterization under the time-varying weights given by

for all and with , , , , and . The 0.1 lower bound has been included in (36) so as to satisfy the condition .

As it can be appreciated in Figure 3, the weights are decreasing with time until they reach the constant lower bound of 0.1 where they stop decreasing and become time-invariant. In fact, Figure 3 shows that this happens for . Thus, we are in conditions of applying the results stated in Theorem 6 for the case when the stability condition only holds on a subset of the nonnegative integer numbers. In this way, we have for all and (17) of Theorem 6 is satisfied since

for all . Thus, Theorem 6 guarantees the convergence of iterates to the unique fixed point irrespectively of the initial condition. This fact is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 3: Evolution of the time-varying weights , , , and through (36).

Figure 4: Iterates for different initial conditions and weights defined by (36).

One advantage of the results in Theorem 6 for the sake of generality is that an arbitrary variation in the weights is admitted on certain subsets of the natural numbers. Thus, the family of admissible time variations for which the stability of the iteration scheme is guaranteed enlarges with respect to other approaches. Consider a time-varying set of weights defined with in condition (2) of Theorem 1 so that while condition (4) becomes

Such constraints are satisfied, for instance, if we take and

The weights evolution is displayed in Figure 5. Note that the weight variation defined by (39) satisfies the condition since , .

Figure 5: Evolution of the weights under (39).

Figure 6 displays the sample-by-sample stability condition evaluation, in terms of the left-hand side of (38), showing that it remains smaller than unity. Therefore, according to Theorem 1, the iterates converge to zero as Figure 7 depicts.

Figure 6: Numerical verification of the stability condition (38).

Figure 7: Convergence of the iterates to zero for time-varying weights given by (39).

Also, while the weights converge to a real constant according to (39). Thus, the given theoretical results are useful to conclude the convergence of iteration schemes of the form (1).

4.2. Iterative Scheme 2

This second example is concerned with the iterative scheme defined by (26). Note that the first equation can describe, in particular, the state and output of a certain nonlinear discrete dynamic system. Thus, consider the linear discrete-time system given by

with sequences and for all . is a strict contraction with eigenvalues , , and . Thus, it has a unique fixed point at . These sequences satisfy conditions (2) and (3) stated in Theorem 9 since , for all , , and with and (see Figure 8).

Figure 8: Evolution of with time.

From Theorem 9, the sequence of iterates converges to the unique fixed point of , , as it is confirmed in the numerical simulation displayed in Figure 9.

Figure 9: Evolution of the iterates through time.

5. Conclusion

This paper has investigated the boundedness and convergence properties of two general iterative processes built with sequences of self-mappings in either complete metric or Banach spaces. The self-mappings of the first iterative scheme are built with linear combinations of a set of self-mappings each of them being a weighted version of a self-mapping on the same space. Those of the second scheme are powers of an iteration-dependent scaled version of the primary self-mapping. Some applications are given for global stability of a class of nonlinear polytopic-type parameterizations of dynamic systems.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors are very grateful to the Spanish and Basque Governments and to UPV/EHU for Grants DPI2012-30651, IT378-10, SAIOTEK S-PE13UN039, and UFI 2011/07. They thank the reviewers for their comments.

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