Abstract and Applied Analysis
Volume 2019 (2019), Article ID 7405725, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7405725

Research Article

Blow-Up of Solutions with High Energies of a Coupled System of Hyperbolic Equations

Jorge A. Esquivel-Avila

Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Análisis Matemático y sus Aplicaciones, UAM-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, 02200 México, DF, Mexico

Correspondence should be addressed to Jorge A. Esquivel-Avila; jaea72@gmail.com

Received 2 January 2019; Accepted 13 May 2019; Published 4 June 2019

Academic Editor: Sining Zheng

Copyright © 2019 Jorge A. Esquivel-Avila. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We consider an abstract coupled evolution system of second order in time. For any positive value of the initial energy, in particular for high energies, we give sufficient conditions on the initial data to conclude nonexistence of global solutions. We compare our results with those in the literature and show how we improve them.

1. Introduction

A coupled Klein-Gordon system, in electromagnetic theory, was first introduced in [1]. Posteriorly, further generalizations have been studied. In particular, the following system was analyzed in [2]

on , where , and . The existence and uniqueness of weak solutions of , as well as characterizations for blow-up and globality, by means of the potential well method for values of the initial energy smaller than the mountain pass level, were proved in [2]. In the same paper, sufficient conditions were given to obtain blow-up for arbitrary positive values of the initial energy. The purpose of our work is to study an abstract hyperbolic coupled system and improve some results about nonexistence of global solutions presented in the literature for some concrete systems. In particular, we shall improve some blow-up results presented in [2], for the problem . Precisely, we consider the following abstract problem:

on , where we assumed that the operators

are linear, continuous, positive, and symmetric, where

are linear subspaces of the Hilbert space with inner product and norm . Here, are the corresponding dual spaces and we identify . Then,

By means of the operators , , , and , we define the following bilinear forms:

We assume that there exists , such that

The nonlinear source terms and , are such that , and is a potential operator with potential , that is, and , and they satisfy

where is a constant.

2. Functional Framework

We shall analyze qualitative properties for a set of solutions of problem . To this end, we define the phase space

We assume that the following local existence and uniqueness result is met.

Theorem 1. For every initial data , there exists , and a unique local solution , such that problem () is satisfied in the following sense

a. e. in and for every . Furthermore, the following energy equation holds for ,

Remark 2. Problem (P) is invariant if we reverse the time direction: . Indeed, the solution backwards , with initial data is the solution forwards , with initial data .

An important set of solutions are the equilibria, that is, solutions independent of time: . In this case, satisfies

for every . In particular, for ,

and then

By , is an equilibrium. The set of equilibria , with minimal energy is called ground state, and the corresponding value of the energy is the mountain pass level denoted by ; see [3]. For the problem , the sign of characterizes either blow-up in finite time or boundedness of solutions if . Indeed, blow-up and boundedness properties hold if, and , respectively; see [2]. Similar analysis have been done to prove similar characterizations for coupled systems of wave equations with linear and nonlinear damping terms; see [4–8] and references therein, just to cite some works of the abundant literature in the field. The qualitative analysis of the solutions with high energies is almost unknown. There are some works that prove blow-up if and some other conditions on and the initial data are satisfied; see for instance [2]. Similar theorems have been proved in [6, 9–11], for damped systems of semilinear wave equations. The purpose of this work is to improve considerably the existing results for blow-up for systems (P), with high energies. We shall generalize the technique used in a previous work for a single equation; see [12].

3. Nonexistence of Global Solutions

We consider the following orthogonal decomposition of the velocities

where and . Then, we define the functionals

Consequently,

Also, we define

where is the constant in . We also define the following functions

If , we notice that is strictly increasing, is strictly decreasing, and is strictly decreasing. They have the following relations

and .

For the (KG) system, a recent work [2] proved blow-up of solutions with initial energy: . We observe that . Here, we shall prove nonexistence of global solutions of the (P) system with initial energy , for some and . Furthermore, we shall prove that for any positive value of the initial energy there are initial data implying nonexistence of global solutions.

Theorem 3. Consider any solution of problem (P) in the sense of Theorem 1. Assume that hypotheses and are met and that

are satisfied. Then, we construct the nonempty interval

where

for some and , and we have the following assertions.
(i) If the initial energy is such that , then the maximal time of existence of the solution is finite.
(ii) For fixed ,

is strictly increasing, and

Corollary 4. Assume that hypotheses of Theorem 3 are met. For every number , we can choose initial data with large enough, so that , and then the corresponding solution with exists only up to a finite time.

4. Proofs

Proof (of Theorem 3). First, we will assume that the solution is global and then, by means of a differential inequality in terms of , we shall get a contradiction. Then, assume that exists for any . We observe that . Now, we define , and due to (21), we have that for , close to zero, the following inequality holds

By energy equation and hypotheses and , we obtain

where we used the following

Then,

and since , we get

where

We shall prove that there exists a constant such that

and then

Hence,

which is impossible for any Then, the solution only exits up to a finite time.
Next, we prove that (32) is satisfied. To this end, we consider the right-hand side of (30) and define, for ,

and we notice that

with , and

Also,

We observe that (32) is satisfied if , which is characterized by

and it is equivalent to

where

Now, in order to guarantee that (40) is satisfied, we define, for ,

We observe that as either or , and

for . Moreover, by (21), there exist exactly two different roots of , denoted by and , such that

And since is strictly monotone for and , it follows that, for fixed , the interval grows as grows. Precisely,

Then, (32) holds if and only if the initial energy satisfies

that is, if . This proves that the maximum time of existence must be finite if the initial energy is within this interval.
Next, we shall find the values of and . Remember that these are the roots of . To find , we consider the function

defined for , and the equation

which holds if and only if

which is equivalent to

We notice that

as and . Also, . Moreover,

Then, the equation for has two roots and only one is bigger than 1. Furthermore, at this root, ,

Next, we consider the function

defined for , and the equation

which is equivalent to

and it is characterized by

which holds if and only if

Notice that

are strictly monotone increasing, and

Then, there exists one and only one where . Moreover,

Proof (of Corollary 4). Since

then, for every , there exists , such that

Hence, the corresponding solution with initial energy satisfying (21) exists only up to a finite time.

Remark 5. For small energies, , the potential well method characterizes the qualitative behavior of any solution in terms of the sign of ; see [4–8]. In particular, blow-up is characterized if . Let us examine the situation for any positive value of the initial energy.
Assume that hypotheses of Theorem 3 are met. From energy equation, , , (21), , and since , we obtain

Let us assume that

and then

Hence, if the source term is large enough at the initial data, the inequality is a necessary condition for nonexistence of global solutions. However, it seems that the condition , alone, does not imply nonexistence of global solutions for high energies; see [2, 6, 9–11]. Moreover, we did not require the sign of in the proof of Theorem 3.
From Corollary 4, global nonexistence for small positive energies is obtained if is large enough and, consequently, since

then must be also sufficiently big. Then, by the previous discussion, is implied. Apparently, only for energies , the condition characterizes the nonexistence of global solutions of problem .

Remark 6. We shall prove the following lower bound for

This inequality is equivalent to

In order to prove it, let us define, for any , the positive function

and we remember that is a function of , defined implicitly by

where

On the other hand, from Theorem 3 we know that

Then, from the definition of and ,

Also,

Consequently, there is some , such that . After some calculations, we find that

and consequently

5. Some Examples

5.1. Nonlinear Klein-Gordon System

Klein-Gordon systems like were studied in [2, 4–11], where blow-up results were proved. We shall illustrate how Theorem 3 is applied for each one of these systems.

5.1.1. Wang [2]

We rewrite the system (KG), introduced at the beginning of this work, as follows:

on , where , .

Here, , the identity operator, , and are the inner product and the norm square in , respectively. Also,

Finally,

Hypothesis holds with ,

Hypothesis holds with , since the potential operator of is

and then,

Theorem 1 is true and nonexistence of global solutions is due to blow-up; see [2] for the details, where some bounds on are required. Consequently, by Theorem 3, if the initial data satisfy

and the initial energy is such that

then the solution blows up in finite time in the norm of . We notice that as grows, then grows, and consequently the lower bound of is close to zero, and also the upper bound grows. That is, by Corollary 4 for every positive initial energy , there exist initial data satisfying (84) such that the solution blows up. This result is new in the literature. Sufficient conditions have been given before. Indeed, blow-up is proved in [2] if (84) holds, , and the initial energy is such that

In Theorem 3 we did not assume any sign of and is larger than the upper bound on given in [2].

5.1.2. Liu [6]

For the corresponding linear damped problem of blow-up was proved under the same sufficient conditions given in [2] for high energies, and for by means of the potential well method.

5.1.3. Korpusov [10]

A Klein-Gordon system with linear damping was analyzed with source terms of the form

where Hypothesis holds with , and the potential operator

and then,

Blow-up of solutions was proved if (84) holds with , , and

where is the coefficient of the linear damping term in the system studied in [13]. If ,

where the second inequality is the lower bound for , obtained in Remark 6. Hence, Theorem 3 improves the result presented in [10].

5.1.4. Aliev and Yusifova [9]

A system of several equations with linear damping was studied. If we consider only two, without damping, these are like those in with , and hypothesis holds with , because and . The blow-up of solutions is proved in [9] if (84) holds, with , , and

where and . Again, Theorem 3 improves the result presented in [9].

5.1.5. Wu [11]

A system like with a linear damping was studied with no particular source terms. However, these are assumed to satisfy with , some . Blow-up is proved for high energies, under the following conditions: and

These conditions are more restrictive than the ones assumed in Theorem 3.

5.1.6. Ye [8], Benaissa et al. [4]

Klein-Gordon system like was studied with nonlinear damping and degenerated nonlinear damping terms, respectively. In both papers, blow-up was showed for energies , by the potential well method and the following source terms were considered

with , and . Hypothesis holds with , and the potential operator

and then,

Hence, Theorem 3 and Corollary 4 are applied and blow-up is proved for the undamped case in [4, 8], for high energies.

5.1.7. Wu [7], Gan and Zhang [5]

By means of the potential well method, blow-up was showed for solutions of systems like , with , without damping, and with linear damping, respectively. In those papers, particular cases of the following source terms were considered

with , , and . Hypothesis holds with , and the potential operator

and then,

Hence, Theorem 3 and Corollary 4 are applied and blow-up is proved for the undamped case in [5, 7], for high energies.

5.2. Generalized Boussinesq System

We consider the system

on , where . For the physics of the problem we refer to [13, 14].

Applying to the system above, we get

on . Then,

and ,

Moreover, if

then

Consequently, hypothesis holds with . We assume that the source terms and the corresponding potential operator do not have any particular form but they satisfy . We do not know any reference proving an existence and uniqueness result for this system. We assume that Theorem 1 is true then nonexistence of global solutions is due to blow-up. By Theorem 3 and Corollary 4 for every positive initial energy , where

there exists initial data such that

imply the nonexistence of global solutions in the norm of .

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco, through the project Evolution Equations, number: CB-02413. The contents of this work will be presented in the conference EQUADIFF 2019.

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