Effect of Two Temperatures on Reflection Coefficient in Micropolar Thermoelastic with and without Energy Dissipation Media

The reflection of plane waves at the free surface of thermally conducting micropolar elastic medium with two temperatures is studied. The theory of thermoelasticity with and without energy dissipation is used to investigate the problem.The expressions for amplitudes ratios of reflected waves at different angles of incident wave are obtained. Dissipation of energy and two-temperature effects on these amplitude ratios with angle of incidence are depicted graphically. Some special and particular cases are also deduced.


Introduction
The theory of micropolar elasticity was introduced and developed by Eringen [1].The theory of micropolar continuum mechanics gives consideration to the microstructure.Micropolar theory is useful in structure materials with a fibrous, lattice, or granular micropolar structure.The main difference of micropolar elastic material from the classical elastic material is that each point has extra rotational degrees of freedom independent of translation and the material can transmit couple stress as well as usual force stress.
The linear theory of micropolar thermoelasticity has been developed by extending the theory of micropolar continua to include thermal effect and comprehensive review work on the subject was given by Eringen [2,3] and Nowacki [4].Dost and Taborrok [5] presented the generalized thermoelasticity by using Green and Lindsay theory.Chandrasekharaiah [6] developed a heat flux dependent micropolar thermoelasticity.Boschi and Iesan [7] presented a generalized theory of micropolar thermoelasticity that permits the transmission of heat as thermal waves at finite speed.
The main difference of thermoelasticity with two temperatures with respect to the classical one is the thermal dependence.Chen et al. [8,9] have formulated a theory of heat conduction in deformable bodies, which depends on two distinct temperatures, the conductive temperature Φ and thermodynamic temperature .For time independent situations, the difference between these two temperatures is proportional to the heat supply.For time dependent problems in wave propagation the two temperatures are in general different.The two temperatures , Φ and the strain are found to have representation in the form of a travelling wave pulse, a response which occurs instantaneously throughout the body (Boley and Tolins [10]).The wave propagation in the twotemperature theory of thermoelasticity was investigated by Warren and Chen [11].
Youssef [12] constructed the new theory of generalized thermoelasticity by taking into account the theory of heat conduction in deformable bodies, which depends on two distinct temperatures, the conductive temperature and the thermodynamic temperature, where the difference between these two temperatures is proportional to the heat supply and proves the uniqueness theorem.Youssef and Bassiouny [13] solved the boundary value problem of one dimension in two-temperature generalized thermopiezoelastic half space, subjected to the thermal shock by using state space approach.

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Advances in Acoustics and Vibration Bassiouny and Youssef [14] investigated the boundary value problem of one-dimensional finite piezoelastic road with loading on its boundary with different types of loading in two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity.Ezzat and Bary [15] adopted the state space approach to obtain the solution of one-dimensional problems for any set of boundary conditions in magnetothermoelastic medium with two temperatures.Mukhopadhyay and Kumar (2009) investigated the thermoelastic interactions in an infinite medium with a cylindrical cavity in the context of a theory of generalized thermoelasticity in which theory of heat conduction in deformable bodies depends on two different temperaturesconductive temperature and dynamic temperature.Kumar et al. [16] established the variational and reciprocal principles in the context of linear theory of two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity, for a homogeneous and isotropic body.Ezzat and Awad [17] proved uniqueness theorem and thermal shock problem in micropolar thermoelastic medium with two temperatures.Kumar and Mukhopadhyay [18] investigated the plane wave propagation under two-temperature thermoelastic medium.Kaushal et al. [19] studied propagation of waves in generalized thermoelastic continua with two temperatures.
Kaushal et al. [20] discussed wave propagation in temperature rate dependent thermoelasticity with two temperatures.Shaw and Mukhopadhyay [21] derived the variational principle and reciprocity theorem in generalized micropolar thermoelasticity with two temperatures by using fractional calculus.Youssef [22] proved the uniqueness theorem in the theory of Thermoelastic with two temperatures and without energy dissipation.El-Karamany [23] proved the reciprocal theorem and convolutional variational principle in a inhomogeneous micropolar thermoviscoelastic solid with two temperatures.El-Karamany and Ezzat [24] proved the uniqueness and reciprocal theorems in a linear anisotropic and inhomogeneous thermoelastic centrosymmetric solid in the two-temperature Green-Naghdi theories of type three.Mukhopadhyay et al. [25] proved the uniqueness and reciprocal theorem in the theory of two-temperature thermoelasticity with two-phase lags.Ezzat et al. [26] constructed the new mathematical model of two-temperature magnetothermoelasticity in which the fractional order dual-phase-lag heat conduction law is considered.Singh and Bala [27] studied the propagation of plane waves in an isotropic generalized thermoelastic solid half space with two temperatures.Ezzat et al. [26] introduced both modified Ohm's and Fourier's laws to solve the equations of the linear theory of magneto-thermoviscoelasticity involving two-temperature theory, allowing the second sound effects.Youssef [28] derived the variational principal theorem for a homogeneous isotropic body in the theory of two temperatures without energy dissipation.Banik and Kanoria [29] investigated thermoelastic interaction in a piezoelastic half-space body in which the boundary is stressfree and subjected to thermal loading in the context of twotemperature generalized thermoelasticity.
Ezzat and Othman [30] studied the plane wave propagation in Electromagneto thermoelastic with two relaxation time in a medium of perfect conductivity by using normal mode analysis.Ezzat et al. [31] investigated the plane wave propagation in Electromagneto thermoelastic with thermal relaxation time by using normal mode analysis.Othman [32] investigated the effect of rotation on plane wave propagation in the context of generalized theory of thermoelasticity with two relaxation times and obtained the expressions for the temperature distribution, the displacement components, and thermal stress by using normal mode analysis.Two-dimensional coupled problem in electromagnetothermoelasticity for thermally and electrically conducting half space solid by using normal mode analysis was investigated by He and Li [33].Othman et al. [34] studied the effect of rotation on plane wave propagation in the context of Green's Naghdi theory type II by using the normal mode analysis.Ezzat and Awad [35] adopted the normal mode analysis technique to obtain the temperature gradient, displacement, stress, couple stresses, microrotation, electric field, magnetic field, and current density in micropolar generalized magnetothermoelasticity by using modified Ohm's and Fourier's law.Othman et al. [36] studied the effect of diffusion on two-dimensional problem of generalized thermoelasticity with Green-Naghdi theory and obtained the expressions for displacement components, stresses, temperature fields, concentration, and chemical potential by using normal mode analysis.Othman et al. [37] used normal mode technique to obtain the expressions for displacement components, force stresses, temperature, couple stresses, and microstress distribution in a thermomicrostretch elastic medium with temperature dependent properties for different theories.Othman and Lotfy [38] studied the plane wave propagation in microstretch thermoelastic half space by using normal mode analysis.Kumar et al. [39] investigated the disturbance due to force in normal and tangential direction by using normal mode analysis in fluid saturated porous medium.Kumar et al. [40] investigated the effect of viscosity on plane wave propagation in heat conducting transversely isotropic micropolar viscoelastic half space.
To study the propagation of thermal waves at finite speed, it may be possible in the foreseeable future to identify an idealized material.Green and Naghdi [41][42][43] have made relevant theoretical development in the theory of thermoelasticity and provided sufficient basic modifications in the constitutive equations that allow treatment of wider class of heat flow problems, labeled as types I, II, and III.When the respective theories are linearized, type I is similar to classical heat equation, whereas the linearized version of type II and type III theories allows propagation of thermal waves at finite speed.In type II and type III (i.e, thermoelasticity without energy dissipation and thermoelasticity with energy dissipation) the entropy flux vector is determined in terms of potential that also determines stresses.The temperature equation reduces to classical Fourier law of heat conduction when Fourier conductivity is dominant, and when the effect of conductivity is negligible, the equation has undamped thermal wave solutions without energy dissipation.
Various investigators have studied the different problems using GN type II and type III theories.Mukhopadhyay and Kumar [44] investigated interactions in an infinite medium with a cylindrical hole in generalized thermoelasticity.Mohamad et al. [45] studied Electromagneto thermoelastic problem in a thick plate using Green and Naghdi theory.Chitra and Ciarletta [46] studied harmonic vibrations in linear thermoelasticity without energy dissipation.Chitra and Ciarletta [47] proved several results in uniqueness and continuous dependence in thermoelasticity of type III.Passarella and Zampoli [48] proved reciprocal and variational principles in micropolar thermoelasticity of type II.
In the present investigation, we study the reflection of plane waves, that is, longitudinal displacement wave (LD wave), thermal wave (T-wave), and transverse wave coupled with microrotational wave (CD-I wave and CD-II wave) at the free surface of thermally conducting micropolar elastic medium with two temperatures with and without energy dissipation.Energy dissipation and two-temperature effects are depicted numerically and depicted graphically on the amplitude ratios for incidence of various plane waves for a particular model.

Basic Equations
Following Eringen (1970), Ezzat and Awad [17], and Green and Naghdi [42], the field equations in a micropolar thermoelastic medium with two temperatures, without body forces, body couples, and heat sources, are given by and the constitutive relations are where ∇ 2 is the Laplacian operator and  and  are Lame's constants., , , and  are micropolar constants.  and   are the components of stress tensor and couple stress tensor.⃗  and ⃗  are the displacement and microrotation vectors,  is the density, ĵ is the microinertia,  * 1 is the thermal conductivity,  1 =  * ( + 2)/4 is material characteristics constant of the theory,  * is the specific heat at constant strain, Φ is the deviation of conductive temperature from reference temperature,  is the deviation of thermodynamic temperature from reference temperature,  0 is the reference temperature, ] = (3 + 2 + )  , where   is the coefficient of linear thermal expansion,   is the Kronecker delta, and   is the alternate tensor. and Φ are connected by the relation  = (1 − ∇ 2 )Φ.

Formulation of the Problem
A homogeneous, isotropic, micropolar, thermoelastic solid half space with two temperatures (medium  1 ) is considered.Origin of the rectangular Cartesian coordinate system  1  2  3 is taken on the surface  3 = 0 and  3 -axis is pointing normally to the medium  1 .
The components of displacement and microrotation for two dimensional problem are taken as The dimensionless quantities are defined as where  * =  *  2 1 / * ,  2 1 = ( + 2 + )/, and  is a parameter having dimensions of length.
The relations between nondimensional displacement components  1 ,  3 and the dimensionless potential functions ,  can be expressed as Making use of ( 4) and ( 5) in ( 1) and with the aid of ( 6) after suppressing the primes, yields where

Boundary Conditions
The following boundary conditions at the free surface  3 = 0 are considered as

Reflection and Transmission
We consider longitudinal displacement wave (LD-wave), thermal wave (T-wave), and coupled transverse and coupled microrotational waves (CD-I wave and CD-II wave) propagating through micropolar thermoelastic with twotemperature solid half space  3 > 0 and incident at the plane  3 = 0 with its direction of propagation making an angle  0 normal to the surface.Corresponding to each incident wave, we get reflected LD-wave, T-wave, CD-I, and CD-II waves as shown in Figure 1.
In order to solve (7), we assume the solutions of the form where  is the wave number,  is the angular frequency, and φ, Φ, ψ, and φ2 are arbitrary constants.Using (10) in (7), we obtain where Equations ( 11) and ( 12) are quadratic in  2 ; therefore the roots of these equations give four values of  In view of (10), the appropriate solutions of ( 7) are assumed of the form where and  0 ,  0 are the amplitudes of incident LD-wave, Twave and CD-I, CD-II waves, respectively.  and   are the amplitudes of reflected LD-wave, T-wave and CD-I, CD-II waves, respectively.We use the following extension of Snell's law to satisfy the boundary conditions: where Making use of the values of , , Φ, and  2 from ( 14) in boundary conditions (9) and with the aid of ( 2)-( 6), (16), and ( 17), we obtain a system of four nonhomogeneous equations in the following form: where the values of   are given as and also where  1 ,  2 ,  3 , and  4 are the amplitude ratios of reflected LD-wave, T-wave and coupled CD-I, CD-II waves.

Medium Reduced to Micropolar Thermoelastic with Energy Dissipation and without Two Temperatures (ATS)
. By neglecting two-temperature parameters, that is,  → 0 in (18), we obtain the amplitude ratios at the free surface of micropolar thermoelastic solid half space with energy dissipation with changed values of  1 and  4 ( = 1, 2) as and the remaining entries remain the same.

Medium Reduced to Micropolar Thermoelastic with Two
Temperatures and without Energy Dissipation (KTS).If we take  * 1 → 0 in (18), then we obtain the amplitude ratios at the free surface of micropolar thermoelastic solid half space with two temperatures and without energy dissipation.The values of  1 ,  2 ,  1 , and  2 in (13) take the form

Medium Reduced to Thermoelastic without Energy Dissipation and without Two Temperatures (AKTS).
If we take  * 1 → 0,  → 0 in ( 18), then we obtain the amplitude ratios at the free surface of micropolar thermoelastic solid half space without energy dissipation.The values of   ,  1 ,  2 ,  1 , and  2 are given by ( 25) and ( 26).

Numerical Results and Discussion
The following values of relevant parameters for numerical computations are taken.
Following Eringen [49] the values of micropolar constants are taken as Following Dhaliwal and Singh [50] the values of thermal parameters are taken as   0 = 0.298 K, The values of amplitude ratios have been computed at different angles of incidence.
In Figures 2(a)-4(d), we represent the solid line for incident wave for thermoelastic solid with two temperatures and with energy dissipation (TS), small dashe line for thermoelastic solid with two temperatures and without energy dissipation (KTS), large dashed line for thermoelastic solid with energy dissipation (ATS), and dashed dot dashed line for thermoelastic solid without energy dissipation (AKTS).Figure 4(a) depicts that the values of | 1 | for TS, KTS, ATS, and AKTS increase in the interval 0 ∘ <  0 < 66 ∘ and then decrease with increase in  0 .Also the values for TS are greater than the values for KTS, ATS, and AKTS in the whole range.The behavior and variation of | 1 | near the normal incidence and grazing incidences are similar for all the considered cases.
It is depicted from Also the values for AKTS are higher than the values for KTS in the whole range.It is evident that at the normal and grazing incidences the value of | 3 | is the same.
Figure 4(d) depicts that the values of | 4 | for TS, ATS, KTS, and AKTS increase in the whole range.The maximum value is attained by TS at the grazing incidence.Also there is slight difference in the magnitudes for TS, ATS, KTS, and AKTS.

Conclusion
In the present paper, the expressions for reflection coefficients of various reflected waves have been derived in micropolar thermoelastic solid half space in the context of GN type II and GN type III theories.It is observed that when LD-wave is incident, the values of amplitude ratios for TS remain more than the value for ATS; that is, two-temperature effect increases the magnitude of amplitude ratios.Also when T-wave is incident, the values of amplitude ratios follow oscillatory pattern and the values for KTS and AKTS attain peak value near the grazing incidence.The values of amplitude ratio |  |, 1 ≤  ≤ 4, for TS in comparison with KTS remain greater which reveals the effect of energy dissipation (CD-I wave incident).The problem is of geophysical interest and the results are supposed to be useful in theoretical and observational studies of wave propagation in more realistic models of micropolar solids present in the earth's interior.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Geometry of the problem.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Variations of amplitude ratios with angle of incidence for LD-wave.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Variations of amplitude ratios with angle of incidence for T-wave.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Variations of amplitude ratios with angle of incidence for CD-I wave.

Figure 2 (
Figure 2(a) shows that the values of | 1 | for TS, KTS, ATS, and AKTS are oscillatory in the whole range.The values for TS attain maximum value near the normal incidence.The value of | 1 | decreases monotonically attaining the minimum value at  0 = 65 ∘ , and then increases for all the cases.Also the values for TS in comparison with KTS and AKTS in comparison with ATS remain greater in the whole range.

Figure 2 (
Figure 2(c) shows that the values for | 3 | for TS, KTS, ATS, and AKTS increase up to intermediate range and then decrease with further increase in angle of incidence.The values for TS remain greater than the values for KS, ATS, and AKTS in the whole range.The values of | 3 | attain the minimum value at normal and grazing incidences and attain the maximum at  0 = 50 ∘ .Figure 2(d) depicts that the values of amplitude ratio | 4 | for TS, KTS, ATS, and AKTS increase in the range 0 ∘ <  0 < 32 ∘ and then decrease in the subsequent range.The values of | 4 | depict the similar behavior as | 3 | with difference in their magnitude values.The values of amplitude ratio for TS, KTS, ATS, and AKTS are magnified by multiplying by 10 2 .

Figure 3 (
a) shows that the values of | 1 | for TS, KTS, ATS, and AKTS oscillate in the whole range.The values for AKTS attain peak value in the interval 65 ∘ <  0 < 75 ∘ .The values for TS are demagnified by dividing by 10.

Figure 3 (
b) depicts that the amplitude of | 2 | for TS increases in the whole range, except near the grazing incidence where it decreases.Also the values for KTS in comparison with AKTS and TS in comparison with ATS remain more in the whole range that shows the effect of two temperatures.Similar behavior of | 2 | is noticed for all the cases except TS.It is evident from Figure3(c) that the values of | 3 | for AKTS attain maximum value in the interval 70 ∘ <  0 < 80 ∘ .The values for TS and ATS increase in the whole range, except near the grazing incidence where the values decrease.

Figure 3 (
d) depicts that values of | 4 | for TS in comparison with ATS are greater.The values of amplitude ratio for KTS and AKTS attain peak value in the ranges 10 ∘ <  0 < 20 ∘ and 70 ∘ <  0 < 80 ∘ , respectively.The values of amplitude ratio for TS, KTS, and AKTS are magnified by multiplying by 10 and the values for ATS are magnified by multiplying by 10 2 .6.3.Incident CD-I Wave.Variations of amplitude ratios |  |, 1 ≤  ≤ 4, with the angle of incidence  0 , for incident CD-I wave, are shown in Figures 4(a)-4(d).

Figure 4 (
b) that the values of | 2 | for AKTS in comparison with KTS are greater in the whole range.The maximum value is attained by ATS in the interval 55 ∘ <  0 < 66 ∘ .The trend of variation of | 2 | for all the cases at the normal and grazing incidence is similar.The values of amplitude ratio for TS, KTS, and AKTS are magnified by multiplying by 10 2 and the values for ATS are magnified by multiplying by 10.It is noticed from Figure 4(c) that the values of | 3 | for TS, KTS, ATS, and AKTS first increase and then get decreased.
(11)orresponding to each value of  2 in(11), there exist two types of waves in decreasing order of their velocities, namely, LD-wave and Twave.Similarly corresponding to each value of  2 in (12), there exist two types of waves, namely, CD-I wave and CD-II wave.Let  1 ,  2 be the velocities of reflected LD-wave, T-wave and  3 ,  4 the velocities of reflected CD-I wave, CD-II wave.