Bending Resistance of Composite Sections with Nonductile Shear Connectors and Partial Shear Connection

-e paper presents the nonlinear section analysis for composite steel-concrete beams with different degrees of shear connection. -e analysis is fiber based, i.e., integration over the cross section is performed numerically, and any uniaxial nonlinear material model can be assigned to the steel and concrete parts of the cross section or to the reinforcement bars. -e analysis assumed full interaction between steel and concrete and therefore, is suitable for analysis of composite steel-concrete beam cross sections with nonductile shear connectors. Its accuracy is verified on few experimental results. -e presented section analysis is used in the parameter study in order to evaluate different methods proposed by design codes for determining the bending moment resistance of composite cross sections with nonductile shear connectors and different degrees of shear connection. -e following effects are considered: variation of concrete and steel material models, presence of slab reinforcement, and creep of concrete. Special attention is paid on two different constructional methods: propped and unpropped. -e weaknesses of the simplified design method in determining bending moment resistance are identified and recommendations for practical design analysis are formulated.


Introduction
Composite steel-concrete structures are in increasing use over the last several decades [1][2][3].In composite beams, with typical cross sections as shown in Figure 1, composite action between the concrete slab and steel section is achieved through the shear connectors placed at the steel-concrete interface.Behaviour of these beams is governed by the nonlinear behaviour of each constituent part: steel section, concrete slab, and shear connectors [4].
Considering shear connectors, the bending resistance of a composite section depends on the type of the used shear connectors, their characteristics, and the design of the shear connection.Depending on the strength of the shear connection, shear connections are classified as full and partial.e use of partial shear connection is common in cases when ultimate strength of the composite section does not govern the design.For example, when stiffness of the composite beam is determined from the deflection criteria or, in unpropped construction, when dimensions of the steel beam are determined from a critical stage during construction.
According to the shear connectors' ductility, connectors are classified as ductile and nonductile [1]. is classification is based on the load-slip characteristics of shear connectors.Behaviour of beams with ductile and nonductile shear connectors differs significantly and, for this reason, in design codes, different types of analysis are proposed.Bending resistance of the composite section with ductile connectors, that also satisfy additional requirements about connector dimensions and distribution in the shear connection, is determined using the simple equilibrium method and the rigid plastic analysis [5,6].On the other side, when shear connectors do not satisfy the prescribed ductility requirements either because of their type or because of the design of the shear connection, bending resistance cannot be determined in accordance with the rigid plastic analysis.In these cases, the elastic analysis or the nonlinear analysis needs to be used [6].
To date, there are several experimental and numerical studies that address the analysis of composite beams with partial shear connection and ductile shear connectors [4,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13].Most of the numerical models are either 3D models that use solid finite elements or 1D finite element models.e 3D numerical models [14] are very powerful and accurate in predicting both global behaviour of composite beams and local behaviour such as stress concentrations near shear connectors and local bucking.However, these models are computationally very expensive and not suitable for ordinary engineering practice.Among 1D finite elements, the most common approach is the fiber-based element that uses different nonlinear uniaxial constitutive relations for steel, concrete, and shear connectors [4,7,10,12].Although these elements find a balance between computational efficiency and accuracy, still, their use in practice is very limited. is mostly comes from the fact that these models are not easily available and, in order to be correctly used, the advanced knowledge of nonlinear structural analysis is required.From these reasons, the study presented in this paper explains the simple nonlinear model for calculation of bending resistance of beams with nonductile shear connectors and partial shear connectors that is suitable for use in practice.e motivation for the study also comes from the fact that nonductile shear connectors find their use in both bridges and buildings.Aside, the general trend of the use of filigree constructional elements in civil engineering structures initiates development of new types of shear connectors that do not satisfy the ductility requirements prescribed by design codes [15] and cannot be analysed as ductile shear connectors.However, there are only few experimental and numerical studies that address this problem [16].
e nonlinear analysis method presented in this paper can be used for determining the bending resistance of a composite section with nonductile shear connectors and different degrees of shear connection.e method is simple and suitable for use in engineering practice.It is based on the fiber-section analysis [17] and can be used in conjunction with any uniaxial material constitutive relations for constructional steel, concrete, and reinforcement.e method takes into account the construction method: propped and unpropped.
e proposed numerical model is validated against the available experimental investigations and more complex numerical models by other authors.is model is then used to carry out a series of parametric analyses on a range of steel-concrete beam composite sections.e results are also compared with the simplified method prescribed by most design codes and limitations of the simplified method are identified.

Overview of the Design Code Analysis
Methods for Nonductile Connectors e shear connectors are classified as ductile and nonductile according to their load-slip curves (Figure 2).
Referring to the shear connection, the terms full and partial shear connection are used depending on the strength of the shear connection.e full shear connection implies that the strength of the shear connection is high enough and the maximum moment of resistance governs the ultimate load.
erefore, use of more shear connectors will not increase the value of the ultimate load.When less shear connectors are used, the maximal moment of resistance cannot develop, and the shear connection is denoted as partial [2,16].Finally, when there are no shear connectors, the steel beam alone determines the ultimate loads.erefore, beams with partial shear connection fails because of the failure of the shear connectors.
In order to calculate the ultimate load of the beam, the bending resistance of the composite steel-concrete cross section needs to be determined for the critical beam cross sections.Behaviour of beams with partial shear connection differs significantly depending on the used number of shear connectors and their deformation characteristic.When ductile shear connectors are used, as soon as the ultimate load of the shear connector is reached, connectors further deform and slip may occur at the steel/concrete interface.Consequently, neutral axes in the steel beam and concrete slab differ [16].In these cases, according to design codes, bending resistance of composite section with ductile connectors can be determined using the simple equilibrium method and the rigid plastic analysis [5,6,16].e connectors also need to satisfy additional requirements about connector dimensions and position in the shear connection.e longitudinal shear force at the failure is equal to the sum of the resistances of the shear connectors.Several experimental and numerical studies confirmed this approach [11,[18][19][20]. 2

Advances in Civil Engineering
When nonductile rigid shear connectors are used, once the ultimate load of the shear connectors is reached, the ultimate load of the beam is attained since the connectors do not have any deformation capacity.At failure, the neutral axes of the steel beam and the concrete slab coincide.e longitudinal shear force at the failure is equal or smaller to the sum of the resistances of the shear connectors depending on their distribution along the shear span.In reality, nonductile shear connectors are not absolutely rigid, and some slip does occur at the steel-concrete interface, especially for lower degrees of the shear connection [16].However, this slip is very small and, for being on the safe side, design codes suggest to ignore it.
is is also confirmed by experimental investigations [16].erefore, bending resistance of composite section with nonductile connectors cannot be determined in accordance with the rigid plastic analysis [21].Design codes allow either overconservative elastic analysis or nonlinear analysis to be used [6].In addition, it should be noted that there are some cases when bending resistance of beams with ductile shear connectors cannot be obtained according to the rigid plastic analysis: for example, when shear connectors do not satisfy the prescribed ductility requirements either because of their type, ductility, or the design (distribution and position in the shear connection).
In nonlinear analysis, the nonlinear constitutive relations for constructional steel, concrete, and reinforcement need to be taken into account.In addition, the analysis can take into account the real load-slip behaviour of connectors.Since this relation is not always available and since the calculation of slip at the steel-concrete interface involves use of advanced numerical models, the design codes (Eurocode 4 [22], for example) suggest to completely ignore slip at the interface when nonductile shear connectors are used.Also, the preloading of the steel beam and the effects due to creep and shrinkage should be taken into account.
e above-described nonlinear analysis is not suitable for practical applications.erefore, design codes suggest the simple procedure, as shown in Figure 3.
is method assumes that relation between the bending moment resistance and the degree of shear connection η is linear for η greater than the degree of shear connection that corresponds to the elastic moment resistance M el,Rd .e degree of shear connection η is defined as the ratio between the design value of the compressive force in the concrete slab (N c ) and the design value of the compressive force in the concrete slab with full shear connection (N cf ).e full shear connection (η � 1) is defined as connection with number of shear connectors sufficient to achieve the full-plastic bending resistance of composite section, M pl,Rd .On the other side, in the partial shear connection, the number of shear connectors is lower than that required for the full plastic resistance M pl,Rd to be achieved, and the bending resistance reduces to M Rd which is smaller than M pl,Rd .As Figure 3 shows, different curves correspond to the propped and unpropped construction method.e elastic moment resistance and the force in the concrete slab that correspond to M el,Rd are denoted with M el,Rd,p , M el,Rd,u , N c,el,p , and N c,el,u , respectively, for propped and unpropped structures.For unpropped structures, M a,Ed is the design bending moment acting on the steel section alone.

Section Fiber Analysis
In order to evaluate the analysis methods described in the previous section, the following numerical model for nonlinear section analysis is defined.e analysis is based on the fiber section model and adopts the assumption of the linear strain distribution over the composite section height (no slip between the steel section and concrete slab).e considered cross section from Figure 1(a) consists of concrete slab and steel section.e section is divided into a number of layers since the performed analysis considers only bending about strong axis.For the biaxial bending cases, the discretization into fibers would be required.It should be noted that different sections, for example, sections with composite slab on profiled steel sheeting or with different steel sections, could also be analysed in the same manner.Since the use of nonductile shear connectors is commonly related to sections with full concrete slab and I steel section, the presented study is focused on the cross section from Figure 1(a).
e ductile shear connectors can be uniformly spaced along the critical length since enable redistribution of longitudinal shear force over the length.On the contrary, optimal design with the nonductile connectors adopts the distribution of the shear connectors that is based on the distribution of the longitudinal shear force [16]. is way, the longitudinal shear force at failure becomes equal to the sum of the resistances of the shear connectors.In practice, this distribution is usually determined from elastic analysis.For other distributions of shear connectors, the ultimate load is reached as soon as the longitudinal shear force on the heaviest loaded connector equals its resistance.In the presented study, it is assumed that shear connectors are optimally distributed.e same section bending resistance curve, with correctly calculated longitudinal shear force at failure, can be used for other distributions of shear connectors as well.
e nonlinear uniaxial constitutive stress-strain models are assigned to each layer.In the validation study, the nonlinear concrete material model prescribed by Eurocode 2 is assigned to concrete layers (Figure 4(a)).
e relation between the concrete stress σ c and strain ε c in compression is defined by positive values in compression where ε c1 is the strain peak stress, f c is the peak concrete stress, and e concrete modulus E c in GPa is found as (f c is in MPa) and the concrete ultimate strain ε cu1 is Concrete strength in tension is neglected.e simple elastic and perfectly plastic relation for reinforcement is adopted (Figure 4(b)) with reinforcement yield strength denoted as f yr .Hardening was not included because there were no available data about it in the studied examples.
e simple three-linear constitutive relation with strain hardening is adopted for constructional steel (Figure 4(c)).In this figure, E s denotes Young's modulus of steel, f y is the yield strength, f u is the ultimate strength, and ε y is the yield strain. e onset of hardening is defined through the coefficient μ 1 as μ 1 ε y , and similarly, the ultimate strain is defined through coefficient μ 2 as μ 2 ε y .
e hardening modulus is E sh .
e same relations in tension and in compression are assumed.
In addition, it is assumed that local instability effects such as buckling of the steel section are prevented.e proposed analysis considers both construction methods, propped and unpropped.Creep effects are taken into account through the modular ratio n in calculation of the elastic moment resistance M el,Rd , and this effect is discussed latter in the parameter analysis.Shrinkage effects are neglected.
In the first analysis step, depending on the construction method, initialization of stresses (and strains) is done.For propped construction, stresses in all layers are initialized to zero.For the unpropped construction method, stresses corresponding to the moment M a acting on the steel beam alone are assigned to the steel section layers, while stresses in other layers are assigned to zero.In the second step, the linear strain distribution over the height of the composite cross section is assumed.
e corresponding section deformation vector for 2D analysis is denoted with e: where ε a is the strain at the origin of the reference axis and κ is the curvature (Figure 5).In order to calculate the section bending resistance curve for all degrees of the shear connection (i.e., for η between 0 and 1), the strains at the top of the concrete, ε ct (Figure 5) need to change between 0 and the ultimate value, ε cu1 .
erefore, the algorithm consists of two phases, one is incrementation of the strains at the top of the concrete slab, ε ct , and the other are iterations.During iterations, for the constant strain at the top of the concrete, strain at the bottom of the steel flange, ε sb , is changed until the equilibrium equation for the axial force is satisfied: In Equation (7), N is the given axial force which is equal to 0 for the considered pure bending problem; N(e) is the 4 Advances in Civil Engineering axial force that corresponds to the assumed section strains, e. e force N(e) together with the bending moment M(e) is determined for each section deformation vector e (i.e., for each strain distribution) by integration (i.e., summation) over the cross section: where σ i are stresses at midpoints of all layers determined from known constitutive relations and the considered strain distribution.e total number of layers is N layer and σ 0i , z i , and A i are, respectively, initial stress, z coordinate, and area of layer i.In the next step, checking of whether the equilibrium Equation ( 7) is satisfied (up to a tolerance) is done.If this condition is satisfied, the resulting force in the concrete slab N c is calculated through integration (i.e., summation) over the concrete slab layers only.Finally, the corresponding degree of shear connection η is determined by dividing this value with N cf .
At the start of the analysis, ε ct � 0 is assumed.During the incrementation phase, with an increment in concrete strains Δε ct , the increment in strain at the bottom of the steel flange, Δε sb , is determined as follows: where partial derivatives zN/zε a and zN/zκ are elements of the first row of the section tangent stiffness matrix, H denotes the total height of the composite section, and T c is the origin of the reference axis with its z c position from the top of the concrete slab.For the considered problem, since there is no axial force, the origin of the coordinate system can be placed anywhere in the plane of the cross section.One interesting choice is at the top of the concrete slab since, in this case, ε a becomes ε ct , and variation of strain at the bottom of the steel section produces only changes in the curvature.However, the solution given here is shown for other positions of the origin of the reference axis.
If the equilibrium Equation (7) with N(e new ) is not satisfied up to a tolerance, iterations start and strain at the bottom of the steel section, ε sb , changes, while the strain ε ct keeps unchanged.During these iterations, increment in the strain Δε sb is calculated as follows: Expressions from Equations ( 9) and ( 11) come from expansion of Equation ( 7) into a Taylor series and after its linearization.e process converges fast.For example, for the axial force tolerance of 10 −12 , the solution is obtained after 3 to 4 iterations.
Once a convergence is achieved, after incrementation of the strain ε ct , the state determination process repeats starting with the ε sb strain from the last converged state.e flowchart of the procedure is shown in Figure 6.

Verification of the Proposed Method for Section Analysis
In order to verify the section analysis method proposed above, seven experimentally investigated tests are numerically analysed.e first group of tests includes specimens by Zhao and Yuan [11] of the flexural behaviour of steel-concrete composite beams.e beams consisted of the welded steel I section and concrete slab.e section sizes of steel beams satisfied the Eurocode 4 requirements for compact sections.
e cross-sectional data and used material properties are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.Variable meanings are given in Figure 1 Figure 7 contains comparison between experimentally and numerically obtained results for the moment-curvature relations.In addition, for tests SCB2, SCB3, and SCB6, the results of the analytical section analysis method by Ban and Bradford [5] are depicted.
e results show very good correlation between the experimentally obtained results and results obtained by the presented numerical method.It is expected that even better correlation could be achieved with steel material models that have gradual transition between elastic and plastic regions (e.g., generalized plasticity models [23]).
e second group of tests refers to the experimental research programme performed by Stark [16] at the TNO-IBBC Institute.
e tests on small-scale beams and nonductile block-type connectors are numerically performed.In all tests, beams are constructed as propped.Table 1 contains data about cross-sectional dimensions, and Table 2 contains data about material properties.e results of the experimentally and numerically obtained bending moment resistance for the corresponding degree of shear connection are shown in Figure 8. Again, there is a good agreement between the experimental and numerical results.e numerical results are on the safe side since it completely neglects the slip at the steel section (concrete slab interface).

Parameter Study
As the main goal of the study presented in the paper is to investigate the difference between the nonlinear bending resistance-degree of shear connection relation and a simplified bilinear approximation of this relation, the parameter analysis is performed.e numerical model from the previous section is adjusted to the Eurocode 4 guidelines.However, the conclusions of the study are general and not limited only to the Eurocode 4 design code.
According to Eurocode 4, in the nonlinear section analysis, the parabola-rectangle stress-strain relation for concrete should be used (Figure 9(a)).For the reinforcement, the elastic-linear hardening stress-strain relation is adopted (Figure 9(b)), and the bilinear stress-strain relation without hardening is assumed for the constructional steel.In order to investigate the effect of different material properties, creep effect, method of construction, and reinforcement on the cross-sectional sagging bending resistance, nine different cross sections are analysed.Table 3 contains data about crosssectional dimensions.As can be seen, the sections are chosen to have a large variety of breadth of the concrete slab, from 60 cm to 300 cm.Sections 4-6, 8, and 9 are the same as in the study by Ban and Bradford [5].
For each cross section, the class of concrete varied among the following classes C25/30, C30/37, C35/45, C40/50, C45/55, and C50/60 with properties given in Table 4. Here, f ck is the characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days, and E cm is the secant modulus of elasticity of concrete.
Similarly, the study considered the following constructional steel classes: S235, S275, S355, and S450 with yield and ultimate strength values reported in Table 5. Young's modulus of steel is taken as E a � 210 GPa.
For the unpropped constructional method, the following values of the bending moment acting on the steel section alone, M a , are considered 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the M a,pl,Rd (plastic moment resistance of steel section only).erefore, a total of 1296 numerical section analyses are performed in this part of the study.For each section analysis, the differences between the nonlinear solution and the linear approximation are calculated as follows: and maximal differences are reported.ese results are shown in Figure 10, for both propped and unpropped construction methods.As marked in the figure, the maximal difference for the propped constructional method is 26.1% for Section 9 with concrete class C45/55 and steel S235.e nonlinear and linear solutions for this cross section are shown in Figure 11(a).Also, the case with the best agreement (smallest maximal difference of 3.7%) is shown in Figure 11(b), for Section 3 with concrete class C35/45 and steel S450.
For the unpropped construction method, the maximal differences are larger and go up to 51.5% for Section 9 with concrete class C50/60, steel S235, and the biggest-considered bending moment M � 50% of M a,pl,Rd .e nonlinear solution and the linear solution for this cross section are shown    Advances in Civil Engineering in Figure 12(a), while Figure 12(b) shows the solution for the case with the best agreement (maximal difference of 3.7% ) for Section 3, with concrete class C30/37, steel S450, and bending moment M � 10% of M a,pl,Rd .e results have shown that the maximal difference for unpropped structures is almost double of the value for propped structures, and it increases with increasing bending moment acting on the steel section.Also, in general, the differences are higher for bigger cross sections (larger width of concrete slab and depth of the steel section).

Variation of Concrete Class.
e effect of concrete strength on the bending resistance is investigated next.e typical results for moment resistance curves with the same steel section and variation of concrete class, for the propped constructional method, are shown in Figure 13(a) and for the unpropped constructional method, are shown in Figure 14(a).ese figures show results for Section 6 and steel S235.
For unpropped construction, bending moment acting on the steel beam is M � 50% of M a,pl,Rd .Results for Section 7 (shown in Figure 13(b) for propped and in Figure 14(b) for unpropped construction) are different in a way that increment in strength with higher concrete classes is minor.
is is because the depth of the steel section is small in comparison with size of the concrete slab.erefore, the arm of is small, so stress increment in concrete slab does not produce significant bending moment increment.

Variation of Steel Class.
e effect of the variation of steel class on the resisting bending moment-degree of shear connection relation is shown in Figure 15 for propped and in Figure 16 for unpropped structures.Again, results for Section 6 (Figures 15(a) and 16(a)) and Section 7 (Figures 15(b) and 16(b)) are presented.Evidently, the bending resistance significantly increases with the use of higher steel classes. is increment in strength is more pronounced than when concrete class is varied.
In the case of unpropped structures, the plastic moment resistance of steel section M a,pl,Rd also changes with the steel class, as well as the moment acting on the steel section (M � 50% of M a,pl,Rd in Figure 16) and curves do not pass through the same point for η � 0.

Creep of Concrete Effect.
In the described nonlinear section analysis, creep of concrete is taken into account in the first, linear part of the curve, up to M el,Rd . is is done, as suggested by Eurocode 4, using the modular ratio η L for the concrete where n 0 is the modular ratio E a /E cm for short-term loading; φ t is the creep coefficient; ψ L is the creep multiplied depending on the type of loading.Eurocode 4, in some cases, allows further simplification for building structures and the use of constant value n L � 2n 0 .In general, the differences in M el,Rd calculated with n L from Equation     Advances in Civil Engineering (13) or with n L � 2n 0 are not significant.Also, this part of the resisting bending moment-degree of shear connection curve corresponds to low degrees of the shear connection which is not of interest.erefore, the value n L � 2n 0 can be used in the analysis whenever design code (Eurocode 4) rules allow it.

Concrete Slab Reinforcement.
Finally, the study analysed influence of the concrete slab reinforcement on the bending resistance-degree of shear connection relation.e results confirmed the statement that, for sagging bending moment, changes in the bending resistance are insignificant.Just to illustrate this, results for Section 3 C35/45 S275 with and without two reinforcement layers of area 3.925 cm 2 , positioned 2 cm and 8 cm from the top of the concrete slab, are shown in Figure 17.

Conclusions
e paper presents the nonlinear fiber section analysis for composite steel-concrete cross sections with nonductile shear connectors and partial shear connection.In the analysis, any uniaxial nonlinear material model can be used for constructional steel section, concrete slab, and reinforcement bars.e accuracy of the analysis is verified on few experimental results.
e presented section analysis is used in the parameter study in order to evaluate different methods proposed by design codes for calculation of the bending moment resistance of composite cross sections with nonductile shear connectors and different degrees of shear connection.
e following effects are studied: method of construction, variation of concrete class, variation of steel class, presence of slab reinforcement, and creep in the concrete slab.Nine different cross section geometries are included into the analysis.
For the propped construction method, the results showed that the biggest difference between the nonlinear and the bilinear approximation of the relation between the bending moment resistance and degree of shear connection goes up to 26%.erefore, keeping in mind the simplicity of the bilinear relation, this method is of acceptable accuracy for practical application.However, for unpropped  12 Advances in Civil Engineering constructions, this error increases up to around 51%, depending on the value of the bending moment applied on the steel section alone.e bigger the bending moment applied on steel section, the bigger the error.erefore, results of the approximate method may be over conservative for unpropped structures.
Referring to the variation of the material properties, the study has shown that properties of the constructional steel (yield strength) have more significant influence on the bending resistance moment than strength of the concrete slab.Also, the study has shown that slab reinforcement can be ignored when determining the sagging bending moment resistance.
In the analyses proposed by the codes, creep, taken into account through the modular ratio n L , effects only the elastic moment resistance M el,Rd and not the nonlinear part of the M Rd -η curve.It is concluded that the satisfactory results can be obtained using the value n L � 2n 0 when calculating the bending moment resistance.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Typical cross sections of composite beam with (a) full concrete slab and (b) composite slab (on profiled steel sheeting).

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Strain distribution and its correction during iterations.

Figure 13 :Figure 14 :
Figure 13: Effect of variation of class of concrete on resisting bending moment (degree of shear connection relation).Propped construction method.(a) Section 6 S235 and (b) Section 7 S450.